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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Equine coronary hemodynamics during brief coronary occlusions at three levels of collateral function. Adult-grade ponies were surgically instrumented with a Doppler flow probe and pneumatic cuff occluder on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), sonomicrometry crystals and intraventricular micromanometer in the left ventricle, and catheters in the left atrium, anterior interventricular vein, and, in some animals, the LAD. Conscious-animal studies were begun 2 wk after surgery. Measured variables included regional left ventricular systolic function, end-diastolic wall thickness, oxygen extraction, lactate extraction, and hydrogen ion release. Changes in collateral perfusion were de...
Nasal obstruction caused by nutritional osteodystrophia fibrosa in a group of Ethiopian horses. A severe, advanced case of nutritional osteodystrophia fibrosa is described in a 10-year-old gelding with primary upper respiratory obstruction and chronic weight loss, which was one of a group of similarly affected horses in Ethiopia. The diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, gross lesions, histopathology and management history. The affected bones had suffered severe mineral depletion.
Influence of glycerol on the structure and stability of ferric horse heart myoglobin: a SAXS and circular dichroism study. The influence of glycerol on the structural properties of Fe(III)-horse heart myoglobin has been investigated by absorbance, CD and SR-SAXS spectroscopy. The results obtained indicate that both the tertiary and the secondary (alpha-helix) conformations of the protein are influenced by glycerol; in particular, an increase of approx. 8% in helical content was observed. Further, analysis of both the acid- and guanidine-induced denaturation transitions points to a glycerol-induced decreased stability of the tertiary structure; conversely, the alpha-helix conformation is found to be stabilized by t...
Looking for residues involved in the muscle acylphosphatase catalytic mechanism and structural stabilization: role of Asn41, Thr42, and Thr46. Asn41, Thr42, and Thr46 are invariant residues in both muscle and erythrocyte acylphosphatases isolated so far. Horse muscle acylphosphatase solution structure suggests their close spatial relationship to Arg23, the main substrate binding site. The catalytic and structural role of such residues, as well as their influence on muscle acylphosphatase stability, was investigated by preparing several gene mutants (Thr42Ala, Thr46Ala, Asn41Ala, Asn41Ser, and Asn41Gln) by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The mutated genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the mutant enzymes were...
Detection of equine infectious anemia viral RNA in plasma samples from recently infected and long-term inapparent carrier animals by PCR. Control of equine infectious anemia (EIA) is currently based on detection of anti-EIA virus (EIAV) antibodies. However, serologic diagnostic methods may give false-negative results in infected horses that fail to respond adequately or are in the early stages of infection. We developed a reverse transcriptase nested PCR (RT-nPCR) assay for the detection of viral gag gene sequences in plasma from EIAV-infected horses. The ability of RT-nPCR to detect field strains of EIAV was investigated by assaying plasma samples from 71 horses stabled on EIA quarantine ranches. Positive PCR signals were detec...
Heavy metal concentrations in injured racehorses. Records were reviewed of horses that had fatal injuries at California racetracks over a 16-mo period. Horses were categorized based on injury type, sex, age and breed. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, molybdenum and zinc concentrations were measured in the liver and kidneys from each horse. Arsenic and lead were not detected in any tissues. Liver heavy metal concentrations were not related to the injury type. Kidney iron concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in horses with ligament ruptures and in horses with fractured sesamoid, carpus or metacarpus/metatarsus bones. Live...
Behavior of horses is affected by soy lecithin and corn oil in the diet. To test the hypothesis that dietary fats may improve tractability of horses, the effects of four total mixed diets on behavior were compared. The control diet (CON) contained chopped hay, corn, oats, beet pulp, molasses and a mineral mix; the three test diets contained an additional 10% (by weight) corn oil (CO), soy lecithin-corn oil (SL-CO), or soy lecithin-soy oil (SL-SO). Eight horses were fed each diet in random order for four 3-wk periods. Behavior was observed during the last week of each feeding period. Spontaneous activity was evaluated using a pedometer and was less in horses fed SL-...
[Demonstration of activity of two potentiated sulfonamides in feces of horses after oral or intravenous administration]. Both, the oral and intravenous application of two trimethoprim-potentiated sulfonamides induced measurable antibacterial activities in the feces of horses. With regard to the risk of antibiotic-induced alterations of the gastrointestinal flora, the route of application of potentiated sulfonamides seems to be of minor importance. The antibiotics used were Sulfadimethoxine/Trimethoprim (Trafigal 30% ad us. vet.) for oral and Sulfadoxine/Trimethoprim (Borgal 24% ad us. vet., both Hoechst AG, Frankfurt) for intravenous application. As recommended, both drugs were given in a dose of 20 mg per kg bo...
Rapid analysis of four bilirubins in domestic animal sera using high-performance liquid chromatography. A rapid method was developed to analyze delta-bilirubin (B delta), diconjugated bilirubin (DCB), monoconjugated bilirubin (MCB), and unconjugated bilirubin (Bu) by direct injection of sera using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an internal-surface reversed-phase silica support (ISRP) column. Sharp bilirubin peaks were obtained using a simple mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.5 M Tris-HCl buffer (20:80, v/v, pH 7.2). A variable-wavelength detector set at 450 nm, 0.01 absorbance unit full scale (AUFS), and a recorder set at 4 mm/min were used for detection. Peaks for B delta, DCB...
[Polydactyly in a foal–a case report]. Polydactylism, an excess deformity in a foal is described. The hereditary pathology and etiopathogenesis are discussed. A method of surgical correction of the deformed extremity is introduced. Indication and prognosis of the surgical correction of polydactylism and aspects concerning the breeding management are discussed.
Effects of phosphatidylserine and cholesterol liposomes on the viability, motility, and acrosomal integrity of stallion spermatozoa prior to and after cryopreservation. Computer-assisted motion analyses (CASA) and flow cytometry were used to evaluate stallion spermatozoa prior to and after cryopreservation. Spermatozoa were pretreated with: (1) Hepes-buffered medium (SHB); (2) phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes; or (3) liposomes composed of both PS and cholesterol (PSCH) prior to dilution in either SHB or skim milk-egg yolk extender (SMEY). After cooling to 5 degrees C in SHB, PS and PSCH pretreatment (23%). Spermatozoal motion parameters were higher for spermatozoa diluted in SMEY than dilution in SHB. In Experiment 2, motion parameters were compared for sper...
Contagious equine metritis. Contagious equine metritis (CEM) is a highly contagious venereal infection of equids caused by Taylorella equigenitalis, a bacterium with fastidious growth requirements. A disease of major international concern, CEM can be the cause of short-term infertility and, very rarely, abortion in mares. Unlike the mare, stallions exposed to T. equigenitalis do not develop clinical signs of disease. CEM is transmitted by direct or indirect venereal contact. The carrier state occurs in the mare and the stallion and carrier animals are frequently the source of infection for new outbreaks of the disease. T...
Effects of pretreatment with ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on experimentally induced synovitis in horses. To compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), ketoprofen (2.20 and 3.63 mg/kg of body weight) and phenylbutazone (4.40 mg/kg), in an acute equine synovitis model. Methods: 4 groups of 6 horses received NSAID or saline solution in a randomized design. Methods: 24 clinically normal mares and geldings. Methods: Left intercarpal joints were injected with sterile carrageenan to induce synovitis at the same time as IV administration of NSAID or saline solution. Clinical assessments were made and synovial fluid was withdrawn at 0, 1, 3, 6,...
Biochemical and biomechanical alterations in equine articular cartilage following an experimentally-induced synovitis. The effects of inflammation on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage at two sites (dorsal and palmar) from the radial facet of the equine third carpal bone were examined in response to a synovitis induced with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Four groups were studied. In group 1 synovitis was induced at time zero and evaluated at week 6. Group 2 was the sham-treated control for group 1. In group 3 synovitis was induced at time zero and evaluated at week 2. Group 4 was the sham-treated control for group 3. There was a significant increase (P palmar). The...
Full protection against African horsesickness (AHS) in horses induced by baculovirus-derived AHS virus serotype 4 VP2, VP5 and VP7. African horsesickness virus serotype 4 (AHSV-4) outer capsid protein VP2, or VP2 and VP5 plus inner capsid protein VP7, derived from single or dual recombinant baculovirus expression vectors were used in different combinations to immunize horses. When the proteins were purified by affinity chromatography, the combination of all three proteins induced low levels of neutralizing antibodies and conferred protection against virulent virus challenge. However, purified VP2 or VP2 and VP5 in the absence of VP7 failed to induce neutralizing antibodies and protection. Immunization with non-purified pro...
Estimation of the heritability of lameness in standardbred trotters. The degree of lameness of 265 randomly selected three-year-old standardbred trotters was assessed on a fixed point scale with 0 indicating soundness and 5 indicating that the animals were not weightbearing. Two variables were used to describe the signs of lameness; one was the continuous variable: the sum of the initial lameness score and the lameness scores after separate flexion tests of the carpal, stifle/tarsal and phalangeal joints and the second was the bivariate variable; the ratio of lame/sound horses. The mean (sd) heritability of the continuous variable was estimated to be 0.25 (0.21...
A study of the effect of a platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist on antigen challenge of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Antigen challenge involving exposure to straw and mouldy hay for 7 h produced lung function changes and neutrophil recruitment to the lungs in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During the challenge, an increase in radiolabelled neutrophils in the lungs occurred, together with increased respiratory rate and pleural pressure. The role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in antigen-induced neutrophil accumulation, and increased pleural pressure and respiratory rate was investigated by administering the PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2086 to asymptomatic COPD horses prior to a...
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples. To compare the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with microbiological culture for detecting salmonellae in equine fecal samples and equine environmental swab specimens. Methods: Samples and specimens were tested by PCR and microbiological culture. Methods: A fecal sample from each of 152 horses admitted consecutively to the clinic for evaluation by the outpatient service, 282 fecal samples from 110 hospitalized horses that had been submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory, and 313 environmental swab specimens were examined. Methods: Each sample and specimen in the study w...
Hyaluronate and large molecular weight proteoglycans in synovial fluid from horses with various arthritides. To investigate the presence of large molecular weight (MW) proteoglycans (PG) and hyaluronate (HA) in synovial fluid (SF) from horses with various arthritides and from control joints. Methods: Horses with acute (< 2 weeks) or chronic (> 4 weeks) lameness were examined by clinical examination, intrasynovial anesthesia, radiography, arthroscopy, and SF analysis. Joints were grouped on the basis of diagnosis: acute traumatic arthritis, chronic traumatic arthritis (with a subgroup of degenerative joint disease), intra-articular fracture, and infectious arthritis. Methods: 31 horses with arthritis ...
[Paramphostomid infestation in equids in Egypt]. The investigation of 156 donkeys in the area of the veterinary faculty of the Tanta University in Kafr el-Sheikh showed that 49 animals (31.41%) were infected with trematodes, 34 donkeys (21.80%) served as hosts for Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus, 22 (14.10%) were infected with Fasciola gigantica und 7 (4.49%) with both trematodes. 6 of 40 examined horses (15.0%) showed monoinfections with G. aegyptiacus only. Because of the fragmentary knowledge on these paramphistomides of equids, some aspects concerning the morphology, pathology and clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, occurrence, host spec...
[The concentration changes of different phenylbutazone formulations in horse plasma]. In a study in the horse, the disposition, the pharmacokinetic parameters and the absorption rates of 3 formulations of phenylbutazone (injection solution, powder and paste suspension) have been determined. After i.v. injection, the half-life time of phenylbutazone has been determined to be 6.6-6.7 h. After oral administration, the absorption of phenylbutazone was found to be faster after administration via stomach tube than after direct application into the mouth. The absorption rat constant of the paste suspension was found to be higher than that of the powder (1.797-2.304 h-1 vs. 0.656-1.197...
Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) provides a uniquely dynamic system in which to study the mechanism and role of genomic variation in lentiviral persistence and pathogenesis. We have used a Shetland pony model of infection to investigate the association of specific long terminal repeat (LTR) and env gene genomic sequences with the initiation of infection and the onset of disease. We analyzed viral RNA isolated from a pathogenic stock of virus (EIAV PV) and from plasma taken during the first disease episode from two ponies infected with EIAV PV. Overall sequence variation within gp90 was lo...
Influence of methylprednisolone acetate on osteochondral healing in exercised tarsocrural joints of horses. To evaluate joint function and healing of surgically created full-thickness articular cartilage defects in exercised horses after intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA; 120 mg) and sterile saline solution in the contralateral limb. Methods: Experimental investigation. Methods: 12 healthy, sound, radiographically normal horses with induced full-thickness osteochondral lesions on the medial and lateral trochlear ridges of the tali. Methods: Two 8.4-mm-diameter full-thickness articular cartilage lesions were created in each tarsocrural joint (12 horses [24 tarsocrural ...
A mare with colic caused by an ovarian tumour. An 11-year-old Arabian mare had sudden signs of colic 10 days post partum. Rectal examination revealed a large mass in the abdomen. The mare was successfully operated on for a granulosa cell tumour of 31.5 kg. The large abdominal wound healed by primary intention.
Equine influenza. A highly contagious virus infection of horses, influenza is the single most important equine respiratory disease in many countries. Two subtypes of equine influenza virus have been identified, A/equine-1 and A/equine-2, neither of which immunologically cross-reacts. In the case of A/equine-2 virus, two lineages exist, American and European, which appear to have evolved independently of one another. The acute febrile respiratory disease characteristic of influenza is frequently complicated by secondary bacterial infection, especially in unvaccinated horses. Primarily a respiratory-borne infecti...
Accumulation of uric acid in plasma after repeated bouts of exercise in the horse. Plasma concentration of uric acid, total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidative parameter (TRAP), blood lactate concentration and plasma activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) were measured in six Standardbreed trotters after six bouts of exercise with increasing intensity on two separate days three days apart. Blood samples were taken immediately, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min after each heat and 2, 4, and 6 hr after the last heat. Exercise caused an increase in TRAP and in the concentrations of lactate and uric acid. Plasma uric acid concentration increased exponentially with respect to time after the...
Use of adverse conditions to stimulate a cellular stress response by equine articular chondrocytes. To determine the response of equine articular cartilage cells to heat and calcium stresses. Methods: Analysis of newly synthesized, [35S]methionine-labeled proteins after treatment of isolated primary equine chondrocytes. Methods: Primary cultures of equine articular chondrocytes were incubated at temperatures ranging from 37 to 42 C for heat stress experiments or incubated in the presence or absence of the intracellular calcium pump inhibitor, thapsigargin, for calcium stress experiments. Patterns of new protein synthesis were determined by incubating with [35S]methionine followed by separati...
The effects of oxygenation upon the Cl-dependent K flux pathway in equine red cells. The effects of oxygen tension (PO2) upon the K influx pathways of equine red cells have been studied using 86Rb+ as congener for K. Equilibration of cells in 100% nitrogen led to a low and Cl-independent K flux. Change to an atmosphere of 100% air led to a rapid sixfold increase in K flux. The oxygen-activated flux was entirely Cl dependent and was maintained for up to 3 h. Oxygenation-evoked activation was dependent upon PO2 over the physiological range with little effect up to 70% saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen but significant effects between 70 and 100%. K flux at low PO2 was unaffec...
