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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Activities of key enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in middle gluteal muscle from trained and untrained horses. The effect of physical training on the in vitro activities of key enzymes that provide quantitative information on the maximum capacities of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism has been investigated in the gluteal muscle of the horse. Training had no effect on the activities of 6-phosphofructokinase or creatine kinase, suggesting that there was no effect on the capacity of anaerobic metabolism in this muscle. However, the activities of hexokinase and citrate synthase were increased, indicating that training increased the capacity of aerobic metabolism. For comparative purposes, muscle fibre compo...
Equine whole saliva: variability of some major constituents. Whole saliva was collected from six horses over a period of five weeks in sufficient volume for the analysis of 10 constituents. There was considerable variation in the concentration of the analytes both between horses and between different days in the same horse. The most variable constituent was sodium, and the least variable was glucose, but this was derived from the sweet used to stimulate salivation. The use of whole saliva as a fluid for investigation would depend on achieving the minimum variability possible.
Isolation of equine coital exanthema virus (equine herpesvirus 3) from the nostril of a foal. The virus causing equine coital exanthema (equine herpesvirus 3) was isolated from a lesion on the nostril of a 2-month-old foal. One week after the mare had returned from a stallion station, vesicular lesions developed on her vulva. They were diagnosed clinically as coital exanthema, and 5 days later a lesion developed on the nostril of her foal. This case is an example of horse-to-horse transmission of coital exanthema virus without coitus. A laboratory diagnosis is necessary to differentiate viruses that cause vesicular lesions about the oral and nasal cavities of horses.
High resolution R-bands produced in equine chromosomes after incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Cell synchronization was used to obtain an adequate percentage of very long chromosomes in equine mitotic spreads. Reported here is our variation, adapted to horse chromosomes, of a method using excess thymidine followed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. This technique routinely yields excellent quality cells, predominantly in prometaphase and prophase. Among other differences with the standard technique, this method does not use Colcemid, which, in addition to inhibiting spindle fiber formation, also increases chromosome contraction resulting in thicker and thus fewer bands. Consequently, h...
Effects of level of dietary protein and exercise on growth rates of horses. Rates of growth were measured in two-year-old (Experiment 1) and nine-month-old (Experiment 2) horses fed high (12 or 14 per cent) or low (6 or 8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). In the non-exercised horses feed intakes and growth rates were greater on the high than on the low protein diets. Exercise increased feed intakes and growth rates of horses on the low but not the high protein diets, so that in the exercised groups there were no significant differences in feed intakes or growth rates between the horses on the two...
Equine blood serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in progressive nutritional hyperparathyroidism. Weekly blood serum samples from 20 yearling horses, divided into equal groups, receiving diets with total calcium to inorganic phosphorus ratios of 1,5/1 and 0,2/1, were analysed for calcium and phosphorus concentrations. This was done over a continuous 23 week period, divided into 2 sub-periods of 16 and 7 weeks each. During the first period complete diets were provided ad lib but were restricted during the second period to accentuate any effects of calcium deficiency and phosphorus excess. Falling calcium levels and rising phosphorus levels during period 1 and a reverse trend during period 2...
Cell synchronization and dynamic G-banding of equine chromosomes by bromodeoxyuridine. Both dynamic G-banding and cell synchronization produced by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), were applied to equine chromosomes. BrdU incorporated during the first half of the S-phase is taken up into the R-bands that are early replicating. These bands, which have incorporated BrdU, cannot contract as usual and remain elongated; only the other regions of the chromosome, i.e., the G-bands, contract normally and are sharply defined. BrdU also can be used for cell synchronization. The addition of BrdU in a high concentration, 15 hours before harvest, and its removal 11 hours later, has two effects: init...
Effects of exercise and level of dietary protein on digestive function in horses. Rates of passage of fluid and particulate digesta markers and apparent digestibility estimated by three methods were compared in yearling horses fed high (14 per cent) or low (8 per cent) crude protein diets with one of two levels of exercise (0 or 12 km trotting per day at 12 km/h). Mean retention times (MRT) of the fluid marker (51Cr-EDTA) were shorter than those of the particulate marker (ruthenium-phenanthroline). There were no significant effects of dietary protein level on passage of either marker or on apparent digestibility of dry matter. Exercise increased voluntary feed intake and ap...
In vivo bone strain in the equine tibia before and after transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of the peroneus tertius muscle on the loading regime of the tibia in the horse. Strain gauge rosettes were bonded to the cranial and caudal cortices of the left and right tibiae in six Shetland ponies. In vivo bone strain recordings were made before and after unilateral transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. Relatively large individual variations in response to transection were observed in both the experimental and the contralateral control limbs. The principal strain values on the cranial and caudal cortices increased during the...
Comparison of echocardiographic and autopsy measurements of cardiac dimensions in the horse. This study was initiated to determine the accuracy of M-mode echocardiography in measuring left ventricular dimensions and estimating heart weights in horses. Left ventricular free wall and interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular external and internal diameters were measured and heart weights estimated from the echocardiograms of 47 horses. Autopsy measurements of the same parameters were then recorded. Statistical comparison of the data demonstrated: (1) Systolic measurements of wall thickness more closely resembled the heart in death than the diastolic measurements; (2) good c...
A collaborative project in veterinary practice: developing a model of equine prematurity. The development and design of a project in collaborative research which originated from a problem identified in practice, namely prematurity in the newly born foal, is described here. The project established a model of equine prematurity for the purpose of studying the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of the condition. It involved practitioners and full time research workers in a number of veterinary and medical institutes.
Demonstration of a COOH-terminal extension on equine lutropin by means of a common acid-labile bond in equine lutropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin. The beta subunits of equine lutropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin were incubated in 0.013 N HCl for 30 min at 110 degrees C and separated into two fragments by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of both fragments from each subunit were analyzed. The results demonstrated that equine lutropin-beta has a glycosylated COOH-terminal extension that differs only in carbohydrate composition from the COOH-terminal portion of equine chorionic gonadotropin-beta. This is the first demonstration of a glycosylated COOH-terminal extension i...
Kinetic studies of the unfolding-refolding of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase induced by guanidine hydrochloride. The kinetics of the unfolding and refolding of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase were studied with three different signals: fluorescence emission intensity at 336 nm (excitation at 292 nm), ellipticity at 220 nm, and enzyme activity. The results corroborate the conclusion on the existence of intermediates in the folding pathway obtained from equilibrium studies. Kinetic studies showed at least two phases of refolding, as revealed by fluorescence as well as by circular dichroism measurements. During the fast phase, an intermediate was formed with a fluorescence intensity higher than that of ...
Evaluation of the equine cardiovascular system. A thorough examination of the cardiovascular system is an integral part of a physical examination in the horse. The normal equine cardiovascular parameters are discussed, with an emphasis on auscultatory findings. The availability and application of other diagnostic techniques are discussed based upon findings of the physical examination.
Cardiovascular response to exercise and training in the horse. The quality of the overall response to exercise in the horse is very similar to that seen in man and laboratory animals; differences are mainly quantitative and persist when relative body weight is taken into account. The apparently greater flow capacity of the equine muscle bed during maximal whole-body exercise implicates the extent of central circulatory adaptations as the limiting factor in performance but implies a role for increase in arteriolar capacitance/muscle capillarity as an appropriate response to intense endurance training. The blood oxygen-carrying capacity of the horse is ofte...
Enzyme histochemical features of equine gluteus muscle fibers. Gluteal muscle specimens were taken from 4 horses. From 1 of the 4 gluteal muscles, serial sections were prepared. Individual muscle fibers were identified and studied, using photomicrographs of sections stained by different enzyme histochemical methods. In specimens in which cytoplasmic soluble enzymes were studied, use was made of the semi-permeable membrane technique to hamper enzyme diffusion into reaction fluids. Enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, synthesis of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the pentose phosphate cycle, the a...
Acquired cardiovascular disease. This article reviews the etiology, clinical findings, and significance of diseases of the heart valves, myocardium, pericardium, and great vessels of the horse. Each valve is considered separately from the point of view of murmur production. In addition, the role of the cardiovascular system in the etiology of sudden and unexpected death is considered.
Identification of metabolites of methylprednisolone in equine urine. Methylprednisolone and three metabolites, 17,21-dihydroxy-6 alpha-methyl-1,4-pregnadiene-3,11,20-trione, 6 alpha-methyl-17,20 beta,21-trihydroxy-1,4-pregnadiene-3,11-dione, and 6 alpha-methyl-11 beta,17,20 beta,21-tetrahydroxy-1,4-pregnadien-3-one were detected in equine urine after intraarticular administration of methylprednisolone acetate. All four compounds were excreted both in the unconjugated form and as glucuronic acid conjugates. They were identified by comparing data obtained from analyses by high performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy ...
Spirochaetes in the equine caecum. Two morphological types of spirochaete were found in the horse caecum measuring 4 to 6 micron by 0.3 to 0.4 micron and 6 to 8 micron by 0.1 to 0.2 micron. Attempts were made to culture the organisms but none survived subculture beyond the primary isolate. Electron microscopy revealed that many of the organisms were infected by bacteriophages.
Equine leucocyte antigen system: progress and potential. Leucocyte antigens are cell-surface glycoproteins, the structure of which is under the genetic control of a chromosome region called the major histocompatibility complex. Progress in the study of the equine leucocyte antigen (ELA) system has been achieved in two ways; first by the fact that the ELA system is intensively investigated in different laboratories all over the world and parallels can be drawn to the information gained from research in more extensively studied species, and secondly by the collaborative efforts of the participants in three international workshops. The potential applic...
Muscle fibre variation in the gluteus medius of the horse. The gluteus medius of two killed Thoroughbred horses were sampled along the muscle and across the muscle at four different depths. The distribution of fibre types in these two horses was assessed by staining cross sections of the muscle sample for ATPase. A non-uniform distribution of fibre types was found within the gluteus medius in both horses and there was a significant increase in percentage of slow twitch (ST) fibres from the surface to the deeper regions of the muscle. The rate of increase, however, depended on the individual site along the muscle. Averages ranges from a low of 2.4 per ...
Changes in digital venous pressures of horses moving at the walk and trot. Blood pressures from the catheterized lateral digital vein of the fore-limbs of 6 clinically normal horses were measured at rest, at the walk, and at the trot. Digital venous pressures were compared with the phases of the stride and weight-bearing forces, using electrogoniometry and a force platform. Rapid increases in digital venous pressures to maximal values were observed immediately before maximal forces during the support period of the stride. At the trot, increases in peak vertical forces were paralleled by increases in peak digital venous pressures. Seemingly, the hydrodynamics of the d...
