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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of horse class II MHC genes observed using various human alpha- and beta-chain cDNA probes. Genomic DNA isolated from 20 horses was digested with up to six restriction endonucleases and subjected to southern blot hybridization analysis using various human class II alpha- and beta-chain cDNA probes. A high degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was found for the DQ alpha, DP beta, DQ beta and DR beta probes, about 20 polymorphic bands being detected for each. DR alpha showed 2-4 polymorphic bands, whereas no evidence for DP alpha-like genes was found. A number of correlations of RFLPs with individual alloantisera were apparent.
Noncatalytic protein component of elastase from horse leucocytes. A protein with regulatory function. 1. Noncatalytic protein component (NPC), a strongly acidic protein (pH = 4.5) was separated from native horse leucocyte elastase 1. 2. This protein reduces elastinolytic properties of elastases: 1 and 2A probably by decreasing their isoelectric points. 3. A possible regulatory role of this protein may be inferred from a higher affinity of elastase 1 to NPC rather than to elastin.
Ribosomal RNA expression in a mammalian hybrid, the hinny. The expression of nucleolus organizer region (NOR) activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model mammalian hybrid system, the hinny (female ass x male horse), by sequential Ag-NOR and chromomycin A3/distamycin A/DAPI (CDD) staining ion lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the majority of cases we found non-expression of the horse-derived NOR chromosomes in the hinny. However, in one case there was strong NOR expression on horse-derived chromosome no. 1.
Uterine contractions in nonpregnant and early pregnant mares and jennies as determined by ultrasonography. Uterine contractions in 8 nonpregnant and 13 pregnant mares were studied using ultrasonography. A 1-min video tape recording was made of longitudinal real-time images of the uterine body. An overall uterine contractile activity score (0 = no or minimal activity to 4 = maximal activity) was assigned to each video tape segment. There was a day effect (P less than .01) and an interaction (P less than .01) of reproductive status X day. Uterine activity scores were highest on d 14 to d 18 (d 0 = day of ovulation) for nonpregnant mares and on d 10 to d 14 for pregnant mares. Uterine activity scores ...
Dynamics of cardiorespiratory function in Standardbred horses during different intensities of constant-load exercise. Six Standardbred horses were used to evaluate the time course of pulmonary gas exchange, ventilation, heart rate (HR) and acid base balance during different intensities of constant-load treadmill exercise. Horses were exercised at approximately 50%, 75% and 100% maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) for 5 min and measurements taken every 30 s throughout exercise. At all work rates, the minute ventilation, respiratory frequency and tidal volume reached steady state values by 60 s of exercise. At 100% VO2 max, the oxygen consumption (VO2) increased to mean values of approximately 130 ml/kg.min, which ...
Asinine herpesvirus genomes: comparison with those of the equine herpesviruses. Two previously unknown and distinct herpesviruses were isolated from donkeys. One, with the characteristics of a betaherpesvirus, was isolated from the leukocytes of an apparently healthy donkey, while the second, an alphaherpesvirus, was recovered from the nasal cavity of donkeys given high doses of corticosteroids, and caused rhinitis in two seronegative weanling donkeys when they were intranasally infected. Few, if any, restriction endonuclease fragments were shared by the donkey betaherpesvirus, equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV 2) or EHV 5, a second distinctly different equine betaherpesvirus, no...
Histology of the post partum equine uterus as determined by endometrial biopsies. Altogether 156 equine endometrial biopsies were carried out during the post partum (p.p.) period: immediately after parturition until 15 days after foaling. The histological changes are described. The rapid restoration of the equine endometrium is remarkable. The destruction of the luminal epithelium is minor and regeneration takes place rapidly. Remnants of the placenta, the microcotyledons and desquamated cells, have disappeared by 5 p.p. The transformation of glands from a pronounced secretory pattern to normal appearance also takes only 5 days. The occurrence of neutrophils and lymphocytes...
Variability of fiber size, capillary density and capillary length related to horse muscle fixation procedures. Muscle samples were taken from the superficial part of the semitendinosus muscle of four standardbred horses to compare the effects of three different fixation procedures on fiber size and capillarity. Infiltration fixation in an extended position of the muscle was compared to immersion fixation and infiltration fixation in a flexed position of the limb. The capillary length density was used to estimate muscle capillarity. Infiltration fixation was found to be a viable alternative to perfusion fixation of muscles for morphometry of fiber size and capillary length density allowing muscle tissue...
Capnographic monitoring during anesthesia with controlled ventilation in the horse. Forty-five horses were maintained on halothane or isoflurane anesthesia for at least 90 minutes and received positive pressure ventilation after the first 30 minutes of anesthesia. Parameters monitored included end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (ETPCO2), arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gases and pH. There was a statistically significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) for both halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. There was no significant correlation between end-tidal carbon dioxide and either body weigh...
[Iron and iron-binding capacity in the serum of clinically healthy horses]. Serum iron concentration and iron-binding capacity were determined in 34 respectively 35 clinically healthy horses of different sex, with the age of 3 to 21 years. In the Warm blooded horse, the Half bred, the Haflinger horse, the Heavy horse and the Arabian Haflinger the mean serum iron concentration amounted to 253 +/- 66 micrograms/dl, 202 +/- 87 micrograms/dl, 166 +/- 67 micrograms/dl, 183 micrograms/dl and 366 micrograms/dl, while the iron-binding capacity in the Warm blooded horse, the Half bred, the Haflinger horse, the Thoroughbred, the Heavy horse and the Arabian Haflinger ran up to 4...
Neuroendocrine changes produced by competition stress on the Thoroughbred race horse. 1. Packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma catecholamines, cortisol and glucose were determined in blood samples obtained from race horses, after competition. 2. All these parameters were higher than basals but catecholamines increased 6-7 times while cortisol was enhanced only by 25%. 3. The increase of glucose and PCV was related to the rise of catecholamines. 4. In samples withdrawn after overnight stress caused by change of horseshoes, it was not possible to find values from basal values significantly different. 5. Influence of nervous temperament was observed only in the higher hematocrit fou...
Effect of sample freezing on the isolation of Mycoplasma spp. from the clitoral fossa of the mare. The growth of Mycoplasma equigenitalium and Mycoplasma subdolum from specimens collected from the clitoral fossa of each of four Standardbred mares was not diminished by freezing of the specimens in liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C) for up to 30 days when compared to samples cultured immediately.
Results of operative treatment of equine colic with special reference to surgery of the ileum. This retrospective study presents the results of surgical treatment of obstructive colic in horses operated in the last decade (1976-1985). The overall short-term recovery rate (i.e. discharged from hospital) was 51% of cases presented for surgery, and 68% of cases which were considered to be amenable to surgical therapy. For long-term results (6 months-8 years follow up) these percentages must be reduced by about 15% due to mortality after discharge. Special attention has been given to surgery of the ileum, which is often involved in strangulation or obturation, and accounts for about 26% of ...
Oxygen transfer in the trained and untrained quarter horse. The recognition of the horse as a natural athlete has led to increased interest in equine sports medicine, exercise physiology, new training methods, and factors improving the performance of horses (Engelhardt, 1977; Milne et al., 1977; Bayly et al., 1983b; Persson et al., 1983). A considerable amount of research has been performed in recent years in order to describe the physiological responses of the horse to exercise and training (for reviews see Engelhardt, 1977; Physick-Sheard, 1985; Rose, 1985). Most of these studies, however, have examined the effects of acute exercise training rather t...
Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for sarcoid and uveitis in horses. The relationship between breed and the risk of developing sarcoid tumours or uveitis of unknown etiology was evaluated in a retrospective study of 16242 equine cases admitted between 1975 and 1987 to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Hospital, and 3198 equine tissue samples sent to the New York State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 1977 and 1987. Of 120 sarcoid cases from the Large Animal Hospital, sarcoids were twice as likely to develop in Quarter Horses (odds ratio, OR = 1.8, P less than 0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds and less than half as likely to de...
[The use of a beta 2-mimetic agent (clenbuterol) in equine pregnancy disorders and obstetrics]. A clinical study about the effects of a beta 2-mimetic agent (Clenbuterol) in mares with pregnancy disorders or disorders during the periparturient period (n = 34) is reported. In general, a single dose of 0.3 mg Clenbuterol given i.v. induces sufficient tocolysis. Subsequent doses or follow-up treatment depend upon individual development during dystocia, indication of treatment and clinical preparturient status (dorsoflexio uteri ante partum, abortus imminens, preparturient labor pains).
Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Alternaria alternata in a mare. A phaeohyphomycotic infection caused by Alternaria alternata is reported in a 5-month-old Spanish mare. The diagnosis was made by direct microscopic examination and by repeated isolation of the fungus in culture. This is the first documented case to be reported in Spain.
[Indirect blood pressure determination in the horse with the Dinamap 1255 research monitor]. In 26 horses measurings of blood pressure, using the Dinamap 1255 research monitor, were performed and compared for accuracy with blood pressure values obtained by direct measurement in the arteria carotis. It was found that oscillometrically ascertained initial blood values in standing horses have a sufficient correlation to initial blood pressure values obtained by direct measurement. But every blood pressure change is registered too late, when using the oscillometric blood pressure apparatus. This temporal delay becomes unacceptable, when a considerable increase in blood pressure occurs. A ...
Use of an immediate, qualitative progesterone assay for determination of day of ovulation in an equine embryo transfer program. An immediate, qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for progesterone was evaluated for use in determining the day of ovulation in an equine embryo transfer program. Plasma samples were collected from 27 mares from the third day of estrus to the second day of diestrus for 50 cycles. Ovulation was detected by ultrasound examination per rectum. Plasma progesterone concentrations were estimated using the qualitative assay to detect the time of the rise in progesterone after ovulation. Qualitative scores were compared to progesterone concentrations for the same samples as measured b...
Use of stapling instruments to aid in the removal of ovarian tumours in mares. Ovarian granulosa theca cell tumours were removed surgically in 10 mares. Stapling instruments were used to facilitate haemostasis of the ovarian pedicle in five out of 10 cases and as a sole method of haemostasis in the remaining five cases. Postoperative haemorrhage from the ovarian pedicle was suspected in only one case. All cases survived long term follow-up from six months to four years. Results from this series of cases indicate that stapling instruments provide a rapid, easy and efficient means of ligating ovarian pedicles when performing ovariectomy in the mare.
O2 transport in the horse during rest and exercise. We studied mechanisms of O2 transport in 6 adult (2-5 year old) horses at rest and during steady-state exercise on a treadmill (0% slope) at 12 m/s (a submaximal gallop). Oxygen consumption was measured using an open-flow system. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were simultaneously obtained for measurement of O2 content and hemoglobin concentration. VO2 increased from 1.5 +/- 0.2 L/min at rest to 46.2 +/- 4.8 L/min during exercise. HR increased from a resting value of 36.9 +/- 2.5 bpm to 196.5 +/- 10.9 bpm and the arterio-venous O2 content difference (a-v O2) increased from 4.2 +/- 0.8 ...
Epidemiologic studies of Lyme disease in horses and their public health significance. A serologic survey of horses in the New Jersey-Pennsylvania area demonstrated that about 10% (6.2-14.2%) have significant levels of serum antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. However, in a highly endemic area of central New Jersey, up to 60% of the mares and yearlings samples on one farm were seropositive. In 1983, sera from this same farm exhibited only 12% positives in mares and 35% positives in yearlings. Longitudinal studies of paired sera obtained from individual yearlings over a 6-month period in 1985 showed that 34% of them declined during the period. A new clinical syndrome associated wit...
Diurnal and episodic variations of plasma hydrocortisone concentrations in horses. Using a specific high-performance liquid chromatographic technique, plasma hydrocortisone values were measured hourly in 6 horses and every 10 minutes in 4 horses over 24 hours. Both circadian and episodic variation was observed. The mean plasma hydrocortisone concentration was a maximum of 58.8 +/- 9.54 ng/ml at 9.19 +/- 0.59 hr and a minimum of 27.85 +/- 6.85 g/ml at 21.19 +/- 0.59 hr. The number of episodes of secretion was 10.0 +/- 1.41; the mean amplitude and duration of peak were 26.21 +/- 3.71 ng/ml and 105.25 +/- 21.24 min respectively.
[The progress of a fibrinolytic therapy with streptokinase, urokinase and warfarin in a thoroughbred with intermittent lameness with special reference to resonance thrombography]. A thoroughbred horse, suffering from intermittent lameness was treated with streptokinase, urokinase and warfarin. The appearing fibrinolytic changes in coagulation were exhibited in a resonance thrombogram. In attendant coagulation studies fibrinogen- and fibrin-degradation products were demonstrated. The stallion does not show any lameness since the end of the treatment and is standing in a breeding station since March 1988.
Nutritional management of horses competing in 160 km races. A survey was taken of dietary management and training schedules of 54 horses competing in two 160 km endurance races. A total of 52 owners, representing 54 horses, responded to a questionnaire distributed prior to the races. Diet and training schedules were compared between horses that successfully completed the races and those that were eliminated for metabolic reasons. Horses that completed the races were 11.5 +/- 4 years old, weighed 429 +/- 4.5 kg and were ridden 61 +/- 32 km a week when training. Feed intake was reported as "free choice hay or pasture" by 34 of the respondents. Dry matter...
Iodide-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in horse and dog thyroid. The characteristics of the iodide-induced inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in dog thyroid slices have been previously described [Van Sande, J., Cochaux, P. and Dumont, J. E. (1985) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 40, 181-192]. In the present study we investigated the characteristics of the iodide-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in dog and horse thyroid. The inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation by iodide in stimulated horse thyroid slices was similar to that observed in dog thyroid slices. The inhibition was observed in slices stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone, cholera tox...
Identification of a flunixin metabolite in the horse by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main metabolite of flunixin, a hydroxylated product, has been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy in equine urine and plasma. The method also permits the qualitative monitoring of the urinary elimination of the drug and its metabolite. The two products are detected up to 175 and 54 h, respectively, after a single intravenous administration at the dose of 1 mg/kg. Simultaneous detection of the two compounds increases the reliability of anti-doping control analysis.
