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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Studies on prolactin 48: isolation and properties of the hormone from horse pituitary glands. Isolation of prolactin from equine pituitary glands has been described. It has a potency of 42 IU/mg in the pigeon crop-sac test and consists of 199 amino acids. The hormone has only four half-cystine residues in contrast to other mammalian prolactins which have six residues. From NH2-terminal sequence analysis and amino acid composition of cyanogen bromide fragments, the NH2-terminal disulfide loop is missing in the equine prolactin molecule. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that the alpha-helical content of equine prolactin appears to be lower (50%) than that found in the ovine hormone (6...
Seasonal effects on ovarian follicular development in pony mares. To define ovarian follicular kinetics in the equine ovary during anestrus and the breeding season, the follicular population of pony mares was investigated at mid-anestrus and at the beginning and end of the breeding season. There was a clear effect of season on the exit of reserve (primordial and initiated) follicles since at the beginning of the breeding season we noticed a higher mitotic index for the smaller preantral follicles, leading to an accumulation of small and medium antral follicles. In contrast, the ovaries sampled during anestrus or at the end of the breeding season were very si...
Joint report of the First International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse held 24-29 October 1981. Six equine lymphocyte alloantigen (ELA) specificities were defined by an international antiserum comparison test and workshop held in 1981. Twelve laboratories from four countries submitted 195 antisera for analysis. The antisera were exchanged among the 12 laboratories and tested in a standard lymphocyte microcytoxicity assay against the isolated lymphocytes at 1009 horses of several breeds. The data was pooled and analysed by a single computer analysis. The calculated chi 2 values of all cells with all antisera provided comparisons between antisera. Fifteen antisera clusters were formed by t...
Annular gap junctions of the equine hoof wall. Incidental to studies of keratinization of the equine hoof wall, annular gap junctions were found in the stratum spinosum of the intertubular horn of the stratum medium. Adjacent cells of the stratum spinosum showed extensive gap junctions, and often local invaginations of one cell into another were bound by gap junctions. It is proposed that these invaginations become detached from the cell surface to form the annular gap junctions. Formation of annular gap junctions may be a means of disposing of plasma membrane in response to changes in cell volume or shape occurring in keratinization. Inte...
Structural and functional properties of the non-muscle tropomyosins. The non-muscle tropomyosins (TMs), isolated from such tissues as platelets, brain and thyroid, are structurally very similar to the muscle TMs, being composed of two highly alpha-helical subunits wound around each other to form a rod-like molecule. The non-muscle TMs are shorter than the muscle TMs; sequence analysis demonstrates that each subunit of equine platelet TM consists of 247 amino acids, 37 fewer than for skeletal muscle TM. The major differences in sequence between platelet and skeletal muscle TM are found near the amino and carboxyl terminal ends of the proteins. Probably as the re...
Pyrimidine metabolism in peripheral and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mammalian lymphocytes. 1. Activity of uridine kinase was very low in ovine lymphocytes and in those of some pigs. Lymphocytes of other pigs showed a significantly higher activity of this enzyme. Activity of uridine kinase in lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle was intermediate. 2. Activity of uridine phosphorylase was higher than that of uridine kinase with lymphocytes of all species. 3. Activity of uridine kinase in equine lymphocytes increases at PHA-stimulation and also in porcine lymphocytes with a low activity at the start of the culture. Activity of uridine kinase decreased in porcine lymphocytes with a high ...
Immunogenicity of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) and equine rhinovirus type 1 (ERhV1) following inactivation by betapropiolactone (BPL) and ultraviolet (UV) light. Some kinetic data on the inactivation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) and equine rhinovirus type 1 (ERhV1) by betapropiolactone (BPL) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are reported. 0.25% BPL at 37 degrees C for 1 h reduced the titre of EHV1 by greater than 10(3 . 4) and of ERhV1 by greater than 10(4 . 1) TCID50/ml. UV irradiation (334 microW/cm2) produced similar reductions in titre after 2 min. These data were used as a basis for inactivating EHV1 and ERhV1 by the combined action of BPL and UV irradiation. Viruses were exposed to 0.1% BPL for 1 h at 4 degrees C with constant stirring, fol...
Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog. Rosette strain gauges were attached to the midshaft of the radius and tibia of two horses and two dogs, which ran on a treadmill through their entire range of speed and gait. The relative magnitudes of the principal strains on the opposite cortices of each bone remained constant through the stance phase of the stride, and their orientation varied by a maximum of only 14 degrees through the entire speed range. The maximum strain rate increased linearly with speed, but the peak strain magnitude was also dependent upon the gait used, increasing incrementally by up to 59% at the transition from wa...
Correlation of parvalbumin concentration with relaxation speed in mammalian muscles. The physiological role of the Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin in skeletal muscle has been investigated by measuring the parvalbumin content by HPLC in a variety of mammalian muscles, including man, and comparing the results with the respective muscle relaxation properties and fiber type compositions. The parvalbumin concentrations were highest in the skeletal muscles of the smallest animal investigated (mouse, gastrocnemius: 4.9 g/kg), which has the highest relaxation speed, and lowest in the larger animals (horse, deep gluteal muscle: less than or equal to 0.001 g/kg) and man (vastus, tricep...
Enhancement of Naja naja atra antivenin production in horses. As the conventional hyperimmunization schedule in horses introduced by Tanaka could not produce enough neutralizing antibody against Naja naja atra venom, the mixture of Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-Cobra venom incorporated with adjuvant was used for immunization. The neutralizing antibody produced (30 LD50) seemed to be increased but still not to reach the satisfactory level. By using CMC-Cobratoxin adjuvant mixture as an immunizing agent, highly potent antivenin (220 LD50) was obtained.
Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers. The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reve...
Isolation of equine neutrophils and analysis of functional characteristics by chemiluminescence and bacterial assays. Equine neutrophils (PMN) were isolated to greater than 99% purity by isopyknic sedimentation on coated colloidal silica particles. A cell recovery of 84.7 +/- 4.0%, with a viability of greater than 99%, was observed with this method. The isolated PMN were compared with mixed population of equine peripheral leukocytes with respect to functional integrity by chemiluminescence and bactericidal assays. There was no significant difference (P less than 0.01) observed in either assay between the isolated equine PMN and the mixed-cell populations. The methods used in both the isolation as well as the ...
Short-term mode of secretion of equine chorionic gonadotrop in and the effect of GNRH. Five mature Quarterhorse mares were bled every 30 min for 25 h on day 50 of pregnancy to determine the short-term mode of secretion of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Three other mares with persistent endometrial cups after abortion were administered gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 1.0 mug/kg of body weight) and were bled immediately prior to and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after GnRH. Concentrations of eCG in plasma of pregnant mares were constant over the 24-h period; the variation of each mare's individual values was no greater (P>.05) than the predicted random...
3-Hydroxy- and 3-keto-3-phenylpropionic acids: novel metabolites of benzoic acid in horse urine. The metabolism of benzoic acid has been examined in the horse, using 14C- and deuterium-labelled compounds. Chromatographic analysis of the urine showed the presence of hippuric acid, benzoyl glucuronide and benzoic acid and a discrete band which accounted for 2% of the dose administered. This material was isolated by solvent extraction and HPLC and, following treatment with diazomethane, examined by GC/MS. The major component of this fraction was 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid methyl ester, which was accompanied by very much smaller amounts of cinnamic acid methyl ester and acetophenone. Th...
[Sarcocystis bertrami Doflein, 1901, a sarcosporidia of the horse. Equus caballus]. No abstract available
