Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Buschmann H, Baumann M.During strenuous exercise of horses that are prepared for international Three-Day-Events a significant decrease in the in vitro killing rate of phagocytosed yeast cells by the blood granulocytes has been observed. Other immunological parameters, such as the phorbolmyristate dependent chemiluminescence in granulocytes and the mitogenic stimulation of blood lymphocytes, remained unchanged.
Takehana K, Masty J, Abe M, Yamaguchi M.The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the duodenal glands of the pony (Equus caballus) was examined in four horses. Unlike that of most species except for the rabbit, the submucous glands of the horse contain two distinct cell types, serous and mucous. These cells are described.
Schmotzer WB, Hultgren BD, Huber MJ, Watrous BJ, Riebold TW, Wagner PC, Shires GM.The efficacy of eliminating parotid salivary secretions by retrograde infusion of 10% formalin, 2% chlorhexidine, or 2% or 3% silver nitrate solutions was evaluated in 10 horses. Solutions were kept within the parotid salivary gland for 90 seconds after infusion through parotid duct cannulae and then allowed to drain freely. Severed parotid ducts and surgical incisions were left to heal by second intention. All agents eliminated glandular secretions. There was less necrosis and suppurative inflammation after formalin infusion than after chlorhexidine and silver nitrate. Silver nitrate (2% and ...
Asari M, Sasaki K, Kano Y, Nishita T.The immunolocalization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in equine salivary glands was investigated for assessment of their biologic functions. In parotid glands, duct segments showed reactivity with CA-I and CA-III. CA-III was selectively located in duct segments, particularly in the basal cells of the interlobular duct. Serous acinar cells were positive for CA-I and CA-II. In submandibular glands, CA-I and CA-II were present in serous demilune and duct segments. CA-II was selectively located in the duct segments, as also noted in the parotid gland. In sublingual glands, CA-I and CA-II were loca...
Dyson SJ.This paper describes the clinical and radiographic features, and response to treatment, of 45 horses which showed lameness that was improved by intra-articular anaesthesia of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. Although many horses had poor conformation of the foot of the lame limb, the majority showed no localising clinical signs suggestive of involvement of the DIP joint. Lameness was usually unilateral. No horse with bilateral lameness responded to treatment. Palmar digital nerve blocks frequently improved or alleviated lameness, although in some horses palmar (abaxial sesamoid) nerve b...
Troyer DL, Oyster RO, Hunt MC.The purpose of this study was to find a combination histochemical staining technique for the evaluation of equine skeletal muscle that is reliable and effective, while offering a substantial reduction in the labor and cost involved with currently used individual histochemical methods. Several combinations under varying conditions of pH were studied. The most uniform results were obtained using an acid preincubation step at an optimal pH of 4.2 followed by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) and the remainder of the acid-ATPase procedure.
Freestone JF, Carlson GR.Case records of horses with muscle disorders presenting to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California, Davis, over a nine year period were evaluated. The objectives of the review were to identify the common myogenic muscle problems and their clinical features. Muscle disease of idiopathic aetiology following exercise was by far the most common condition noted. Other causes of myogenic muscle disorders included congenital, infectious, immune-mediated and nutritional factors.
Yalamanchili RR, Raengsakulrach B, O'Callaghan DJ.We have previously reported the sequence of the equine herpesvirus one genomic termini that are homologous to the genomic termini of other herpesviruses. In this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence adjacent to the left terminus sequence (map units 0.0087 to 0.0237). This sequence codes for two open reading frames (ORF) which are homologous to ORF2 and ORF3 of the varicella-zoster virus genome and are located at colinear positions. The L region sequence presented here also contains a segment that is involved in the generation of the genome of EHV-1 DI particles through recombination with ...
Duncan ID, Amundson J, Cuddon PA, Sufit R, Jackson KF, Lindsay WA.The laryngeal muscles of 18 horses were examined histologically. The neurogenic changes found in each muscle were scored by four reviewers and the results evaluated statistically. Fifteen of these horses had endoscopic evidence of abnormal laryngeal function, three of which were defined as having adductor paralysis. Measurement of muscle fibre area in two horses with idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (ILH) was performed. In the quantitative study of neurogenic change, the adductor muscles were more significantly affected than the abductor muscle. This was also true in the clinical cases of ILH w...
Potempa J, Wunderlich JK, Travis J.Three structurally related but functionally different serpins from horse plasma were isolated and characterized. In spite of their identical N-terminal sequences, which show some similarity to that of human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, the reactive-centre loops of each of these proteins show extensive variation. Only inhibitor I, with a P1 methionine residue, resembles human alpha 1-PI with regard to (a) similarity of amino acid sequence in the vicinity of the reactive-site peptide bond, (b) broad inhibitory specificity, (c) sensitivity to oxidative inactivation and (d) high rate of reactivit...
Krzak WE, Gonyou HW, Lawrence LM.Nine yearling horses, stabled in individual stalls, were used in a trial to determine the diurnal pattern of wood chewing and the effects of exercise on this behavior. The trial was a Latin square design conducted over three 2-wk periods during which each horse was exposed to each of the three following treatments: 1) no exercise (NE), 2) exercise after the morning feeding (AM), and 3) exercise in the afternoon (PM). Horses were fed a complete pelleted feed in the morning and both pelleted feed and long-stemmed hay in the afternoon. Exercise consisted of 45 min on a mechanical walker followed ...
Pereira MC, Kohek Júnior I, Campos R, Lima SB, Foz RP.The anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin (IVM), piperazine citrate (PPZ) and fenbendazole (FBZ) alone, and combinations of FBZ with varying dosages of PPZ, was evaluated for the control of strongyles of Mangalarga equids. In all cases of positive strongly egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) before and after treatment, pure populations of cyathostome larvae with eight gut cells were consistently observed in faecal cultures. The faecal egg count reductions (FECR) were evaluated between Day 7 and Day 56 post-treatment. Significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) were found between Day 7...
Langton CM, Riggs CM, Evans GP.The velocity of ultrasound waves through bone has been used widely as a non-invasive method for assessing bone quality. Accurate measurement of velocity depends on accurate assessment of the distance travelled by the sound wave. It has been argued that the sonic pathway is deflected around the marrow cavity and so does not follow a straight line through the bone; therefore, correction factors have been developed to account for the extra distance travelled. This hypothesis was examined in vitro using sections from the equine third metacarpal bone. Two 1 MHz transducers used with the transmittin...
Duncan ID, Reifenrath P, Jackson KF, Clayton M.The terminal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) of three normal ponies and six horses with sub-clinical laryngeal disease were examined qualitatively and quantitatively in an attempt to explain the preferential denervation of the laryngeal adductor muscles in the neuropathy of idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (ILH). The myelinated fibre spectra of all the motor nerve fibres in the left and right abductor and adductor branches of the RLN in three normal ponies were measured. The density of myelinated fibres was also calculated. There was no significant difference between the larger ...
Sandh G.The author has modified a surgical technique, which was originally developed at the turn of the century, for the aseptic establishment of an intestinal anastomosis. The principle of this technique, known as the "cutting thread" principle, was that a loop of thread was introduced into the lumen of each of two approximated loops of intestine. After suturing the two loops of intestine together around the intraluminal parts of the thread, the latter was used as a "wire-saw" to create a stoma between the two intestinal loops. The author modified the method in such a way that the cutting could be pe...
Wilson WD, Spensley MS, Baggot JD, Hietala SK, Pryor P.The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ticarcillin and clavulanate were determined after intravenous (i.v.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administration of ticarcillin disodium (50 mg/kg) combined with clavulanate potassium (1.67 mg/kg) to groups of healthy foals at 3 days and 28 days of age. After i.v. administration of the combination to five foals, the disposition kinetics of ticarcillin and clavulanate were best described using a two-compartment open model. Mean plasma elimination-rate constant (beta) and clearance (ClB) for ticarcillin were significantly less (P less than 0.01), and volume...
Ball BA, Altschul M, Ellington JE.This study compared the in vitro development of Day-2 equine embryos co-cultured with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants. Embryos were collected surgically from the oviducts of pony mares 2 d after ovulation and assessed for stage of development. Culture medium was Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (50:50 v/v) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO(2) in air at 38.5 degrees C with either trophoblastic vesicles or oviductal explants. The quality score of embryos was assessed daily. After 4 d in culture, embryos were stained (Hoechst 33342) and evaluated with epifluo...
Holmes MA, Lunn DP.As part of a project to raise specific pathogen free (SPF) Welsh Mountain Pony foals, free from exposure to Equid herpesvirus type 1, foals were removed from their dams at birth and fed bovine colostrum. This study characterises the uptake of bovine colostral immunoglobulin and production of endogenous immunoglobulin, in 10 SPF foals. An enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay was developed to measure serum concentrations of bovine IgG1 (boIgG1) to assess the efficiency of transfer, and rate of elimination of boIgG1 by the foal. The endogenous production of equine IgG was studied using a single ra...
Young DR, Richardson DW, Markel MD, Nunamaker DM.The third carpal bone (C3) was collected from both forelimbs of 27 Thoroughbreds. On the basis of age, training, and history, specimens were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: yearling, untrained horses (group 1, n = 4); 2- to 3-year-old, untrained horses (group 2, n = 7); trained 2-year-old horses (group 3, n = 6); trained 3-year-old horses (group 4, n = 6); and 3-year-old, trained horses with carpal pathologic features (group 5, n = 4). A transverse section of subchondral bone 5-mm thick was cut in a precise fashion 10 mm below the proximal articular surface of all specimens. After high-detail radio...
Deeb RS, Peyton DH.Tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP) is being used in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. We have studied the SnPP complex with equine myoglobin (EqMb) by 1H and 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) as a general model for SnPP interaction with hemoproteins. The complex formed from SnPP and EqMb, SnPP.EqMb, was found to have essentially the same porphyrin-binding pocket as EqMbCO, including the same porphyrin orientation in the major form of EqMbCO. 119Sn NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate that the proximal His93F8-metal coordination is likely to be intact in SnPP.EqMb. Minor...
Clanton C, Kobluk C, Robinson RA, Gordon B.During a pilot study at a Thoroughbred racetrack, information was collected to include weather conditions and track surface properties (moisture content, composition, strength, and coefficient of friction between surface and hoof). Measured weather variables did not correlate to any pattern of horse injuries of breakdowns. Surface moisture content was variable, whereas the moisture content of the compacted cushion was constant. Track surfaces around the starting chutes were more compacted than were other areas of the track. Next to the rail, track surface was softer than the surface toward the...
Rottman JB, Roberts MC, Cullen JM.Rectal palpation of a 30-year-old mixed-breed mare with chronic weight loss and intermittent, refractory abdominal pain revealed a mass in the right caudoventral portion of the abdomen. Hematologic and serum biochemical findings were normal except for slight mature neutrophilia and mildly high alkaline phosphatase activity and total bilirubin concentration. Cytologic examination of a specimen obtained by abdominocentesis revealed equal numbers of nondegenerative neutrophils and macrophages, but no evidence of neoplastic cells. The mare continued to have signs of abdominal discomfort and was eu...
Kimman TG, Binkhorst GJ, van den Ingh TS, Pol JM, Gielkens AL, Roelvink ME.Aujeszky's disease virus was isolated from the brain of a horse which had shown severe neurological signs, including excessive sweating, muscle tremors and periods of mania. Pathological examination revealed a non-suppurative meningoencephalitis. The virus was propagated in cell culture and inoculated into the conjunctiva and nostrils of two ponies. The ponies developed fever seven days after inoculation and subsequently started to behave abnormally, showing severe neurological signs on the ninth day after inoculation. One pony became excited and the other was depressed. One pony died on the n...
Wright JD, Kelly WR, Waddell AH, Hamilton J.Verminous encephalomyelitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae was diagnosed in 2 foals at necropsy. The principal clinical feature was tetraparesis, although history and neurological examination revealed progressive and multifocal neurological disease. At presentation, a tentative diagnosis of parasitic larval migration involving the central nervous system (CNS), presumably due to Strongylus vulgaris, was proposed. Dissection of the spinal cord in one case resulted in recovery of intact larvae of both sexes of A. cantonensis. In both foals, histopathology of the brain and spinal cord r...
Trope GD, Whitton RC.A 12-year-old show-jumping mare was presented for investigation of a chronic hindlimb lameness of 16 weeks duration. Perineural anaesthesia and ultrasonography localised the lesion to the medial collateral ligament of the distal interphalangeal joint of the left hindlimb. Treatment consisted of a heavily padded distal limb cast for 6 weeks, strict box rest and a strictly regulated hand walking program. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed throughout the rehabilitation period. Collateral ligament desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint is a commonly diagnosed condition of th...
Sancler-Silva YFR, Silva-Junior ER, Fedorka CE, Scheeren VFC, Cavalero TS, Papa PM, Alvarenga MA, Dell'Aqua JA, Papa FO.The aim of this report is to describe a new methodology to successfully treat stallions diagnosed with urethral rent. Four stallions of ages ranging from 7 to 12 years (median 9) with hemospermia were admitted for clinical evaluation, breeding soundness examination, and urethroscopy for inspection of the urethra and vesicular glands. Once the presence of urethral rent was identified and/or other sources of hemorrhage were excluded, a topical treatment was performed with 4% Policresulen solution (Albocresil). The treatment was carried out by infusing 100 mL of the solution into the lumen of t...
Edwards RB, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Kallfelz FA.The medical records of 34 horses with a diagnosis of avulsion of the origin of the suspensory ligament that had been admitted to the veterinary medical teaching hospital between 1980 and 1993 were identified. In addition to clinical examination, 21 of 34 horses had scintigraphy and radiography performed during their examination. The usefulness of scintigraphy and radiography were assessed by comparing the initial findings reported in the medical record to those obtained in a retrospective review of the images. Thirty other horses with scintigraphic lesions of the proximal aspect of the third m...
Govaere JL, Hoogewijs MK, De Schauwer C, De Vliegher S, Van Soom A, Duchateau L, de Kruif A.Deep intra-uterine insemination is commonly accepted as a routine procedure for artificial insemination in horses. The motives and principles of deep insemination are well described, but the equipment used may differ. In this trial, the efficiency of two different insemination pipettes for deep intra-uterine insemination in the mare was compared with insemination into the uterine body using commercially available frozen-thawed semen of two stallions of proven fertility. These inseminations were performed using two different doses. The semi-flexible Minitube pipette was compared with a newly de...
Dixon PM, Loh N, Barakzai SZ.Disorders of the horizontal ramus (body) of the equine mandible are well reported, but there is minimal documentation of disorders of the angle of mandible. A retrospective examination of the records of Edinburgh University Equine Hospital (1997-2011) showed that 32 horses were referred due to swellings of the angle of the mandible. The aetiology of these swellings was identified in just 13/32 cases (41%) including fractures (n=2), traumatic, localised periosteal/cortical lesions (n=4), traumatic soft tissue lesions (n=2), neoplasia (n=3), and inflammation of the adjacent salivary gland (n=1) ...
Blackall PJ, Christensen JP, Bisgaard M.The objective of this work was to examine the diversity within Australian isolates of Actinobacillus equuli and related organisms by the genotypic method of ribotyping. Methods: Ribotyping, performed using the enzyme HaeIII, was used to examine the diversity in 12 field isolates of A equuli (five being capable of fermenting L-arabinose), one field isolate of Pasteurella caballi and two unclassifiable field isolates. Isolates were obtained from Australian horses, except for three isolates of A equuli (one L-arabinose positive and two L-arabinose negative) which were obtained from horses and a p...
Matthews NS, Gleed RD, Short CE, Burrows K.Isoxsuprine (0.6 mg/kg) administered IV to 6 standing horses produced substantial, transient decreases in systemic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume. It also produced substantial, transient increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and purposeful movement. Plasma concentrations of isoxsuprine peaked soon after the drug was administered IV and then decreased over a 12-hour period in a biexponential manner, with distribution and elimination half-lives of 14 minutes and 2.67 hours, respectively. Total body clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were calcula...
Roberts MC, Seawright AA.Colic was induced in horses and ponies following topical or intravenous (iv) administration of amitraz, a formamidine acaricide. The condition was characterised by rapid cessation of intestinal sounds, stasis, extensive impaction and tympany throughout the large colon. Three animals that were necropsied had a faecalith obstructing the proximal small colon aboral to marked colonic impaction. A reproducible and reversible impaction colic syndrome could be induced by an iv injection of 1 mg amitraz/kg body weight in solvent. There were immediate central nervous system and intestinal signs. Large ...
Hopper SA, Schneider RK, Ratzlaff MH, White KK, Johnson CH.To determine the effect of pin hole size and number on the breaking strength of the adult equine radius when loaded in torsion to failure. Methods: 54 pairs of equine radii from adult horses. Methods: For test one, 12 pairs of radii were used to determine the effect of pin hole size on torsional breaking strength. A 6.35-mm hole was drilled in 1 radius, and a 9.5-mm hole was drilled in the contralateral radius. For test two, 36 pairs of radii were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (n = 12) to determine the effect of pin hole number on the torsional breaking strength of the equine ra...
Bowker RM, Abhold RH, Caron JP, Sonea IM, Vex KB, Kotyk R.Immunocytochemical analysis of equine synovial membranes revealed presence of several neuropeptides, including substance P (SP), neurokinin A, and neuropeptide Y, in nerves of the radiocarpal, middle carpal, and metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joints. Within the subsynovium, these neuropeptides were located perivascularly, whereas in the fronds, only neuropeptide Y was restricted to the vessels of the synovial membrane. Only SP and neurokinin A were found in the intimal layer. The intimal layer of the metacarpophalangeal joint contained more SP-immunoreactive fibers than were observed in the int...
Lechmann J, Schoster A, Ernstberger M, Fouché N, Fraefel C, Bachofen C.Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infections can have a major impact on the horse industry and equine welfare by causing abortion or respiratory or neurologic disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism (A→G) in open reading frame (ORF) 30, encoding the catalytic subunit of the DNA polymerase, has been shown to be a strong predictive marker for neuropathogenicity. Given that a previously established real-time PCR (rtPCR) protocol yielded unsatisfactory results concerning determination of the EHV-1 genotype, we developed and evaluated a new conventional PCR protocol enabling identification of th...
He H, Banks SA, Biedrzycki AH.The objective of this study was to provide an overarching description of the inter-subject variability of the equine femur and tibia morphology using statistical shape modeling. Fifteen femora and fourteen tibiae were used for building the femur and tibia statistical shape models, respectively. Geometric variations in each mode were explained by biometrics measured on ±3 standard deviation instances generated by the shape models. Approximately 95% of shape variations within the population were described by 6 and 3 modes in the femur and tibia shape models, respectively. In the femur shape mod...
Bergstrom TC, Kilcoyne I, Magdesian KG, Nieto JE.To determine whether IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) performed in the cephalic vein with a wide rubber tourniquet (WRT) applied proximal and distal to the carpus results in a higher peak concentration (Cmax) of amikacin in the radiocarpal joint (RCJ), compared with the Cmax for IVRLP using a single WRT proximal to the carpus. Methods: 7 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses underwent IVRLP using standing sedation with 2 g of amikacin sulfate diluted to 60 mL by use of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in the cephalic vein with 2 different tourniquet techniques; proximal WRT (P) and proximal and d...
Condon V, Wilson B, Fleming PJS, Kennedy BPA, Keeley T, Barwick J, McGreevy P.Feral horses, also known as brumbies, are widely distributed across Australia with some populations being managed largely by human intervention. Rehoming of suitable feral horses following passive trapping has wide community acceptance as a management tool. However, there is little information about the number and relative economic value of feral horses compared with cohorts in the riding horse market. We examined 15,404 advertisements of horses for sale in 53 editions of Horse Deals, published from February 2017 to July 2022. Despite the considerable media attention and public scrutiny surrou...
Slater MR, Hood DM, Carter GK.A descriptive and matched case-control study of laminitis was conducted in 7 private practices and at the Texas Veterinary Medical Centre (TVMC) between May 1992 and July 1993. Out of 108 horses with laminitis, 19 acute (49%) and 20 chronic (51%) cases were seen in private practice and 16 acute (23%) and 53 (77%) cases at the TVMC. Gastrointestinal disease was the most common problem in 19/35 horses (54%), occurring just prior to the onset of acute laminitis in all hospitals. Among all horses in the study, most commonly used drugs were phenylbutazone (68%), acepromazine (34%), dimethyl sulphox...
Sant'Anna Monteiro da Silva E, Zanzarini Delfiol DJ, Fabris VH, Mendonça Santos B, Nogueira GM, Oliveira Guimarães GB, Paulo de Oliveira Nogueira P....A four-year-old female-like Quarter Horse was admitted for clinical evaluation because of masculinized-aggressive behavior and lack of estrous signs. On external inspection, a hypertrophied clitoris and prominent muscles were observed. On gynecological examination, apparently normal mammary glands, vulva, vagina, and cervix were noted. On the other hand, the uterus had no tone and was smaller than normal. The left gonad was very soft on palpation and the right gonad was mostly firm, irregular, and wider than the left gonad. On ultrasound examination, there were no signs of regular ovarian stru...
Whitcomb MB, Doval J, Peters J.Ultrasonography has gained increased utility to diagnose pelvic fractures in horses; however, internal pelvic contours can be difficult to appreciate from external palpable landmarks. We developed three-dimensional (3D) simulations of the pelvic ultrasonographic examination to assist with translation of pelvic contours into two-dimensional (2D) images. Contiguous 1mm transverse computed tomography (CT) images were acquired through an equine femur and hemipelvis using a single slice helical scanner. 3D surface models were created using a DICOM reader and imported into a 3D modeling and animatio...
Bass LG, Peña-Álvarez P, Hidalgo-Dittel JD, Robles-Herrera FD, Cappella-Flores PM, Zúñiga-Cortés DS, Olivares RWI.Sarcina spp. is a Gram-positive, coccoid microorganism that forms tetrads or octets, and is observed with a characteristic "bundle" arrangement. The most recognized species are Sarcina ventriculi and Sarcina maxima. It has been described as part of the normal microbiota in horses and cats, but it has also been linked to abomasal bloat in goats, lambs, and calves, although its causality has not been proven yet. This work presents the case of a 3-months-old female horse that died of generalized tympanism. Macroscopic findings showed mild cyanosis and abundant gas in the lumen of the stomach, and...
Guan F, Robinson MA, Soma LR.Etanercept is a protein-based medication for the treatment of human patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune-based diseases; its pharmacological action is to inhibit and antagonize tumour necrosis factor alpha. Etanercept was rumoured to be used in horse racing in North America. To detect such use, the aim of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for confirmation of etanercept in equine plasma. Etanercept was extracted from plasma by anti-human IgG antibody linked to magnetic beads. The analyte was reduced and alkylated, and then dige...
Boeckh S, Buchanan C, Boeckh A, Wilkie S, Davis C, Buchanan T, Boothe D.Following approval of a concentrated injectable formulation of enrofloxacin for cattle (Baytril 100 Injectable, Bayer Corp. Agricultural Division, Shawnee Mission, KS), equine practitioners have started administering this preparation both parenterally and orally to horses, despite the lack of pharmacokinetic data in this species. Six healthy horses received enrofloxacin at 7.5 mg/kg both orally and intravenously, with the sequence being randomly assigned and at least 1 week of washout allowed between administrations. Blood samples were collected from each horse at various intervals after drug ...
Airway obstruction is the main trait of severe equine asthma that affects respiratory function and elicits detrimental effects on clinical presentation. Only few and underpowered clinical studies have investigated the impact of improvement in lung function induced by bronchodilators on the clinical signs of asthma-affected horses. Objective: To identify the minimal important difference (MID) in lung function elicited by bronchodilator leading to a meaningful improvement in clinical signs. Methods: Pairwise meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Methods: Literature searches were performed ...
Verwilghen D, Easley J, Zwick T, Uhlhorn M, Grulke S, Simhofer H, Townsend N, Liyou O, Bodeus F, Zani DD, Vlaminck L, Pearce C, Staszyk C....Suture exostosis is an intriguing and not uncommon pathology that has to be included in the differential diagnosis for horses with swelling of the head. Although several singular case reports have been published, no large case series is available. The aim of this study is to report a multicentric retrospective collection of suture exostosis cases. Data concerning horses with suture exostosis in the facial region were collected retrospectively. Information regarding breed, age, gender, history, imaging findings, initiated treatment, response to treatment and follow up was recorded. One hundred ...
Naudé TW, Gerber R, Smith RJ, Botha CJ.Datura poisoning of horses is extensively reviewed. An outbreak of intractable impaction colic affecting 18 of 83 horses was stopped by withdrawing dried tef hay contaminated with young Datura plants. The dried, botanically identified Datura stramonium and D. ferox contained respectively 0.15% mass/mass (m/m) hyoscyamine as well as 0.16% m/m hyoscine (scopolamine) and only hyoscine at a concentration of 0.11% m/m. Immature, unidentifiable plants resembling D. stramonium, contained 0.14% m/m and 0.12% m/m of the 2 respective tropane alkaloids. The outbreak was characterised by protracted and re...
Tendillo FJ, Mascías A, Santos M, López-Sanromán J, De Rossi R, San Román F, Gómez de Segura IA.To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 +/- 16 kg and aged 9 +/- 2 years old. Methods: Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large-animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end-tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda-BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane t...
Hart SK, Sullins KE.Results of surgical treatment of sinonasal disease in horses have been reported previously; however, this paper describes the outcome of horses in which a specific post operative treatment protocol was used. Objective: The objectives of the study were to determine: 1) short- and long-term outcome; 2) complications; and 3) recurrence rates of different disease processes, when horses were treated with a specific treatment protocol. Methods: Medical records of horses presented for surgical treatment of sinonasal disease from 1996-2007 were reviewed. Results and duration of surgical exploration we...
Angel-Velez D, Meese T, Hedia M, Fernandez-Montoro A, De Coster T, Pascottini OB, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Govaere J, Van Soom A, Pavani K, Smits K.In the last decade, in vitro embryo production in horses has become an established clinical practice, but blastocyst rates from vitrified equine oocytes remain low. Cryopreservation impairs the oocyte developmental potential, which may be reflected in the messenger RNA (mRNA) profile. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the transcriptome profiles of metaphase II equine oocytes vitrified before and after in vitro maturation. To do so, three groups were analyzed with RNA sequencing: (1) fresh in vitro matured oocytes as a control (FR), (2) oocytes vitrified after in vitro maturation (VMAT), a...
Lyle SK, Ferrer MS.The typical dose for insemination into the uterine body of the mare is > 300 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa (PMS) and an insemination dose of > 200 x 10(6) PMS is recommended for frozen-thawed semen. Low-dose insemination techniques allow for a drastic reduction in the numbers of spermatozoa required to achieve pregnancy. Acceptable pregnancy rates can be achieved with doses ranging from 1 to 25 x 10(6) PMS in volumes ranging from 20 to 1000 microL. Two techniques have been described: hysteroscopic insemination and transrectally guided deep horn insemination using a pipette. Similar ...
Steiger R, Feige K.A 13 year old Thoroughbred gelding was presented with a history of a single episode of collapse during mild exercise. Clinical examination revealed a high packed cell volume (PCV) of 72%, a haemoglobin concentration of 24.9 g/l and 15.2 millions erythrocytes/microliters. Despite continuous intravenous infusion therapy with large volumes, the PCV never decreased to a physiological level. The animal showed a normal appetite and no signs of discomfort or syncope. Arterial blood gas values were in the normal range as well as the concentration of erythropoietin (measured by radioimmunoassay, RIA). ...
Turek B, Potyński A, Wajler C, Szara T, Czopowicz M, Drewnowska O.Diaphyseal fractures of the III metacarpal bone represent 22% of all fractures of the long bones in horses. Treatment of such cases is difficult. The most popular solution used in these types of fractures is two plates applied directly to the bone surface, but they are not applicable on contaminated and infected fractures. External fixators are quite commonly used in human medicine, although in veterinary practice there is no typical stabilizer designed for the treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the III metacarpal bone so far. In this study, an external semicircular fixator of our own design...
Sullivan HM, Barrett MF, Zhou T, Kawcak CE.Ultrasound remains a mainstay in proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) evaluation. Despite recent improvements facilitating earlier diagnosis/treatment, needs exist for (1) characterization of normal ultrasonographic PSL cross-sectional area (CSA) in specific breeds/disciplines, (2) improved detection of early/subtle changes in the PSL, and (3) an understanding of suspensory ligament (SL) morphology change from work-related stress. The objectives of this study were to establish normal PSL CSA in Quarter Horses (QH) used for cutting via angle contrast ultrasonography, ultrasonographically monitor ...
