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Topic:Equine Studies
Equine Studies encompasses the scientific exploration and analysis of various aspects related to horses, including their physiology, behavior, genetics, nutrition, and management. This interdisciplinary field integrates knowledge from veterinary medicine, animal science, and equine management to enhance understanding of horse health and welfare. Topics within equine studies often include the study of equine anatomy, disease prevention, breeding practices, and performance optimization. Researchers and scholars contribute to this field by conducting experiments, field studies, and reviews that provide insights into improving equine care and management practices. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate diverse areas within equine studies, offering comprehensive insights into the complexities of horse biology and management.
[Studies in riding arenas and on different riding path surfaces with respect to respiratory tract contamination in horses. Air hygiene studies in riding arenas]. Using the direct sedimentation method, the air pollution with fungal spores was measured in indoor riding arenas and compared to horse stables, outside riding arenas and covered sport courts. Depending on the location of indoor arenas and stables, the presence of "dust-nests", the number of horses ridden, and the moisture of the tread layer, an air pollution was measured which was equivalent to that in stables except at times of feeding and straw-giving. Outside and in sport arenas a low air pollution was found. Recommendations are given, regarding optimum air hygiene especially for horses wit...
Effect of increased inspired CO2 on respiratory dead space in ponies. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of elevated inspired CO2 on respiratory dead space (VD) of 12 normal, 8 carotid body-denervated (CBD), 7 hilar nerve-denervated (HND), and 6 CBD+HND ponies. The Fowler technique was used to determine VD on a breath-by-breath basis while the ponies breathed room air and inspired CO2 at 3 and 6%. During room air breathing, tidal volume (VT) and VD were greater in HND ponies than in normal and CBD ponies (P less than 0.05), and VT was less and VD/VT was greater after CBD than before CBD. For all groups. VD, VT, and breathing frequency...
A new method for continuous recording of motor activity in horses. 1. The use of an electronic recorder for the horse motor activity was described. 2. Examples of different types of motor activities are given in Figs 1-8. 3. The ultradian pattern of activity in all records was stressed. 4. The possibility of receiving of more physiological informations by this type of apparatus is discussed.
In vitro steroidogenesis by granulosa cells from equine pre-ovulatory follicles. Twenty-three follicles were collected from 14 mares on specific days and grouped to represent follicles from early (Group 1; n = 6), mid (Group 2; n = 11) and late (Group 3; n = 6) oestrus, as described previously (Tucker et al., 1988). Isolated granulosa cells (GC) from each follicle were cultured in multiwell plates containing either Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) alone, eLH (300 ng/ml), eFSH (300 ng/ml) or eLH + eFSH (300 ng/ml each), in the presence or absence of 0.5 microM testosterone. Media were collected and replaced at 24 h of culture, and 24 h later, media were again collecte...
[Local structure of cytochrome c from horse heart in solution. Conformational analysis using data of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy]. Using the earlier suggested method the calculation of the backbone conformations of horse heart cytochrome c in oxidized (ferricytochrome c) and reduced (ferrocytochrome c) states has been performed by the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy data. For both protein forms the secondary structure elements have been revealed and the conformations of the irregular polypeptide chain segments have been analysed. The similarity of the secondary structures of ferri- and ferrocytochrome c in solution was established from the comparison of their conformations. Small differences between...
Mechanical and biological effects of plate luting. Plate luting, a technique that uses polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) interposed between the plate and the bone, as well as between the screw heads and the plate, to improve the stability of internal fixation was tested in vitro using 20 paired equine third metacarpal bones with mid-diaphyseal osteotomies plated with six-hole broad ASIF compression plates. One of each pair was luted and all specimens were tested in static overload or cyclic loading at 75% of the ultimate breaking strength using four-point bending. Although no differences were measured in static overload tests between luted and non...
Pasture mating behaviour of donkeys (Equus asinus) at natural and induced oestrus. The mating behaviour of 2 jacks, each with 21 non-pregnant jennies, was studied when the jennies were in natural oestrus and simultaneously induced oestrus. The main observations were: efficient pasture breeding at natural and induced oestrus, a territorial sociosexual structure, prolonged pre-copulatory interaction, gradual increase of mating activity up to 2 days before ovulation, a copulatory sequence similar to that of horses, vocalization of the jack as a conspicuous behaviour initiating pre-copulatory interaction, frequent heterotypical behaviour of jennies and active involvement of jenn...
Portable data acquisition cart for equine transportation stress study. A remote data sampling cart has been designed and built for studying environmental factors that produce stress in horses during transportation. This dedicated sampling cart uses an XT-compatible mother board powered by a 12 V battery, with customized BIOS and ROM program. Sampling is performed using two digital and eight A/D (bipolar, differential) channels in burst mode at a frequency of 1 kHz. Digitized data are stored on magnetic tape for retrieval after the experiment. Configuration of sampling parameters is accomplished via a serial communications link to a host computer, and is stored in...
The triangle of Viborg (Trigonum viborgi) and its anatomical relationships in the normal standing horse. A detailed description is given of the structures forming the borders of Viborg's triangle and those structures contained within and adjacent to the triangle. Changes in the size, shape and prominence of these structures with changes of head and neck posture of the horse are also described.
Comparative anatomy of the tracheobronchial circulation. This review considers the similarities and difference between several animal species to determine which are most appropriate for studies of the human bronchial circulation in health and disease. The subgross anatomy of the sheep, cow, pig and horse appear to be similar to that of humans. These species have a major bronchial artery with a consistent location. In humans and other species, there is evidence of anastomoses between the bronchial and coronary circulations. The bronchial circulation provides nutrient supply to the neural structures of all species. The bronchial arteries themselves ar...
[Social and behavioral organization of horses on the Giara (Sardinia): distribution and aggregation]. In this paper some considerations on the environment of the 42 Kmq of the volcanic-basaltic Giara tableland are discussed. Conditioning by the environment and its effect on the distribution of a population of 712 horses is illustrated in view of their social and behavioural organization.
[Training-induced changes of reference vectors in the QRS complex of the EKG of young trotting horses]. After the onset of training ("breaking") in young standardbred horses within continuing investigations changes of vectors in the QRS-complex were considered. These changes accomplished in two stages. Mainly within the first three months of training the vector R (VR) in limb leads changed to the left and to caudal and dorsal. In a second interval between five and seven months after breaking the vector S (VS) changed to cranial. As main cause the different character of training in both phases is discussed. Additional indicators of age- or development-related causes were not found.
Effect of inositol hexakisphosphate on the spectroscopic properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin. The effect of inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) on the spectroscopic (EPR and absorbance) properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated. In the absence of IHP, the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb shows spectroscopic properties similar to those of the corresponding derivative of ferrous human Hb that are generally taken as typical of the high affinity state of tetrametric hemoproteins. Similar to human Hb, the addition of IHP to the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb induces a transition toward a species characteri...
[Several physiologic aspects of the reactions of foals in the first three days after weaning]. Changes have been observed in nine foals, six months of age, after weaning for the time of three days, namely in the intake of drinking water, hematocrit, sedimentation of erythrocytes and three minerals Na+, K+ and Cl-. Foals respond to weaning immediately, lowering significantly their consumption of drinking water and increasing high significance of Na+ and Cl-. Changes of level K+, hematocrit and sedimentation don't show any significant variations. The results reached are to be considered as an introductory information for further inquiry on the more extensive methodical basis.
Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa) in an aborted equine fetus. Tachyzoites of Neospora caninum were found in sections of lung of an equine fetus aborted 2 mo before term. Individual tachyzoites were approximately 3-5 x 2-3 microns, divided by endodyogeny, and stained positively with anti-N. caninum serum but not with anti-Toxoplasma gondii serum. Toxoplasma gondii antibody was not found in the mare's serum. This is the first report of N. caninum in a horse and indicates that N. caninum can be transmitted transplacentally in equids.
Effects of the dam on equine chorionic gonadotropin concentrations during pregnancy. Breeding trials were designed to determine the influence of the mare on serum concentrations of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) from Day 39 to Day 104 of gestation. Sires were ranked according to mean eCG concentrations found in the groups of randomly selected mares to which they were mated in 1983. Mares were ranked according to their mean eCG concentrations on Days 55, 71 and 85 of gestation (Day 0 = mating), in 1983 and 1985. In the 1986 breeding season, mares that had pregnancies characterized by high eCG levels were mated to sires previously associated with low eCG concentration pregn...
Subcutaneous part of the masseteric ramus of the external carotid artery as a proposed site of pulse-taking in Thoroughbreds. The subcutaneous part of the masseteric ramus of the external carotid artery can be used as a proposed site of pulse-taking in most Thoroughbreds. It is located on the lateral surface of the masseter muscle, and its contour may be visible in association with a summer coat.
Folliculogenesis during the transitional period and early ovulatory season in mares. Individual follicles were monitored by ultrasonography in 15 mares during the transitional period preceding the first ovulation of the year and in 9 mares during the first interovulatory interval. During the transitional period, 7 mares developed 1-3 anovulatory follicular waves characterized by a dominant follicle (maximum diameter greater than or equal to 38 mm) that had growing, static, and regressing phases. The emergence of a subsequent wave (anovulatory or ovulatory) did not occur until the dominant follicle of the previous wave was in the static phase. After the emergence of the subsequ...
Applications of skin grafting in large animals. Injuries involving full-thickness skin wounds are common in large animals. Skin grafting can shorten the healing time and improve the cosmetic result. Techniques that have been used successfully in the management of full-thickness skin wounds include full-thickness skin grafts, split-thickness skin grafts, tunnel grafts, pinch/punch grafts, and immediate split-thickness skin grafts. The technical aspects of each of these procedures are detailed and representative cases are presented.
The morphology of the equine iridocorneal angle: a light and scanning electron microscopic study. The present investigation of 20 equine eyes shows that the iridocorneal angle of the horse is characterised by a very distinct pectinate ligament and a large ciliary cleft. The pectinate ligament consists of long and broad pigmented trabeculae which form a firm, flat and dense network that encircles the eye. On meridional sections, the ciliary cleft is visible as a wide triangular space comprising the trabecular meshwork which consists of two parts. The inner part is the larger and forms a three-dimensional network of large pigmented trabeculae with very wide intertrabecular spaces. The outer ...
Histochemical profile of articularis humeri muscle in the horse. In this study the histochemical fiber type analysis of the articularis humeri muscle of the horse was performed. This muscle is composed of type I and type IIA fibers. A large number of spindles has been observed and the presence of these receptors could help to understand the role played by this muscle.
