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Topic:Equine Studies
Equine Studies encompasses the scientific exploration and analysis of various aspects related to horses, including their physiology, behavior, genetics, nutrition, and management. This interdisciplinary field integrates knowledge from veterinary medicine, animal science, and equine management to enhance understanding of horse health and welfare. Topics within equine studies often include the study of equine anatomy, disease prevention, breeding practices, and performance optimization. Researchers and scholars contribute to this field by conducting experiments, field studies, and reviews that provide insights into improving equine care and management practices. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate diverse areas within equine studies, offering comprehensive insights into the complexities of horse biology and management.
Cardiodynamic variables and ventilation during treadmill exercise in ponies. We assessed the relationship of ventilation (VE) to cardiodynamic variables and CO2 transport in seven normal ponies during treadmill exercise. At 1.8, 3, and 6 mph, respectively, VE increased from 15 l/min at rest to 43, 51, and 86 l/min by 1 min and 48, 68, and 125 l/min by 8 min. In three ponies at the same work loads, cardiac output (Qc) increased from approximately 12 l/min at rest to 19.7, 28.1, and 40.3 l/min between 30-60 s (P less than 0.05) and then decreased by about 20% to a steady state by 3-4 min. Heart rate (HR) shows a similar biphasic response during exercise. Mean right ventr...
Temporal pattern of pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in ponies. We characterized the temporal patterns of pulmonary O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 excretion (VCO2) in exercising ponies. We also assessed the cardiac, ventilatory, and hematologic contributions to the VO2-VCO2 changes during exercise. At five moderate treadmill work loads in normal ponies, VO2 and VCO2 generally increased progressively throughout the 1st min reaching, respectively, approximately 95 and 80% of steady state by 45-60 s. Between 1 and 1.5 min, Vo2 and Vco2 were either stable or they decreased 300-500 ml, but then each increased slightly, reaching steady-state levels between 3 and 5...
Kinetics of electron transfer between mitochondrial cytochrome c and iron hexacyanides. The reduction of horse and Candida krusei cytochromes c by ferrocyanide has been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and the reaction found to involve a precursor complex of ferrocyanide bound to ferricytochrome c (pH* 7.4, 2H2O, I = 0.12, and 25 degrees C). The electron transfer rate constants for the reduction of the two ferricytochromes by associated ferrocyanide were found to be the same at 780 +/- 80 sec-1 but the association constants for binding of ferrocyanide to ferricytochrome c were significantly different: horse, 90 +/- 20 M-1 and Candida, 285 +/- 30 M-1. The different association const...
Sound localization in large mammals: localization of complex sounds by horses. The idea that large mammals localize sounds more accurately than small mammals has been noted frequently and is usually explained by reference to their large interaural distance and the correspondingly broad binaural time (delta t) and spectral (delta fi) differences between their two ears. Sound-localization thresholds for single clicks and 100-ms noise bursts were determined for horses, and the magnitude of the binaural time (delta t) and spectral (delta fi) cues for sound direction were measured on a horse. Although horses have relatively large interaural distances and physically broad bina...
Seasonal variation in hypothalamic content of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary receptors for GnRH, and pituitary content of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the mare. Seasonal changes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis were investigated using tissue from 49 light-horse mares, of mixed breeding. Hypothalamic and pituitary tissues were collected at 5 intervals throughout the years 1981 and 1982, representing midbreeding season (July, n = 10), transition out of the breeding season (October, n = 11), midanestrus (December, n = 8), transition into the breeding season (March, n = 10), and again in the following midbreeding season (July, n = 10). The hypothalamic region was dissected into preoptic area, body and median eminence. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G...
Functional anatomy of the equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments. Equine tarsocrural collateral ligaments (CL) were dissected grossly. The areas of attachment and fiber arrangements were described for the long lateral CL, long medial CL, 3 short lateral CL, and 3 short medial CL. Sequential cutting of CL in any order indicated that the short medial CL were responsible for the snap-joint phenomenon observed at the equine tarsocrural joint.
Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study. The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, a...
Stride characteristics of horses competing in Grand Prix jumping. An investigation was made of the stride characteristics of horses jumping 2 obstacles during a Grand Prix competition. One obstacle was a picket fence and rail 1.3 m high (fence 2), and the other was a coop and rail 1.52 m high (fence 11). Thirteen distance and 22 timing measurements of 17 horses were extracted from high-speed films, using computer-aided analysis. These data were used to compare takeoff and landing of the lead and nonlead legs, the thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs, and fence 2 and fence 11. Paired t-tests were used to compare means and a stepwise regression analysis was done fo...
Immunocytochemical distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse. Endocrine cells immunoreactive for somatostatin, gastrin, glicentin, glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and neurotensin were identified immunocytochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the horse. Somatostatin-, glicentin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were very numerous in the cardiac and fundic regions of the stomach, whereas most gastrin-immunoreactive cells were confined to the pyloric region. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells also were detected in all portions of the small intestine while gastrin-immunoreactive cells were confined exclusively to the upper portion and gl...
Equine colonic motility: interactions among wall motion, propulsion, and fluid flow. Transmission of intestinal content with respect to wall position and intraluminal pressure was studied using implanted catheters in portions of the haustrated left ventral colon and nonhaustrated pelvic flexure and left dorsal colon in 3 conscious, standing, and feeding ponies. Wall position and content movement was studied in 1 noncatheterized conscious pony that was standing and eating. When coordinated wall movements involving greater than or equal to 30 cm of adjacent colon were seen, point-to-point content movement accompanied intraluminal pressure peaks occurring in the same direction. N...
