Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Low dose flunixin meglumine: effects on eicosanoid production and clinical signs induced by experimental endotoxaemia in horses. The efficacy of low doses of flunixin meglumine in reducing eicosanoid generation and clinical signs in response to experimentally induced endotoxaemia was investigated. Thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha were measured in serum and plasma by radioimmunoassay. Plasma flunixin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and pharmacokinetic parameters derived non-compartmentally. In horses administered flunixin meglumine before endotoxin challenge, a significant suppression in plasma thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha generation was observe...
Conformation of equine pituitary somatotropin. Equine pituitary somatotropin (growth hormone) has been studied by zero-order and second-order absorption spectroscopy, and by circular dichroism. Difference absorption spectra have also been generated during proteolytic digestion of the hormone. The molar extinction coefficient of the native protein was found to be 16,050 +/- 330 M-1 cm-1 at 278.1 nm. Comparison of the conformations of equine somatotropin and somatotropins isolated from several other mammalian species indicates a close structural relationship between these molecules. With the increasing number of species which have been studi...
Contrast radiography in the investigation of sinus tracts and abscess cavities in the horse. Contrast radiography is a valuable technique in the investigation of infected foci in the horse. Its simplest form, a metal probe, will demonstrate the direction and, in the case of a short tract, the extent of the lesion. However, liquid contrast agents often give more information by following the course of long, tortuous sinus tracts, accurately delineating the boundaries of lesions and identifying the presence of foreign bodies.
Identification of hindleg lameness. The use of markers placed over the tuber coxae on each side of a horse to aid identification of the relative movement of these structures at the trot, for teaching and research purposes, is described. In each case of hindleg lameness studied, the tuber coxae on the lame side showed a consistent increase in vertical displacement relative to that of the contralateral limb, and a characteristic pattern of movement throughout the stride irrespective of the site or cause of pain.
Effects of multiple low doses of flunixin meglumine on repeated endotoxin challenge in the horse. Previous work has shown repeated low doses of flunixin meglumine (FM) inhibit thromboxane production in normal horses. Enhanced concentrations of thromboxane in serum occurred after the drug therapy was discontinued. Our study was performed to evaluate the effects of low doses of FM in horses repeatedly challenged with endotoxin. Group I horses received E. coli endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg IV) at 0 and 90 h. Group II horses received endotoxin and were also treated with FM (0.25 mg/kg IV) at 2, 10, 18, 26, 34, and 42 h after the initial administration of endotoxin. Clinical signs of endotoxemia ...
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in the horse. Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital was examined in 6 mature horses after 12 mg of phenobarbital/kg of body weight was infused over 20 minutes. Biexponential decrease in serum phenobarbital concentrations was observed with a distribution-phase half-life of 0.101 +/- 0.086 hour (mean +/- SD) and a terminal-phase elimination half-life of 18.3 +/- 3.65 hours. The volume of distribution at steady state was 0.803 +/- 0.070 L/kg. Total body clearance of phenobarbital was 30.8 +/- 6.2 ml/h/kg. The high clearance in the horse seems to explain the markedly shorter half-life of phenobarbital in this speci...
Absorption of neomycin from the equine uterus: effect of stage of oestrous cycle and volume of vehicle. Plasma concentrations of neomycin were measured following intrauterine infusion of 3.3 mg/kg bodyweight neomycin sulphate. Mares in oestrus absorbed approximately 6 per cent of neomycin infused whereas mares in a luteal phase absorbed 56 per cent. The volume of infusate also affected absorption as increased volume resulted in decreased absorption. The decreased absorption both during oestrus and when large volumes were used was probably due to reflux of antibiotic through the cervix.
Factors influencing morbidity and outcome of equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. A retrospective review of 41 cases of equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma with follow up information for 33 horses is presented. An apparent prevalence in heavy horse breeds was identified. Age and sex distribution were similar to those previously reported. High recurrence (42.4 per cent) and low metastasis (6 per cent) rates were seen. Initial tumour location, primary treatment used, or patient case history had no apparent influence on final outcome. The willingness of owners to pursue with continuous treatment correlated with a high degree of success.
Elective inversion of the distal ileal stump into the caecum of the horse. The distal 30 to 40 cm of the ileum cannot be exteriorized through a midline laparotomy incision because of its close anatomical association with the base of the caecum. A method was developed to deal with those cases where this segment of small intestine was involved in an avascular, necrotic process and therefore required resection. The technique involves inverting the distal stump of ileum into the lumen of the caecum and then performing a routine ileocaecal or jejunocaecal anastomosis. This avoids the risk of peritonitis if a Parker-Kerr oversew of the necrotic ileal stump should dehisce. ...
Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of phenothiazine tranquillisers in horses. An acepromazine (ACP) hapten was synthesised, coupled to bovine serum albumin and injected into a horse to produce antibodies to the drug. A competitive ELISA was developed whereby ACP attached to the solid phase via lysozyme competed with free ACP present in phosphate buffered saline, horse serum or horse urine for limiting amounts of antibody. The assay could detect the presence of ACP and, or, some of its metabolites in horse urine for at least 25 hours after intravenous injection of 0.1 mg kg-1 ACP maleate, but because of non-specific interference, horse serum could not be used. As little ...
Regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 gene expression: characterization of immediate early, early, and late transcription. The regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) transcription was examined in infected rabbit kidney cells using metabolic inhibitors. In order to map EHV-1 immediate early, early, and late transcripts, viral RNA was 32P-labeled in vivo and hybridized to EHV-1 DNA restriction fragments immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Immediate early viral RNA was mapped to one region of the viral genome within the inverted repeat DNA sequences (map units 0.78-0.83 and 0.95-1.0). Northern blot hybridization analysis using a 32P-labeled cloned DNA probe from this region identified a single immediate e...
Genomic heterogeneity of equine betaherpesviruses. The genomes of 51 isolates of slowly cytopathic equine herpesviruses were examined by digestion with restriction endonucleases. Forty-seven of the isolates showed considerable fragment pattern heterogeneity although common fragments were evident, especially when any two isolates were compared or when they were digested with SalI. Fifteen of the 47 viruses, selected for their diverse fragment patterns, showed a high degree of homology in Southern blot hybridization. In contrast, four viruses, representing three epidemiologically distinct isolations, shared few, if any, comigrating fragments wit...
Pelvic fractures in horses: 19 cases (1974-1984). The clinical features of 19 horses with pelvic fractures were reviewed. The most common problem was a grade III or IV unilateral hind limb lameness. The prevalence of fractures was greater in females and horses less than 4 years old. All horses were treated with a combination of analgesic administration and stall rest for 2 to 6 months. Seven of 11 horses (64%) available for long-term follow-up evaluation recovered and 4 of 11 (36%) had no lameness when being ridden. Five of seven (71%) horses with fractures that involved the acetabulum recovered, and 4 (57%) had complete resolution of lamenes...
Effect of povidone-iodine on in vitro locomotion of equine neutrophils. Incubation of equine neutrophils with povidone-iodine solutions of greater than or equal to 0.2 per cent resulted in total inhibition of migration under agarose. This was caused by the cytotoxic effects of the solutions as shown by pyknosis and cell lysis. Lower concentrations of povidone-iodine, however, did not adversely affect neutrophil viability or locomotion.
Aromatization of 19-norandrogens by equine testicular microsomes. In the stallion testis, aromatase activity was localized in the microsomal fraction. Androgen aromatization occurred through the loss of 1 beta,2 beta hydrogen atoms and appeared to involve free sulfhydryl groups. A single enzyme system seemed to aromatize androgen and norandrogen at the same rate while having a much lower affinity for norandrogens.
Screening of amphetamines by gradient microbore liquid chromatography and pre-column technology. Amphetamine-type drugs with a wide polarity range have been screened in both human and horse urine using on-line pre-concentration on pre-columns packed with hydrophobic and cation-exchange sorbents in series and gradient microbore high-performance liquid chromatography. The underivatized amphetamines were identified by UV detection at 210 nm. The method has potential for the automated liquid chromatographic screening of amphetamines in urine, e.g., for doping control.
Evidence that the recently discovered theta 1-globin gene is functional in higher primates. A new subfamily of the alpha-globin-like family has recently been identified in higher primates, rabbit, galago and possibly the horse. One member of this subfamily, theta 1, is downstream from the adult alpha 1-globin gene. In orang-utan, but not in rabbit or galago, the theta 1-gene appears to be structurally intact, suggesting that it may be functional in this species. The orang-utan theta 1-gene possesses initiation and termination codons, and the predicted polypeptide differs from the orang-utan alpha 1-globin by 55 amino acids. The upstream promoter boxes CCAAT and ATA are present, altho...
2-Hydroxypyridine-N-oxides: effective new chelators in iron mobilisation. The 2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide derivatives, 2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine-N-oxide, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxypyridine-N-oxide and 2-hydroxy-4-(2'-methoxyethoxy)pyridine-N-oxide have been shown to remove iron from human transferrin and horse spleen ferritin at pH 7.4 at levels higher than those caused by desferrioxamine. Their reactions with transferrin were mainly biphasic and took 2-5 h to reach completion but iron mobilisation from ferritin was slower and their reactions continued after 40 h of incubation. The intraperitoneal and intragastric administration of 2,4-dihydroxypyridin...
Congenital sinus cyst in a foal. Radiography and endoscopy of a 17-day-old Standardbred foal that had right-sided facial swelling and dyspnea since birth revealed a soft tissue mass in the right nasal passage and right maxillary and frontal sinuses. A bone flap was used to expose the mass, and a fluid-filled structure was removed surgically. After surgery, the dyspnea was alleviated. The facial deformity resolved by the time the foal was 6 months old. The upper airway obstruction was absent clinically and endoscopically by the time the foal was 17 months old.
Arterial blood gas tensions in the horse during recovery from anesthesia. The effects of body position and postoperative oxygen supplementation on arterial blood gas tensions (PaO2 and PaCO2) and pH were examined in clinically normal adult horses during recovery from halothane anesthesia. Hypoxemia developed during recovery from anesthesia in spite of adequate alveolar ventilation in horses without postanesthetic oxygen supplementation. Hypoxemia developed in horses positioned in left lateral or right lateral recumbency, and in horses that were rolled to the opposite side during the recovery period. Arterial blood gas tensions were not significantly (P greater than ...
Polymorphism of the acetylcholine receptor in the horse. A cDNA probe to the alpha subunit of the murine acetylcholine receptor was used to demonstrate restriction fragment length polymorphism in an acetylcholine receptor gene in the horse. Three different patterns of polymorphism have been observed with fragment sizes of 4.3 and 2.9 kilobases (kb) (pattern 1), 4.3 and 2.5 kb (pattern 2) and 4.3, 2.9 and 2.5 kb (pattern 1,2). Analysis of a three generation pedigree has suggested that patterns 1 and 2 represent two allelic forms of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. These data provide a basis for the examination of the...
Running and shipping elevate plasma levels of beta-endorphin-like substance (B-END-LI) in thoroughbred horses. A specific RIA for beta-endorphin (B-END) was developed to measure horse plasma levels of B-END-like material (B-END-LI) during exercises and shipping. Three exercise speeds and durations were: trot at 260-300 m/min for 10 min; slow gallop at 390-420 m/min for 5 min and fast gallop at 700-800 m/min for 2 min. Blood samples were taken from 4 horses before, immediately after, 30 and 60 min after exercise. Trotting increased plasma B-END-LI from a basal level of 109 +/- 7 pg/ml to 172 +/- 22 at the end of exercise and returned to 127 +/- 17 and 107 +/- 10 pg/ml at 30 and 60 min after exercise. Si...
Right atrioventricular atresia and ventricular septal defect in a foal. Right atrioventricular atresia with a ventricular septal defect, a rare congenital cardiac anomaly of either animals or man, was diagnosed in a one week old Arabian foal. The foal had been weak and cyanotic since birth, sometimes becoming dyspneic when stressed. Necropsy revealed a dilated and hypertrophied left ventricle with the right ventricle being small. The right atrioventricular valve was absent. The right and left ventricles communicated via a septal defect which was located immediately adjacent to the aortic valve.
