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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Cloning and sequencing of an equine insulin-like growth factor I cDNA and its expression in fetal and adult tissues. A cDNA for equine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) has been isolated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and subsequently sequenced. The sequenced fragment contained 465 bp including the coding regions for the signal peptide, the entire mature protein, and 4 amino acids into the E-peptide. Like its human counterpart, the mature equine IGF I peptide contains 70 amino acids and was 100% homologous between horse and man. The 49-amino-acid signal peptide had the threonine in position 26 of the human signal peptide substituted by isoleucine. The nucleotide homology across the ent...
Zoo-FISH delineates conserved chromosomal segments in horse and man. Human chromosome specific libraries (CSLs) were individually applied to equine metaphase chromosomes using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. All CSLs, except Y, showed painting signals on one or several horse chromosomes. In total 43 conserved chromosomal segments were painted. Homoeology could not, however, be detected for some segments of the equine genome. This is most likely related to the very weak signals displayed by some libraries, rather than to the absence of similarity with the human genome. In spite of divergence from the human genome, dated 70-80 million yea...
Viability of split-thickness skin grafts attached with fibrin glue. Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (4 cm diameter) were created on metacarpi and metatarsi of 5 horses. On day 6, all 4 wounds on each horse received a stored autogenous split-thickness sheet graft. Grafts were obtained from the horse's ventrolateral thorax with a pneumatic dermatome at the time the cutaneous wounds were created. Grafts were coapted to the granulation bed of 2 wounds of each horse with fibrin glue. Grafts were coapted to the cutaneous margin of all 4 wounds of each horse with cyanoacrylate glue. Bandages were changed daily until the study ended at 14 d. When the bandag...
Immunohistochemical diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis. An immunohistochemical (IHC) assay was developed for the detection of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. All cases of EEE diagnosed at the Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory from 1991 through 1994 were evaluated. The diagnosis was based on histopathologic examination of the brain and confirmatory virus, isolation. Sections of cerebrum from 26 equids and 5 birds were assessed by IHC. Histologically normal brain tissues from 2 horses and 1 pheasant and brain tissues from 2 cases of equine neurologic diseas...
[Oximetry in veterinary anesthesia: the continuous determination of mixed venous oxygen saturation in dogs and horses]. The continuous fiberoptical measurement of the mixed venous partial oxygen saturation is described. It is an enrichment of the diagnostical possibilities in veterinary medicine. In the horse it is of great interest, because disturbances of the pulmonary gas exchange and the myocardial function are common in the anaesthetised horse, and reliable methods of assessing the cardiac output are rare. Using this monitoring technique in nearly 100 equine high risk patients facilitated insight into the complex changes of the pulmonary, cardiac and circulatory function in the anaesthetised horse. The reg...
Myosin isoforms and muscle fiber characteristics in equine gluteus medius muscle. To date, four different myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms have been identified in adult skeletal muscle of a number of species: types I, IIa, IIx or IId, and IIb. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of various MyHC isoforms in the equine gluteus medius and gluteus profundus muscles in relation with several morphometric variables of muscle fibers. Methods: Samples from different depths of the gluteus medius muscle (2, 4, 6, and 8 cm) and gluteus profundus muscle of five sedentary horses were examined by MyHC gel electrophoresis, monoclonal antibodies staining against fast...
Biological and imaging characteristics and radiation dose rates associated with the use of technetium-99m-labelled imidodiphosphate in the horse. The biological and imaging characteristics of technetium-99m imidodiphosphate (Tc99m-IDP) were measured in 4 horses once and in 1 horse twice. All computational results are expressed with 95.5% (mean +/- 2 SD) confidence limits. The clearance half-time of the radiopharmaceutical from the blood was 29.6 +/- 2.3 min. The percentage of the administered dose circulating in the whole-blood volume at 4 h was 3.9 +/- 0.8%. The Tc99m-IDP radioactivity confined at the plasma fraction of the whole blood at 4 h was 85.3 +/- 1.6%. At 8 h, approximately 45 +/- 16% of the dose administered had been excreted...
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in horses with colic. To evaluate new ELISA for measurement of thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) concentration, and to correlate the values to other tests of hemostasis in horses with colic. Methods: Plasma TAT concentration and 8 other hemostasis analytes were measured in horses with colic at hospital admission and during the next 4 days. Retrospectively, data were analyzed by outcome, broad-category diagnosis, and clinical management, and for correlation between TAT and other assays. Methods: 100 horses with colic. Methods: Plasma samples were evaluated for TAT, fibrinogen, and fibrin degradation products concentra...
Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses. Evolution of equine influenza a H3N8 viruses was examined by antigenic and genetic analysis of a collection isolates from around the world. It was noted that antigenic and genetic variants of equine H3N8 viruses cocirculate, and in particular that variants currently circulating in Europe and the USA are distinguishable from one another both in terms of antigenic reactivity and genetic structure of the HA1 portion of the haemagglutinin (HA) molecule. Whilst the divergent evolution of American and European isolates may be due to geographical isolation of the two gene pools, some mixing is believ...
Equine neonatal septicaemia: 24 cases. Equine neonatal septicaemia was confirmed in 24 foals hospitalised at the Rural Veterinary Centre between 1989 and 1992 with suspected septicaemia. Septicaemia was confirmed by culture of bacteria from blood of live foals and tissues obtained at necropsy of foals that died or were euthanased. Pathogenic bacteria isolated were predominantly Enterobacteriaceae (including Escherichia coli and Salmonella serovars) and Actinobacillus equuli. Clinical manifestations of septicaemia included signs of depression, dehydration, abnormalities in body temperature and manifestations of localised infection i...
The actions of medetomidine may not be mediated exclusively by alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the equine saphenous vein. Spirals of endothelially denuded equine saphenous vein were used to study the pre- and post-junctional effects of medetomidine in vitro. The pD2 values were calculated for noradrenaline (6.7 +/- 0.1), phenylephrine (5.6 +/- 0.1), BHT 920 (6.2 +/- 0.2) and UK 14304 (5.7 +/- 0.2). Medetomidine produced a biphasic response, with a pD(2)1 of 8.2 +/- 0.1 and a pD(2)2 of 5.7 +/- 0.1 in the equine saphenous vein (n = 6). Prazosin (10(-7) M) significantly shifted the second phase of the medetomidine concentration-response curve to the right (pD(2)1 was 8.1 +/- 0.2 and pD(2)2 was 5.0 +/- 0.2, P < 0....
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in horses. To adapt and characterize a human ELISA kit to quantify thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complexes in horses, and to evaluate TAT as a marker for hypercoagulation in horses. Methods: 29 clinically normal horses used as controls, and 4 ill horses used to evaluate assay for known causes of hypercoagulation. Methods: A commercially available human sandwich-type ELISA kit with 2 antibodies against human thrombin and antithrombin III that bind selectively to their corresponding TAT antigenic sites was used. Equine TAT standards were made from purified equine thrombin and antithrombin III. Proteins d...
Joint pressure influences synovial tissue blood flow as determined by colored microspheres. We measured regional blood flow in synovial tissue of the antebrachiocarpal, midcarpal, and metacarpophalangeal joints of six normal adult anesthetized horses by using 15-microns-diameter polystyrene colored microspheres. The midcarpal fibrous capsule and synovial membrane blood flows (SMBF) were compared, and the effect of increased intra-articular pressure (30 and 60 mmHg) on midcarpal SMBF was investigated. Dorsal, medial palmar, and lateral palmar midcarpal SMBF measured 108 +/- 36, 61 +/- 12, and 50 +/- 11 microliters.min-1.g-1, respectively. Antebrachiocarpal, dorsal, and palmar metacarp...
Ageing horses by an examination of their incisor teeth: an (im)possible task? It is generally considered that the age of a horse can be determined by examining its incisor teeth. However, the criteria used to determine age from dental configurations differ widely. The existence of this variety of rules and guidelines was the challenge for the present examination. Detailed descriptions of the incisor teeth of 212 horses of registered age were recorded and the results were compared with the age criteria of various authors. The time at which teeth were shed and the appearance of dental stars seemed to be more reliable features than the disappearance of the cups. The disapp...
Side effects of oral antimicrobial agents in the horse: a comparison of pivampicillin and trimethoprim/sulphadiazine. To evaluate the side effects of oral pivampicillin and trimethoprim/ sulphadiazine, 200 horses receiving these antimicrobial agents were studied. The horses received either trimethoprim/ sulphadiazine (30 mg/kg twice daily) or pivampicillin (25 mg/kg twice daily) for three or more days. No adverse effects other than loose faeces and diarrhoea were detected. The risk of diarrhoea was significantly less after the oral administration of pivampicillin (3 per cent) than after trimethoprim/ sulphadiazine (7 per cent). Horses whose appetite was reduced appeared to be predisposed to develop diarrhoea ...
Large colon resection for treatment of lymphosarcoma in two horses. With the exception of lipoma, neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract is rare in horses. Lymphosarcoma is the most common neoplasm of the hematopoietic system in horses. In horses with lymphosarcoma of the large colon, clinical signs may include intermittent signs of mild abdominal pain, weight loss, pyrexia, and pelvic flexure impaction caused by impingement of the colonic lumen by the mass. Peritoneal fluid analysis may be normal or have a high total protein concentration. If signs of metastasis are not evident, resection of the large colon affected by the mass may prolong survival.
Medical treatment of horses with ileal impactions: 10 cases (1990-1994). To evaluate clinical and laboratory findings for horses treated medically for ileal impactions. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 10 horses with primary ileal impaction that were treated successfully with medical treatment alone. Methods: Medical records were reviewed for all horses with naturally developing ileal impaction seen at our hospital between 1990 and 1994. Results: Transrectal palpation revealed an impaction in the midabdominal area in all horses. Generalized distention of the small intestine was evident in 6 horses, whereas 4 horses were examined early in the course of t...
Horseback-riding-associated traumatic brain injuries–Oklahoma, 1992-1994. Each year, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with 52,000 deaths and accounts for one third of all injury deaths in the United States; in addition approximately 80,000 persons who survive TBI incur some loss of function, residual disability, and increased medical-care needs because of these injuries. Major causes of TBI are motor-vehicle crashes, falls, assaults, and sports and recreational activities. During 1992-1993 in Oklahoma, horseback riding was the leading cause of sports-related TBI. To further characterize horseback-riding-associated TBIs, the Oklahoma State Department of Hea...
Estimation of the liveweight and body condition of working donkeys in Morocco. The age, sex, liveweight and body measurements (heart girth, umbilical girth, height, length from elbow to tuber ischii and circumference of the foreleg cannon bone) of 516 donkeys used to transport goods in Morocco were recorded. There were few donkeys over 12 years of age. For adult donkeys weighing from 74 to 252 kg, the best equation with only one variable for predicting liveweight was: liveweight (kg) = heart girth (cm)2.65/2188. The inclusion of two variables improved the prediction marginally, but the addition of further variables gave little further improvement. The best prediction equ...
Evaluation of travel and use as a risk factor for seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses of New York state. To determine whether mean annual frequency and destination of equine travel was associated with exposure to Ehrlichia risticii and whether these associations were modified by horses' place of residence. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 511 equine operations containing 2,587 horses were visited in New York state from a target population of 39,000 operations. Methods: Each horse was tested for serum antibodies against E risticii, using indirect fluorescent antibody. Information on the horse's travel history, farm's management practices, and surrounding ecology was obtained by personal in...
Surgical treatment of subchondral cyst-like lesions in the tibia of an adult pony. A 13 year-old pony was evaluated because of right hind limb lameness of acute onset. Radiographs of the right tarsus obtained shortly after the onset of lameness were normal, but results of nuclear scintigraphy were abnormal. Two radiolucent subchondral cyst-like lesions of the distal part of the tibia were seen on radiographs obtained 9 months later. The lesions were surgically decompressed, and the pony was sound 1 year later. It is hypothesized that a traumatic insult created a crack or split in the articular cartilage that allowed subsequent development of the cyst-like lesions.
Computerized ECG recording in horses during a standardized exercise test. In the horse, it is important to make a reliable ECG recording during exercise as cardiac arrhythmia is one of the possible causes of poor performance. The purpose of the present study was to obtain a satisfactory, standardized method for ECG recording by computer during a standardized treadmill exercise test and to evaluate the procedure both in healthy and in diseased horses. Ten experienced healthy research horses were used to develop and adapt the original method (for humans) of computerized ECG recording with the Cardio Perfect software program and to obtain reference values for heart rat...
The diagnosis and surgical correction of congenital portosystemic vascular anomalies in two calves and two foals. Two calves and two foals presented with episodic clinical signs of diffuse central nervous system disease. Portosystemic anomalies were tentatively diagnosed based on the history, clinical signs and increased serum concentrations of blood ammonia and total serum bile acids with normal concentrations of liver derived enzymes. one calf died before intraoperative contrast portography, whereas the other calf and both foals had marked clinical improvement after intensive medical therapy. Surgical correction was attempted in these three animals and was successful in one foal. A right paracostal celi...
