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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Arthroscopic examination of the femorotibial joints of horses. A technique for satisfactory arthroscopic examination of the lateral and medial femorotibial joints of the horse is described. The entry portal is made between the middle and medial patellar ligaments with the horse on its back and the stifle flexed. This position allows easy access to view the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. From this reference point, examination of all but the most caudal and medial structures of the joints are possible by manipulating the sleeve and telescope and maintaining joint distention. In a series of 20 examinations, iatrogenic trauma was recognized only once.
Definition of 15 equine leucocyte antigens. Fifteen equine leucocyte antigens were defined by absorption and titration analysis of alloantisera obtained by natural sensitisation through pregnancy and by planned experimental immunisation. Definitive sera were tested on the cells of 90 unrelated horses and members of eight equine families. The family data suggested that 13 specificities were coded by a single locus (first locus) and one specificity (Eq 14) was coded by a second linked locus. The remaining specificity (Eq 7) was controlled by a third locus unlinked to the first or second loci. Tests on the cells of unrelated horses showed ...
Alterations in selected serum biochemical constituents in equids after induced hepatic disease. Effects of induced cholestasis and hepatocellular necrosis and of fasting on serum biochemical constituents including bile acids, IgA, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), arginase, and the clearance of sodium sulfobromophthalein were studied in 4 groups of equids. The reference value for serum bile acids, as determined by an enzymatic colorimetric procedure for horses and ponies was 5.94 +/- 2.72 mumol/L, there being no statistical difference for horses and ponies. Sample collection at time of feeding had no effect on serum bile acid concentration. Seemingly, seru...
Induction and characterization of acrosome reaction in equine spermatozoa. Equine spermatozoa were incubated in a chemically defined medium for 8 hours. The medium preserved spermatozoal viability, as assessed by total spermatozoal motility, progressive spermatozoal motility, and spermatozoal exclusion of eosin stain. Effects of time and divalent cation ionophore, A23187, on the occurrence and character of the spermatozoal acrosome reaction were determined. Two light microscopic assays, a triple-stain technique and a chlortetracycline fluorescence assay, were calibrated with transmission electron microscopy for detection of the acrosome reaction. Incubation time and ...
Monitoring the progression of renal failure in a horse with polycystic kidney disease: use of the reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration and sodium sulfanilate clearance half-time. Sequential reciprocals of serum creatinine concentration and sodium sulfanilate clearance half-times were used to monitor a horse with chronic renal failure. The horse was diagnosed as having polycystic kidney disease; at least one cyst was of distal tubular origin. Using the plots of the sequential data, a reasonably accurate prediction was made for complete renal decompensation to develop.
Preputial hematoma in a stallion. An 8-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was admitted with a swelling involving the prepuce, dorsal part of the scrotum, and root of the penis. The swelling was first noticed 10 days after breeding, with no evidence that it had resulted from a kick by the mare. The penis was retracted into the prepuce, except for a 10- to 15-cm protrusion of the glans penis. Treatment included warm hydrotherapy, massage, stockinette compression, antidiuretics, antibiotics, penile support, and exercise, without success. At necropsy, a massive preputial hematoma was found extending forward from the root of the penis...
Ultrastructure of equine endothelial cells exposed to endotoxin and flunixin meglumine and equine neutrophils. An in vitro system of cultured equine endothelial cells was evaluated as a model for endotoxin (ET) exposure in the horse. Primary cell lines from pulmonary vessels and aortas were cultured from tissues of 6 horses. Effects of ET alone with and without serum and in combination with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor flunixin meglumine and isolated equine neutrophils were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Cells plus serum were incubated with 10, 25, 50, or 100 micrograms of ET/ml of incubation medium for 1, 3, 8, or 24 hours. Cells without serum were cultured for 1 and 3 hours. Flunixin...
A technique for elective splenectomy of equidae using a transthoracic approach. Splenectomy was performed electively on 80 ponies, horses, and donkeys for preparation in collecting Babesia antigens. Access to the abdomen was by resection of the sixteenth left rib and incision of the diaphragm. The technique afforded good exposure of the splenic vessels and attachments. Closure was facilitated by preservation of the periosteum of the resected rib. Difficulty was encountered both in surgical technique and postoperative complications in obese animals. The transthoracic approach was found to be a useful technique for equine splenectomy.
Effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on chemical and physical defects in equine articular cartilage. The effect of intra-articular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSG) on repair of chemical and physical articular cartilage injuries was evaluated in 8 horses. In each horse, a partial- and a full-thickness articular cartilage defect was made on the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone. In the contralateral middle carpal joint, a chemical articular cartilage injury was induced by injecting 50 mg of Na monoiodoacetate (MIA). Four of the 8 horses were not treated (controls), and 4 horses were treated by intra-articular injection of 250 mg of PSG into both middle carpal joints once a ...
Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites in vitro and in uterine washings on migration of equine neutrophils under agarose. The influence of arachidonic acid metabolites on migration of equine neutrophils under agarose was investigated. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was chemotactic at concentrations between 0.1 and 1000 ng ml-1 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at 1 and 10 ng ml-1 but not at higher or lower concentrations. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) was not chemotactic for equine neutrophils at any concentration. Random migration was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.05) by suspension of neutrophils in LTB4 (0.1 to 1000 ng ml-1) and PGF2 alpha (0.1 ng ml-1) but not at high concentrations. There was a significant po...
Radiographic examination of the facial, nasal and paranasal sinus regions of the horse: I. Indications and procedures in 235 cases. The radiographic procedures used for examination of the facial area and paranasal sinuses of 235 horses are reported. Clinical indications for these examinations and the diagnoses made are reviewed. Unilateral nasal discharge was the commonest reason for radiography, accounting for about one third of cases, most of which had radiological signs of paranasal sinus disease recognisable on erect lateral films. Oblique projections were required to obtain further information about the maxillary dental arcades and ventro-dorsal views demonstrated sinus expansion and extension of disease into the nasa...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in horses. I. Particle concentration fluoroimmunoassay detection of fentanyl and its congeners. We investigated the use of particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) as a technique for drug detection in racing horses. The test was constructed from an antiserum to a carboxyfentanyl-BSA conjugate and carboxyfentanyl linked to b-Phycoerythrin. Using these reagents and a PCFIA apparatus levels of fentanyl as low as 0.1 ng/ml could be detected by the assay. In addition, cross-reactivity studies on this assay showed that the anti-serum cross-reacted well with carfentanil, sufentanil and the methylated analogs of fentanyl. We therefore evaluated the ability of these agents to produ...
Effects of a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor in equine endotoxaemia. Thromboxane A2 may play a major role in circulatory shock. In some species, thromboxane synthetase inhibitors have a beneficial effect on shock induced by endotoxin, trauma, sepsis and administration of arachidonate. In some shock models, however, results with thromboxane synthetase inhibitors have been conflicting. The effect of UK-38,485, a selective thromboxane inhibitor, was evaluated in ponies injected with endotoxin intraperitoneally. Four groups of ponies were used to compare the effects of endotoxin alone, UK-38,485 alone, treatment with UK-38,485 before endotoxin challenge and treatme...
Isolation of macrocyclic and non-macrocyclic trichothecenes (stachybotrys and fusarium toxins) from the Environment of 200 III Sport Horses. Satratoxins H and G, verrucarin J, and roridin E were isolated from the bedding straw of 200 sport horses exhibiting typical symptoms of stachybotryo-toxicosis. At the same time, the oat feed consumed by the horses contained non-macrocyclicFusarium trichothecenes: T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol.
The histological features of the immune system of the equine respiratory tract. The distribution of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue along the equine respiratory tract was surveyed in light microscopical sections. Intra-epithelial lymphocytes and similar cells scattered in the lamina propria were identified in all sites from the nasal vestibule to bronchioles of 2 to 4 mm diameter. Isolated lymphoid patches, occasionally with nodules, were common in bronchioles, but the density of this bronchiole-associated lymphoid tissue (BRALT) varied between individual horses. Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) was infrequently encountered. In the upper respiratory tract, nod...
Cellular content of secretions obtained by lavage from different levels of the equine respiratory tract. Lavage procedures were used to obtain samples of respiratory secretions from the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchoalveolar level of apparently normal conscious horses, and the cellular composition of the lavage fluids was assessed. There was a progressive increase in total cell count of the secretions obtained from the upper to the lower respiratory tracts. Nasal lavage fluid was composed chiefly of epithelial cells, whereas tracheal, bronchial and bronchoalveolar fluids contained higher proportions of macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Eosinophils and mast cells were identifie...
Identification of the ligand-exchange process in the alkaline transition of horse heart cytochrome c. Magnetic-circular-dichroism (m.c.d.) spectra over the wavelength range 300-2000 nm at room temperature and at 4.2K of horse heart cytochrome c are reported at a series of pH values between 7.8 and 11.0, encompassing the alkaline transition. The effect of glassing agents on the e.p.r. spectrum at various pH values is also reported. Comparison of these results with spectra obtained for the n-butylamine adduct of soybean leghaemoglobin support the hypothesis that lysine is the sixth ligand in the alkaline form of horse heart cytochrome c. The m.c.d. and e.p.r. spectra of horse heart cytochrome c ...
Salinomycin poisoning in horses. Six cases of accidental salinomycin poisoning in horses are described. The horses were fed a contaminated ration and presented clinical signs which were extremely varied in nature and severity. However, the range of signs, including anorexia, colic, weakness and ataxia bore similarities to those described in horses poisoned with the related ionophore monensin. Other similarities became apparent in serum biochemical profiles of the clinical cases. Although ionophore toxicity is rarely reported in horses they appear to be particularly susceptible, and it should therefore be considered as a diffe...
