Genetics in horses encompasses the study of hereditary traits and the genetic makeup that influences various characteristics and health conditions in equine populations. This field involves the analysis of genes and their functions, inheritance patterns, and the impact of genetic variations on traits such as coat color, performance ability, and susceptibility to diseases. Research in equine genetics employs techniques such as genome mapping, sequencing, and genetic testing to identify specific genes and mutations associated with these traits. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic basis of equine traits, the methodologies used in genetic research, and the implications for breeding, health management, and conservation of horse breeds.
Vliegenthart JF.This research focuses on the study of glycoproteins, specifically investigating their carbohydrate chains and their various functions in living organisms. The article highlights the challenges in isolating specific carbohydrate chains […]
Naylor JM.The purpose of this review is to present an up-to-date summary of the signs, diagnosis, treatment, and implications of equine hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. The review encompasses all original articles published between 1986 and early 1993. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is the result of a genetic mutation in the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; most affected horses are heterozygotes. The classical signs are muscle fasciculation, spasm, and weakness associated with hyperkalemia. However, these signs are only rarely observed in affected hor...
Böse R, Peymann B.From Babesia caballi in vitro cultures a preparation of 100% infected erythrocytes was obtained. From this, B. caballi antigens were extracted with the detergent 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (CHAPS) and used as ELISA antigens. A control antigen of normal erythrocytes from the same donor horse was prepared in an identical manner. The ELISA and Western blot were validated by testing of sera from horses experimentally infected with B. caballi or B. equi or not infected with Babesia spp. ELISA and Western blot results were compared with those obtained by the immunofl...
Taniguchi K, Urasawa T, Urasawa S.We determined the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the VP4 genes of five equine, two feline, and two canine rotavirus strains. A high degree of homology (> 97.0%) was found among the VP4 amino acid sequences of the equine strains H2, FI-14, and FI23. Equine strain L338 has a distinct VP4 amino acid sequence from those of the other equine strains (78.1% or less homology), and the L338 VP4 exhibited more than 17.0% divergence at the amino acid level from those of rotavirus strains published so far. The VP4 amino acid sequence of equine strain H1, which showed low homology with t...
Rodríguez H, Bustos-Obregón E.Epididymal sperm maturation in the stallion was analysed using eight epididymides and deferent ducts from healthy animals. Samples were obtained in June-July and October-November (resting and breeding periods, respectively). Epididymides were divided into head, body and tail. Sperm samples were submitted to a routine seminogram, chromatin decondensation test (Lung, 1972) and sperm velocity determination (Makler, 1980). Results demonstrate that stallion spermatozoa achieve maturation in the transition between the head and body of the epididymis as revealed by chromatin decondensation. Objective...
Pirhonen A, Linnala-Kankkunen A, Mäenpää PH.Protamines isolated from ejaculated human, stallion, bull, boar, and ram spermatozoa were subjected to phosphoserine conversion reaction and protein sequencing. Phosphoserines were detected as S-ethylcysteines. Endogenously phosphorylated protamines have previously been found only in ejaculated human sperm. In this study, we demonstrate that ejaculated sperm from other species also contain protamines phosphorylated at serine residues. In P1-protamines, the endogenously phosphorylated serines were located at the N-terminal region in all species studied, whereas in major forms of human and stall...
Agmon N, Doster W, Post F.Heme proteins react inhomogeneously with ligands at cryogenic temperatures and homogeneously at room temperature. We have identified and characterized a transition from inhomogeneous to homogeneous behavior at intermediate temperatures in the time dependence of CO binding to horse myoglobin. The turnover is attributed to a functionally important tertiary protein relaxation process during which the barrier increases dynamically. This is verified by a combination of theory and multipulse measurements. A likely biological significance of this effect is in the autocatalysis of the ligand release p...
Parlevliet JM, Kemp B, Colenbrander B.The semen characteristics and testicular size of 398 3-year-old maiden Dutch Warmblood stallions were studied during February and March. Mean values (+/- SD) of age (1030 +/- 88 days) and testicular size (9.8 +/- 0.9 cm) of the maiden stallions were determined as well as the following semen characteristics (mean of two ejaculates, taken 1 h apart): volume (65 +/- 26 ml), sperm concentration (2.061 +/- 1.685 x 10(8) ml-1), total number of spermatozoa (1.129 +/- 0.71 x 10(10)), percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa (68 +/- 9%), percentage of live spermatozoa with normal morphology (66 +...
Allen MJ, Jemmerson R, Nall BT.Refolding of surface epitopes on horse cytochrome c has been measured by monoclonal antibody binding. Two antibodies were used to probe re-formation of native-like surface structure: one antibody (2B5) binds to native cytochrome c near a type II turn (residue 44) while the other (5F8) binds to a different epitope on the opposite face of the protein near the amino terminus of an alpha-helical segment (residue 60). The results show that within the first approximately 100 ms of refolding all of the unfolded protein collapses to native-like folding intermediates that contain both antibody binding ...
Vandergrifft EV, Swiderski CE, Horohov DW.We have cloned equine interleukin 4 (IL-4) cDNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on the human IL-4 sequence. The cDNA was amplified from mitogen-stimulated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cloned PCR product shares extensive homology ith IL-4 sequences from other species.
McGuire TC, O'Rourke KI, Baszler TV, Leib SR, Brassfield AL, Davis WC.Cells infected with vaccinia viruses expressing the equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) gag gene (VGag) or gag plus the 5' pol encoding protease (VGag/PR) were evaluated with monoclonal antibody to a p26 capsid protein linear epitope (QEISKFLTD). Both recombinant viruses expressed Gag precursor protein (55K) whereas only VGag/PR expressed a detectable Gag-Pol fusion protein (82K) with a functional protease, shown by subviral particles containing processed p26. Horses inoculated with VGag/PR produced antibodies reactive with EIAV Gag proteins.
Böse R, Peymann B, Barbosa IP.Sera from 60 horses held in breeding herd in Brazil were examined monthly by ELISA, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and Western blot. All foals had maternal antibodies detectable by ELISA and IFAT, and sero-conversion took place between the 2nd and 5th month of age. The 48 and 50 kDa antigens were recognized first in the course of infection. Of 79 sera taken after sero-conversion 78 reacted with the 48 kDa antigen, 76 with the 50 kDa, 50 with the 70 kDa, 54 with the 112 kDa, 72 with the 141 kDa antigen. In general, sera from horses older than 1 year reacted with all 5 diagnostic antige...
Mizukoshi N, Sakamoto K, Iwata A, Ueda S, Kamada M, Fukusho A.The reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was applied to the detection of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) using primers specific for attenuated AHSV serotype 4 segment 5 (NS1 gene). Total RNA which contains both messenger RNA and genomic dsRNA was extracted by the acid guanidinium-phenol-chloroform method from the AHSV infected Vero cells and was used as templates to optimize the RT-PCR. A pair of primer (NP2-NP32) amplified the product of the expected size from all serotypes of attenuated AHSV when four pairs of primers were tested. Using this p...
Lawrence GL, Gilkerson J, Love DN, Sabine M, Whalley JM.Sets of primers were designed which enabled specific amplification of homologous regions of the glycoprotein C and gene 76 genetic loci of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4). The resultant virus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products arising from each loci could be discriminated easily on the basis of size on an agarose gel, allowing rapid differentiation of the two equine herpesviruses. Specificity of the amplifications were confirmed by Southern hybridization and restriction endonuclease digestion. The PCR test was applied to nasal swab samples from weanling foals and ...
McClure JJ, Koch C, Traub-Dargatz J.A red cell antigen of donkeys and mules was identified using antibodies in serum from a mare which produced a mule foal affected with neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). Subsequently antibodies with similar activity were identified in the sera of other mares which had produced mule foals and were produced by immunization of horses with blood from donkeys. The antigen detected by these antibodies does not correspond to any recognized horse red cell alloantigen. This may be a xenoantigen since all donkeys (and mules) tested have shared this antigen and all horses tested have lacked the antigen. The r...
Caffrey CR, Ryan MF.An excretory-secretory (ES) preparation derived from adult Strongylus vulgaris in vitro was assessed for proteolytic activity using azocasein and synthetic, fluorogenic, peptide substrates. Fractionation was by molecular sieve fast protein liquid chromatography (molecular sieve FPLC) and resolution by gelatin-substrate sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin-substrate SDS-PAGE). The cysteine proteinase activator, dithiothreitol (DTT), enhanced azocaseinolysis and hydrolysis of carbobenzoxy-phenylalanyl-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin (Z-Phe-Arg-NMec) by the ES pre...
Pearson EG, Hedstrom OR, Poppenga RH.Hemochromatosis, an iron storage disease, was diagnosed in 3 horses with hepatic cirrhosis. Each horse had bridging portal fibrosis and abundant iron deposits in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Serum concentrations of liver-derived enzymes and total bile acids were high. However, serum iron concentration was not high, and iron binding capacity was only 46% saturated in the 1 horse in which it was measured. However, the concentration of iron in the liver of this horse was 20 times the reference limits. Hemochromatosis is common in mynah birds and human beings. There are several types of this iron...
Naylor JM.Thirty offspring of a Quarter Horse sire, affected by hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HPP), were examined electromyographically. On the basis of the detection of or lack of spontaneous activity with high frequency myotonic or pseudomyotonic discharges, the horses were diagnosed as being affected (14 horses) or unaffected (16 horses) with HPP. The show performance of these horses was evaluated for the first 3 to 9 years of their life by use of American Quarter Horse Association records. Horses affected with HPP performed significantly (P < 0.01) better in halter classes than did unaffected ...
Lloyd E, Mauk AG.Expression of recombinant horse heart myoglobin in Escherichia coli has been found to result in the production of both native and variable amounts (approximately 16-17% total) of two sulphmyoglobin isomers. The recombinant sulphmyoglobin produced consists primarily of the A and B isomers as identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy with no evidence for production of the C isomer. Conversion of recombinant sulphmyoglobin to the native protein can be achieved by reconstitution with protohaem IX. The possible relationship of this observation to recombinant expression of other heme proteins is discussed.
Hess-Dudan F, Vacher PY, Bruckmaier RM, Weishaupt MA, Burger D, Blum JW.Concentration of (total) globulin was relatively stable in blood plasma of mares, but rapidly decreased in colostrum to very low levels within 2 days after parturition. In foals, after intake of the first colostrum, globulin increased within 1 day in blood plasma, but remained at lower concentrations than those measured in mare plasma. Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (iI) were high during the first 2 months of lactation in blood plasma of mares and then decreased, were high in first colostrum and then decreased drastically, and remained at low concentrations up to weaning in blood of ...
St-Laurent G, Morin G, Archambault D.A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was developed for the detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in cell culture supernatant and in horse semen. Four different sets of oligonucleotide primers complementary to sequences located in the 3' end of the polymerase gene (open reading frame [ORF] 1b) and to sequences representing the entire ORFs 3, 4, and 7, which encode for nonstructural (ORFs 3 and 4) or viral nucleocapsid (ORF 7) proteins, were compared for their abilities to amplify the targeted EAV sequences by the RT-PCR procedure. The sensitivities of the RT-PCR for amplification of EAV s...
Grund CH, Lechman ER, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Rushlow KE.In this study we used immune sera from equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV)-infected horses which uniquely display broad reactivity with different lentivirus capsid proteins (CA) to characterize the cross-reactive determinants of lentivirus CA proteins. In particular, the role of the major homology region (MHR) of lentivirus CA proteins in this serological cross-reactivity was evaluated using both equine immune serum and murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the MHR segment of different lentiviruses. The results of our studies indicate that about 80% of sera from long-term exp...
Pemberton AD, John HA, Ricketts SW, Rossdale PD, Scott AM.Failure to inhibit proteinases can lead to excessive tissue damage. The possibility that the severity of endometritis in Thoroughbred mares correlates with the haplotypes of plasma alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) expressed was investigated in two groups of mares. In mares with pyometritis before treatment, the frequency of the N haplotype, which is already high in the Thoroughbred population, was significantly increased when compared with that in a large published population. In mares with acute endometritis which persisted after treatment followed by sexual rest, the absence of S an...
Vos PL, van der Schans A, de Wit AA, Bevers MM, Willemse AH, Dieleman SJ.Normally cyclic heifers (n = 34) received 2500 iu pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) i.m. at day 10 of oestrus, and 15 mg prostaglandin (PG) i.m. at day 12. Thereafter, a monoclonal antibody against PMSG was administered i.v. before (n = 24), at (n = 6) or shortly after (n = 4) the preovulatory LH surge. Peripheral blood concentrations of LH and oestradiol were compared; follicular development was monitored by daily ultrasound scanning; and the numbers of preovulatory-sized follicles and ovulations were counted 96 h after injection of PG following death. Anti-PMSG treatment before the ...
Valberg SJ, Carlson GP, Cardinet GH, Birks EK, Jones JH, Chomyn A, DiMauro S.Although exertional myopathies are commonly recognized in horses, specific etiologies have not been identified. This is the first report in the horse of a deficiency of Complex I respiratory chain enzyme associated with profound exercise intolerance. Physical examination, routine blood tests, endoscopy, and ultrasonograms of the heart and iliac arteries were unremarkable. With slow, incremental exercise (speeds 1.5-7 m/s), the Arabian mare showed a marked lactic acidosis, increased mixed venous PVO2, and little change in oxygen consumption. Muscle biopsies contained large accumulations of mito...
Farrell RK, Hilbert BJ.Methods of equine identification including signalment, blood typing tattooing and freeze marking are discussed. A new system of individually identifying horses with an unalterable freeze mark is proposed. Unalterable numerical and alphabetical symbols have been developed to apply a registration number to the animal.
The Journal of parasitologyFebruary 24, 2001
Volume 86, Issue 6 1366-1368 doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1366:ARAPDP]2.0.CO;2
Spencer JA, Witherow AK, Blagburn BL.Neospora caninum is a recently described coccidial parasite that was first isolated from a dog in 1988 and has subsequently been shown to infect a wide range of mammals. Neospora hughesi, a new species of this genus, has recently been isolated from the spinal cord of horses showing clinical signs of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction technique is capable of differentiating between N. caninum and N. hughesi.
Sheppard M, Drysdale SM, Studdert MJ.Physical maps were constructed for the genome of equine adenovirus 1 (EAV1) using the restriction enzymes; DraI, EcoRV, NotI and SfiI. The total size of the EAV1 genome was 34.4 kb estimated by comparison with known DNA standards and the polarity of the fragment order, with respect to the left and right molecular ends, was determined by hybridization with known regions of the human adenovirus 2 (HAV2) genome.
de Kok PM, Beijer NA, Buck HM, Sluyterman LA, Meijer EM.The geometry of seven NAD+ analogues bound to horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) modified only in their nicotinamide group, have been studied using AMBER molecular mechanics energy-minimization procedures. Starting geometries were taken from X-ray crystallographic data for NAD+/Me2SO/LADH reported by Eklund and co-workers. In this study the NAD+ analogues were encaged by the constituent amino acids of the enzyme within a range of 0.6 nm from the initial NAD+/Me2SO/Zn2+ complex. The calculational method used is able to rationalize individual substituent effects and to evaluate the essenti...
Moulay S, Zientara S, Sailleau C, Cruciere C.In order to develop a non-radioactive dot-blot hybridization assay, for the detection of African-horse sickness virus (AHSV), genome segment 7 from 9 serotypes was amplified by RT-PCR. The resulting PCR products were denatured, immobilized on nylon membranes and then hybridized to a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled probe. This probe (265 bp in length) was generated by nested-PCR using genome segment 7 of AHSV, serotype 4 as a template. The dot-blot was visualized by chemiluminescence. Positives were obtained from the PCR products amplified from all 9 AHSV serotypes, but not from any other ...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Schnebli HP, Koj A.Highly purified horse leucocyte proteinases 1, 2A and 2B hydrolyze synthetic substrates which are decomposed also by human leucocyte elastase but they are unable to hydrolyze typical substrates of cathepsin G. Thus in distinction to other mammalian species horse leucocytes are devoid of cathepsin G and contain only elastases.
Boneker C, Kuiper H, Drögemüller C, Chowdhary BP, Distl O.The mammalian collagen, type IX, alpha 2 gene (COL9A2) encodes the alpha-2 chain of type IX collagen and is located on horse chromosome 2p16-->p14 harbouring a quantitative trait locus for osteochondrosis. We isolated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing the equine COL9A2 gene and determined the complete genomic sequence of this gene. Cloning and characterization of equine COL9A2 revealed that the equine gene consists of 32 exons spanning approximately 15 kb. The COL9A2 transcript encodes a single protein of 688 amino acids. Thirty two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)...
Pellegrini A, Hägeli G, von Fellenberg R.Addition of perchloric acid (6.4% w/v final concentration) to horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or to horse plasma neither precipitated nor inactivated alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. None of the isoinhibitors of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor was altered by dilute perchloric acid. This unexpected behavior led to a simplified procedure for the purification of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, consisting of removal of the bulk of plasma proteins, by perchloric acid precipitation and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-200. The resulting preparations of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor were immu...
AbouEl Ela NA, El-Nesr KA, Ahmed HA, Brooks SA.Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a fatal genetic disorder and one of the common genetic diseases of the Arabian horse. The genetic mutation responsible for this disease is a five base pair deletion (TCTCA) in the DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit gene. Severe combined immunodeficiency is a recessive autosomal genetic disorder with 25% chance inheritance of the disease among the progeny of carrier parents. It causes complete absence of certain immune cells, like B and T lymphocytes, leaving foals with immunodeficiency and exposing them to early death within 4 to 6 months. This stud...
Padilla SL, Prieto K, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Klein TA, Fernández R, Watts DM, Lowen RG, Palacios GF, Pitt ML, Wiley MR, Nasar F.Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an important pathogen of medical and veterinary importance in the Americas. In this report, we present the complete genome sequences of five VEEV isolates obtained from pools of Culex (Melanoconion) gnomatos (4) or Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi (1) from Iquitos, Peru. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that all five isolates grouped within the VEEV complex sister to VEEV IIIC and are members of subtype IIID. This is the first report of full-length genomic sequences of VEEV IIID.
Bustos CP, Muñoz AJ, Guida N, Waller A, Mesplet M.Strangles is a worldwide infectious disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi that affects the upper respiratory tract of horses. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi characterisation by seM-typing is internationally used for epidemiological studies and comparison of isolates. Objective: To identify and to compare the seM-types of Argentinian isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Methods: Investigation of bacterial isolates using molecular and phylogenetic approaches. Methods: A total of 59 Argentinian isolates of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi obtained between 2007 and 2019 were studie...
Akens MK, Holznagel E, Franchini M, Bracher V.In the present study, two methods of lymphocyte preparation, whole blood lysis and Ficoll-Paque separation, prior to FACS analysis were compared. The comparison was done with single and dual-colour staining techniques. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against eCD4, eCD5, eCD8 and eMHC class II were used. There was no significant difference in the results obtained by these two methods.
Vandergrifft EV, Horohov DW.We have cloned equine IL-2 cDNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on the human IL-2 sequence. The cloned product appears to contain the entire coding region for equine IL-2 based on homology with other known sequences. When expressed in COS cells, the recombinant product augmented the proliferative response of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to concanavalin A, however, it failed to support the continued proliferation of murine CTLL-2 cells. Specific substitutions in those regions associated with p55 and p75 binding appear to account for this species...
Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Graves K, Bailey E, Eberth J, Canisso IF, Andrews FM, Keowen ML, Go YY.Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. Following natural infection, up to 70% of the infected stallions can remain persistently infected over 1 year (long-term persistent infection [LTPI]) and shed EAV in their semen. Thus, the LTP-infected stallions play a pivotal role in maintaining and perpetuating EAV in the equine population. Previous studies identified equine C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) as a critical host cell factor determining LTPI in the stallion's reproductive trac...
Tura G, Brunetti B, Brigandì E, Rinnovati R, Sarli G, Avallone G, Muscatello LV, La Ragione RM, Durham AE, Bacci B.Sarcoids are among the most common tumors diagnosed in equids; their association with bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) infection has been widely reported, but the mechanism of carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated. To verify whether BPV infection causes dysregulation of the pRb-Cyclin D1-p16-p53 pathway as reported for human papillomavirus (HPV), the study employed immunohistochemistry to test 55 equine sarcoid biopsies for the expression of pRb, Cyclin D1, and p53 cell cycle regulatory proteins and to evaluate the proliferative rate through Ki67. High Cyclin D1 and pRb expression were obs...
Nansen P, Riising HJ.The metabolism of immunoglobulin classes has been closely examined in several animal species. Although the horse has received much attention in experimental and applied immunology there seems to be little information available on immunoglobulin kinetics in this species. The present report describes the metabolism of equine IgG in 4 healthy, normoimmunoglobulinaemic horses, in 1 horse with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia and in 1 horse with relatively low immunoglobulin levels.
During 2013, in Argentina, three new isolates of serogroup Bunyamwera virus (genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae) were recovered from two horses with encephalitis, and from an aborted equine fetus. In the present study, we report the complete genome sequence, genetic characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of three new strains isolated in Argentina to clarifying their relationship within the Bunyamwera serogroup virus and to investigate the evolutionary history of viruses with segmented genomes.
Hospes R, Hospes BI, Reiss I, Bostedt H, Gortner L.In the following, we describe the isolation and sequencing of the equine surfactant protein A (Sp-A) as found in both the cDNA and the genomic DNA. We found a length of the cDNA sequence of 747 bp (base pairs), in translation into amino acids of 248. Compared with the known molecular biological facts about Sp-A in other species, the cDNA sequence obtained showed highest homology with that of sheep (85.01%). The genomic DNA of equine Sp-A, as in other species, includes three introns. There were no hints for the existence of two different Sp-A genes. These results should form the basis for a bet...
Maeda Y, Ohtsuka H, Tomioka M, Tanabe T, Nambo Y, Uematsu H, Oikawa MA.Escherichia coli(E. coli) isolated from the uterus of a Thoroughbred mare with bacterial endometritis was used to evaluate the effect of progesterone (P(4)) on the immune response of mares. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 10 nonpregnant clinically healthy adult mares (range, 4-12 years) during diestrus, four Thoroughbreds and six Hokkaido native horses. Cell proliferation and expression of cytokine mRNA, including interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10, of PBMCs stimulated with E. coli and P(4) were examined in vitro. P(4) was...
Mäkelä O, Gustavsson I, Hollmén T.Chromosomal analysis is not a routine examination in equine
practice. It is indicated, however, in infertile or subfertile
mares with small, inactive ovaries (Chandley et a/. 1975;
Power 1986).
The most commonly reported abnormalities in mares
concern sex chromosomes such as 63,XO and mosaic
63,XO/64,XX giving sterile mares and 64,XY resulting in
gonadal dysgenesis, sex reversal and testicular feminisation
(Power 1990). The phenotypic manifestations of a horse with
these karyotypic abnormalities are usually quite mild
compared with the corresponding abnormalities in man. These
mild ...
Malmheden Yman I, Sandberg K.Meat from the species horse, donkey and their hybrids, mule/hinny, can be reliably identified by determination of genetic variants of serum albumin by starch gel electrophoresis of meat extracts. Staining of the starch gel for carboxylesterase activity permits differentiation of most horses from donkeys while mules/hinnies cannot be distinguished from horses by their esterase activity alone.
Amado-Fuentes M, Gozalo M, Garcia-Gomez A, Barrios-Fernandez S.People with disabilities due to genetic origin often present high levels of stress: non-pharmacological interventions such as Equine-Assisted Interventions (EAI) may be a useful strategy. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate stress levels in two participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome diagnosis, immediately after carrying out the EAI. A single case experimental design methodology was chosen due to the small sample size. Two participants with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, a rare disease, with different comorbidities were included. The present study considered the EAI as the indepe...
Roy MM, Norton EM, Rendahl AK, Schultz NE, McFarlane D, Geor RJ, Mickelson JR, McCue ME.An 11G nucleotide repeat in the 3' UTR of FAM174A was recently postulated as a risk allele with a dominant mode of inheritance for equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and laminitis status in Arabian horses. The objective of this project was to evaluate this hypothesis in a large and diverse across-breed population. A total of 301 ponies, 292 Morgans, 64 Arabians, 49 Tennessee Walking Horses and 59 Quarter Horses were genotyped for six observed G repeat alleles in the FAM174A 3' UTR. Phenotype data included laminitis status, baseline insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, adip...
Vliegenthart JF.This research focuses on the study of glycoproteins, specifically investigating their carbohydrate chains and their various functions in living organisms. The article highlights the challenges in isolating specific carbohydrate chains […]
Brito LF, Kelleman A, Greene LM, Raz T, Barth AD.A 5-year-old Arabian stallion was managed for breeding with fresh/extended semen during a period of 8 months with a resulting per cycle pregnancy rate of 26.3%. The stallion was in good health and no abnormalities of the reproductive tract were observed. Evaluation of several ejaculates revealed that sperm production and semen quality were mostly unchanged during the period of evaluation, that sperm production was normal and that semen quality was extremely poor. The most prevalent sperm defects were abnormal heads and mid-pieces. Most abnormal heads were microcephalic and/or tapered and consi...
Yu YT, Olarte Castillo X, Reboul G, Zehr J, Sun Y, Anderson R, Wang M, Sun Q, Tallmadge R, Sams K, Brown J, Marra N, Stanhope B, Grenier J.... is a parvovirus that was identified in the blood of four horses in the United States. Here, we report one genome from a horse in New York State. This genome may represent a new species within the genus .
Kolb DS, Klein C.Congenital hydrocephalus has been reported for a number of horse breeds, and for Friesian horses this condition has been associated with a nonsense mutation of B3GALNT2. We report the first case of congenital hydrocephalus associated with the said mutation in a Belgian draft horse. Genetic testing and consideration of the testing results in breeding programs are warranted. Hydrocéphalie congénitale chez un cheval de trait Belge associée à une mutation non-sens de B3GALNT2. L’hydrocéphalie congénitale a été signalée pour plusieurs races de chevaux et, pour les chevaux Frisons, cette ...
Kato H, Seidel GE, Squires EL, Wilson JM.In vitro matured horse oocytes with a first polar body (n = 68) were each injected with a single spermatozoon and divided into 2 groups: Group 1 oocytes were treated with 10 microM calcium ionophore A23187 for 5 min while Group 2 oocytes received no activation treatment. After culture in vitro for 2 days, significantly more oocytes treated with A23187 (5/24, 21%) cleaved than oocytes without activation treatment (2/44, 5%, P<0.05). All 7 cleaved zygotes from both treatment groups were transferred to recipient mares but no pregnancies resulted.
Ramirez S, Gaunt SD, McClure JJ, Oliver J.Horse mares carrying mule foals were immunized during the last trimester of pregnancy with whole acid-citrate-dextrose-anticoagulated donkey blood to experimentally induce neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia occurred in the neonatal mule foals born to immunized horse mares within 24 hours after ingestion of their dams' colostrum. Mule foals born to mares not immunized with donkey blood did not develop thrombocytopenia. These findings suggest that antibodies may have been directed against a donkey platelet antigen present in the mule foals but not present in their dams. The o...
