Genetics in horses encompasses the study of hereditary traits and the genetic makeup that influences various characteristics and health conditions in equine populations. This field involves the analysis of genes and their functions, inheritance patterns, and the impact of genetic variations on traits such as coat color, performance ability, and susceptibility to diseases. Research in equine genetics employs techniques such as genome mapping, sequencing, and genetic testing to identify specific genes and mutations associated with these traits. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the genetic basis of equine traits, the methodologies used in genetic research, and the implications for breeding, health management, and conservation of horse breeds.
Cothran EG, Long YG.A new D blood group phenogroup consisting of the specificities adeo was observed in a stallion family of Caspian ponies from Iran. An additional six undescribed genetic variants were seen in a total of 82 Iranian horses. This result suggests extensive new genetic variation may be present in domestic horses from geographic regions that have not yet received scientific attention.
Hoberg EP, Miller S, Brown MA.We report the first documented case of autochthonous echinococcosis in a horse of North American origin. Three fully mature and viable unilocular hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) were an incidental finding at necropsy in the liver of a 14-yr-old gelding thoroughbred that had been foaled in Virginia and raised in Maryland. Protoscolices were armed with 2 rows of 28-37 rostellar hooks; small hooks measured 23-30 microns; large hooks measured 26-33 microns. Morphologically, these were compatible with rostellar armature considered typical for the equine strain of E. granulos...
McClure JR, Chapman MR, Klei TR.Since 1978, 20 surgical implantations of either Strongylus vulgaris or Strongylus edentatus have been performed in our laboratory for the purpose of obtaining single species cultures of these parasites. Following surgical implantation peak EPG values of 13-327 (S. vulgaris) and 363-1284 (S. edentatus) generally occurred during the first 3 weeks post-implantation. Duration of infections was as long as 5 years. Successful outcome of such surgeries appears to be related to the total number of parasites used (> or = 38) and the ratio of female to male worms implanted (1:1 or 2:1).
Hokke CH, Roosenboom MJ, Thomas-Oates JE, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF.The disialylated poly-(N-acetyllactosamine)-containing O-linked oligosaccharide alditols, released by alkaline borohydride treatment of the enzymically N-deglycosylated beta-subunit of equine chorionic gonadotropin, were purified by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on Mono Q and analysed by fast ion bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The identified oligosaccharide alditols have the following structure: [Formula: see text]
Katayama Y, Oikawa M, Kaneko M, Yoshihara T, Yoshikawa H, Yoshikawa T.Three monoclonal antibodies capable of individually recognizing chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteocytes were prepared. EB-1 reacted with a 55-kDa antigen on the chondrocyte membrane, EB-2 with a 110-kDa antigen on the membrane of osteoblasts and/or partial osteocytes, and EB-3 with a 130-kDa antigen on the membrane of osteocytes. These monoclonal antibodies may be useful probes for studying the differentiation and maturation of osteogenic cells.
Pilling A, Davison AJ, Telford EA, Meredith DM.Glycoprotein 45 is a major envelope glycoprotein of equine herpesvirus type 1. The gene encoding this protein is located between map units 0.615 and 0.636 on the virus genome and evidence has suggested that it is encoded by gene 52, one of four genes within this region. Using PCR we have amplified gene 52 and subsequently cloned it into a mammalian expression vector under the control of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter. The gene was expressed in COS-7 cells and its product was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The results indicate that glycoprotein 45 ...
Marklund S, Ellegren H, Eriksson S, Sandberg K, Andersson L.Ten (TG)n positive clones, isolated from an equine genomic library and sequenced, contained 12-19 uninterrupted TG repeats. Primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were synthesized and nine of these (TG)n loci (HTG7-15) were successfully amplified and utilized in this study together with five previously reported equine microsatellite loci (HTG2-6). The PCR products were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by automated laser fluorescence detection or autoradiography. All microsatellites showed polymorphism and stable Mendelian inheritance. Differences in microsatellite v...
Tavernor AS, Kydd JH, Bodian DL, Jones EY, Stuart DI, Davis SJ, Butcher GW.An equine CD2 cDNA has been isolated by monoclonal antibody screening of a T-lymphocyte cDNA library. The cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1041 bp encoding a translated product of 347 amino acids. Northern blotting analysis revealed a single mRNA species expressed in spleen, thymus and activated peripheral lymphocytes. The predicted amino acid sequence has 50-65% identity with the human, rat and mouse CD2 sequences with greatest similarity shared with the human homologue. Evolutionarily conserved structural and functional domains in CD2 were identified by comparing the sequences of the ...
Kuwamura M, Iwaki M, Yamate J, Kotani T, Sakuma S, Yamashita A.A 9-year-old male horse showed emaciation, weakness and trembling and was euthanatized. Histopathological examinations revealed loss, swelling and chromatolysis of motor neurons throughout the spinal ventral horns, axonal degeneration of the ventral spinal roots. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions were distributed in degenerated spinal ventral neurons. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions consisted of aggregations of granular dense material and a few vesicles. They reacted positively with polyclonal antibody against ubiquitin. The present case was diagnosed as equine motor neuron disease, which ...
Carpenter MA, Broad TE.Transferrin, the iron transport protein of the blood, is highly polymorphic in many species, including the horse. A number of sequence polymorphisms that distinguish several of the variants of horse transferrin are reported here. Previous studies indicated that exons 12 and 15 were likely to be polymorphic. Sequencing regions of exons 12 and 15 from D and R variants revealed 10 nucleotide substitutions that encoded six amino acid replacements. The F1, F2, H2, and * variants were identical to D, and the O variant was almost identical to R, in the regions studied. The data indicated that the hor...
Fortune JE.Evidence from several species indicates that the initial stages of follicular growth proceed very slowly. In contrast, the stages after antrum formation are much more rapid. Atresia seems to be most prevalent as follicles approach the size at which they could be recruited for potential ovulation. Although most follicles become atretic around that stage, a few are recruited into a cohort or wave of follicles that continue to grow beyond the stage at which atresia normally occurs. Next, a species-specific number of follicles is selected for dominance. In some species (e.g. rats, primates, pigs),...
Oki H, Sasaki Y, Willham RL.Data collected by the Japan Racing Association (JRA) were individual horse racing times at eight racecourses (Hakodate, Fukushima, Niigata, Tokyo, Nakayama, Chukyo, Kyoto and Hanshin) and at five distances (1000 m, 1200 m, 1400 m, 1600 m, and 1800 m) from 1982 to 1990. Important sources of variation in racing time were examined using a nested model and expressing the variance components as percentages of the total on both turf and dirt. At all racecourses and at all distances where races were on both turf and dirt, racing times were less on turf than dirt. Differences were from 2.09s to 3.91s ...
Oki H, Willham RL, Sasaki Y.The Japan Racing Association (JRA) operates 10 national racecourses with both turf and dirt tracks. JRA formulates the rules for horseracing; registers owners, colors, and horses using foal registration; and licenses all JRA trainers and jockeys. In 1990, at the 10 racecourses there were 288 racing days, 3,353 races, and some 38,397 horses. Horse breeding is concentrated in 7 locations with 93% of the Thoroughbreds foaled each year coming from Hokkaido. Thoroughbred flat racing comprise 92% of all races held. Two year olds race together and nearly 40% of their races are run at 1200 m. Some 39%...
Kettler MK, Weil MR, Mascotti K, Perryman LE.A group of diseases termed combined immunodeficiency (CID) results in a severe form of immunodeficiency. While CID in humans has two genetics bases, in Arabian it is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Kettler et al. (1989) determined that uric acid was significantly (p 0.05) between carrier and non-carrier horse's serum levels of hypoxanthine or xanthine. These data, combined with our previous ones suggest that an enzymatic lesion in the purine salvage pathway may occur at the urate oxidase step. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Serum-Hypoxanthin- und -Xanthin-Spiegel in Pferden mit Heterozygotie fÃ...
Kemppainen RJ, E Peterson M.Cushing's disease, defined as hyperadrenocorticism resulting from excessive secretion of pituitary ACTH, occurs spontaneously and quite commonly in dogs and horses. In dogs, as in humans, the disease is usually associated with a small tumor of the pituitary pars distalis. However, the disease may arise occasionally (dogs) or exclusively (horses) from tumors or hyperplasia of the pituitary pars intermedia. In dogs, pars intermedia tumors may arise from one of two proopiomelanocortin-containing cell types that are present in normal tissue.
Gardner DG.Previously published cases of ameloblastoma in the horse are reviewed in detail for their acceptability as examples of that tumor; an additional one is described. So far, this rare equine lesion has been shown to have two histologic patterns. The first consists of islands and sheets of epithelium that exhibit the basal cell characteristics of ameloblastoma; the central cells comprise stellate reticulum. The second exhibits these basal cell features less markedly and the central cells are spindle-shaped and closely packed. The biologic behavior of the equine ameloblastoma is thought to be the s...
Peters SE, Wakefield AE, Whitwell KE, Hopkin JM.Genetically distinct forms of Pneumocystis carinii infect several mammalian hosts. We report the amplification of P. carinii DNA from samples of two infected thoroughbred foal lungs by using primers designed from the sequence of a P. carinii mitochondrial rRNA gene; these primers also prime the amplification of P. carinii DNA from other hosts. The nucleotide sequence of part of the mitochondrial rRNA gene amplified from P. carinii infecting one of the foals was determined and found to be distinct from that of published rat-, rabbit-, ferret-, and human-derived P. carinii sequences.
Fischer B, Rose-Hellekant TA, Sheffield LG, Bertics PJ, Bavister BD.Preimplantation embryos of the pig (Days 11 to 15), cow (Days 14 to 16), sheep (Day 14) and pony (Day 16) bind epidermal growth factor (EGF) specifically. Binding was not detected in embryos of the rabbit at Day 5 or 6 or the hamster at Day 3. Transforming growth factor-alpha displaced [(125)I] EGF in pig, cow and pony embryos almost as much as unlabeled EGF. The binding affinities of EGF ranged from 12 to 233 pM in pig and cow embryos. The range of species and binding features indicate that the EGF family may play a significant role in mammalian preimplantation development.
Möstl E.In the pregnant mare two different groups of oestrogens are produced by the placenta. The precursor of "classical" oestrogens (oestrone, oestradiol-17 beta and oestradiol-17 alpha) is dehydroepiandrosterone which originates from the fetal gonads. The ring B unsaturated oestrogens (equilin and equilenin and their derivatives) derive from farnesyl pyrophosphate by a pathway not involving cholesterol.
Hoppen HO.Chorionic gonadotrophins seem to be unique for primate and equid species. Unlike primates, the equine conceptus does not implant in the maternal uterine endometrium until around day 37 of pregnancy. At this time specialized cells of the trophoblast, organized in the embryonic girdle, invade the endometrium and become established in the endometrial stroma, forming the so-called endometrial cups. This migration of girdle cells is accompanied by their morphological transformation into large decidual-like cells and by the appearance of a gonadotrophic hormone in the mare's blood. There is convinci...
Han H, Wang A, Liu L, Zhao G, Su J, Wang B, Li Y, Zhang J, Wu B, Sun W, Hu S, Li S, Zhao L, Li X.Most hinnies (female donkey×male horse) and mules (female horse×male donkey) are sterile with few reports of equine fertile hybrids. The main cause of this sterility is thought to be a meiotic block to spermatogenesis and oogenesis. This study compared the developmental features of the testes and a histological analyses of spermatogenesis in a male hinny with those of a normal, fertile stallion and Jack donkey. Hinny testes showed a thicker tunica albuginea, fewer blood vessels and more connective tissue in the testis parenchyma than those of the stallion and Jack donkey. Although the mean n...
Moore KH, Dunbar BS, Bousfield GR, Ward DN.Inhibin has been characterized from a number of mammals; however, it has not been extensively studied in horses. Western blot analysis was used to examine the size heterogeneity of equine inhibin alpha- and beta-subunits. The distribution of equine inhibin activity from the initial sizing column (S-200, 25 x 94 cm) indicated that the majority of equine inhibin activity was present as larger-molecular-size forms. When the large forms were analyzed by Western blot in nonreducing conditions, alpha-subunit bands were detected at 40,000 M(r), 56,000 M(r), 80,000 M(r), and 90,000 M(r); beta a reacti...
Favro G, Habib H, Gennity I, Puschner B, Hales EN, Finno CJ, Moeller BC.Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a hereditary, deteriorating central nervous disease in horses. Currently, the only way to confirm eNAD/EDM is through a postmortem histological evaluation of the central nervous system. Vitamin E, specifically the isoform alpha-tocopherol (α-TP), is known to protect eNAD/EDM susceptible horses from developing the clinical phenotype. While vitamin E is an essential nutrient in the diet of horses, there are no diagnostic tests able to quantitate vitamin E and its metabolites in urine. An ultra-performance liquid chromat...
González-Fernández L, Macedo S, Lopes JS, Rocha A, MacÃas-GarcÃa B.Equine in vitro fertilization (IVF) is still inconsistent. In the present work, we studied how modified Whitten's (MW) medium and Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM) added with Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS; 10% v/v) or Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA; 7 mg/ml) affected equine gametes to subsequently run IVF trials. Compact (Cp) and expanded (Ex) cumuli equine oocytes were matured and placed in TCM or MW supplemented with BSA or FBS for 18-20 h (no sperm added). In Ex oocytes, TCM-199 added with FBS or BSA resulted in higher metaphase II (MII) rates (75.7% and 62.7%, respectively) than MW added with BSA (54%...
Chopineau M, Martinat N, Marichatou H, Troispoux C, Auge-Gouillou C, Stewart F, Combarnous Y, Guillou F.Horse LH/chorionic gonadotrophin (eLH/CG) exhibits, in addition to its normal LH activity, a high FSH activity in all other species tested. Donkey LH/CG (dkLH/CG) also exhibits FSH activity in other species, but about ten times less than the horse hormone. In order to understand the molecular basis of these dual gonadotrophic activities of eLH/CG and dkLH/CG better, we expressed, in COS-7 cells, hybrids between horse and donkey subunits, between horse or donkey alpha-subunit and human CG beta (hCG beta), and also between the porcine alpha-subunit and horse or donkey LH/CG beta. The resultant r...
Atsenova N, Palova N, Mehandjyiski I, Neov B, Radoslavov G, Hristov P.The question about the time and the place of horse domestication, a process which had a profound impact on the progress of mankind, is disputable. According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the earliest domestication of the horse happened in the western parts of the Eurasian steppes, between the Northern Black Sea region and present-day Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. It seems that it occurred not earlier than the first half and most probably during the middle (even the last third) of the fourth millennium BC (from ∼ 5.5 kya). The next steps of large-scale horse breeding occurred almost ...
Chopineau M, Martinat N, Gibrat JF, Galet C, Lecompte F, Foulon-Gauze F, Pourchet C, Guillou F, Combarnous Y.To identify amino-acids in the alpha-subunit important for expression of heterospecific FSH activity of horse (e) LH/choriogonadotropin (CG) (eLH) and donkey (dk) LH/CG (dkLH) (FSH/LH ratio ten times higher for eLH than for dkLH); this FSH activity absolutely requires an equid (donkey or horse) alpha-subunit combined with an equid beta-LH subunit. Methods: Chimeric alpha-subunits possessing the first 63 amino-acids of the porcine (p) and the last 33 amino-acids of the donkey alpha-subunit (alphap-dk) and the inverse (alphadk-p) were constructed. Porcine-specific amino-acids were introduced by ...
Bokor A, Blouin C, Langlois B.The aim of this study was to detect Thoroughbred mare families and sire lines, in France, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, whose offspring may be successful in steeplechase races and can be recommended therefore for sport horse breeding. Race results were collected from all steeplechase races in these countries between 1998 and 2003, which contained the results of 17,355 horses from 12,861 dams and 2452 sires. In France, non-Thoroughbred horses were also included in the analysis because they race and mate together with Thoroughbreds. Performance was measured with two criteria: earnings and r...
Damasceno Teixeira TV, Fry RC, McKinnon A, Fry KL, Kelly JM, Verma PJ, Burden C, Salamone DF, Gambini A.Epigenetic perturbations during the reprogramming process have been described as the primary cause of the low efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In this study, we tested three strategies targeting nuclear reprogramming to investigate effects on equine SCNT. First, we evaluated the effect of treating somatic cells with chetomin, a fungal secondary metabolite reported to inhibit the trimethylation on histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9 me3). Second, caffeine was added to the culture medium during the enucleation of oocytes and before activation of reconstructed embryos as a protein phospha...
Böse R, Peymann B, Barbosa IP.Sera from 60 horses held in breeding herd in Brazil were examined monthly by ELISA, immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and Western blot. All foals had maternal antibodies detectable by ELISA and IFAT, and sero-conversion took place between the 2nd and 5th month of age. The 48 and 50 kDa antigens were recognized first in the course of infection. Of 79 sera taken after sero-conversion 78 reacted with the 48 kDa antigen, 76 with the 50 kDa, 50 with the 70 kDa, 54 with the 112 kDa, 72 with the 141 kDa antigen. In general, sera from horses older than 1 year reacted with all 5 diagnostic antige...
The Journal of heredityMay 1, 1978
Volume 69, Issue 3 146-148 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108913
Adalsteinsson S.The coat colors of 161 progeny from matings between 10 yellow dun and 6 blue dun stallions and mares of 8 different colors are described. The results confirm the previous hypothesis that a dominant dilution gene, D, converts bay to yellow dun with dark mane and tail, chestnut to yellow dun and dun mane and tail, and black to blue dun (mouse, grullo). The palomino gene, c cr, on the other hand, is hypostatic to black and blue dun. In heterozygous form, c cr converts bay to buckskin, and chestnut and sorrel to palomino, and results in blue-eyed white when homozygous. No particular effect of D is...
Medeiros BR, Garbade P, Seixas L, Peripolli V, McManus C.The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic parameters for subjective scores given at the Brazilian Sport Horse (BSH) Stallion Approval by estimating heritability (h) for morphological, gait, and jumping traits and genetic correlations (γ) among the functional ones and by verifying selection feasibility. The analysis included 1179 complete evaluations from 294 horses, by 4.26 ± 0.96 judges. Each trait was evaluated using mixed models in SAS® v9.2, considering the individual as a random effect. Variance components and genetic parameters were obtained by single and two-trait animal mode...
Anstey SI, Jenkins C, Jelocnik M.Chlamydia psittaci is a recognised cause of late-term equine foetal loss and poses a zoonotic risk in Australia. However, a management strategy is lacking to protect at-risk humans handling infected aborted material and pregnant mares. This study proposes a protocol for approaching C. psittaci foetal loss after investigating four foetal losses that occurred on a horse stud in the Hunter Valley, Australia in 2021. Swabs from the foetal loss cases (n = 4), close contact mares (n = 59), and foals of the close contact mares (n = 33) were collected and tested for C. psittaci using both isothe...
Mizukoshi N, Sakamoto K, Iwata A, Ueda S, Kamada M, Fukusho A.The reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was applied to the detection of African horsesickness virus (AHSV) using primers specific for attenuated AHSV serotype 4 segment 5 (NS1 gene). Total RNA which contains both messenger RNA and genomic dsRNA was extracted by the acid guanidinium-phenol-chloroform method from the AHSV infected Vero cells and was used as templates to optimize the RT-PCR. A pair of primer (NP2-NP32) amplified the product of the expected size from all serotypes of attenuated AHSV when four pairs of primers were tested. Using this p...
Alm H, Hinrichs K.The period of protein synthesis necessary for meiotic maturation in horse oocytes initially having compact or expanded cumulus cells was studied. Oocytes incubated in the presence of cycloheximide after 0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 h maturation in vitro (total incubation time 24 h) were matured for 24 h, or were incubated with cycloheximide for 24 h and then matured for 24 h. Incubation with cycloheximide from 0 h was effective in suppressing maturation (no significant increase in maturing oocytes compared with controls fixed directly after removal from the follicle) in both expanded and compact groups a...
Rooney MF, Neto NGB, Monaghan MG, Hill EW, Porter RK.Thoroughbred racehorse performance is largely influenced by a major quantitative trait locus at the () gene which determines aptitude for certain race distances due to a promoter region insertion mutation influencing functional phenotypes in skeletal muscle. To develop an system for functional experiments we established three novel equine skeletal muscle cell lines reflecting the variation in phenotype associated with genotype (CC/II, CT/IN and TT/NN for SNP g.66493737CÂ >Â T/SINE insertion 227 bp polymorphism). Primary equine skeletal muscle myoblasts, isolated from Thoroughbred horse , we...
Basrur PK, Kanagawa H, Podliachouk L.An intersex horse exhibiting cell types of different sex chromosome constitution was subjected to further studies in order to determine whether the house was a mosaic or a chimera. Cultures of gonadal tissue and peripheral blood revealed mainly 64/XX and 64/XY cells, the former predominating in both tissues. The frequency of drumstick-bearing poly-morphonuclear neutrophils in the intersex horse was similar to that noted in normal mares. Blood type analysis using 17 naturally occurring agglutinins and hemolysins revealed partial agglutinations with three antibodies for the factors of the A syst...
Schumacher J, Smith BL, Morgan SJ.A 2-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was examined for torticollis, facial protuberances over the frontal and maxillary sinuses, and persistent nasal discharge unresponsive to antibiotics. Radiograph revealed an osseous mass in the right paranasal sinuses. Histologic examination of the biopsied mass led to a diagnosis of osteoma. The mass was removed surgically in sections from the right frontal and maxillary sinuses through separate bone flaps, and sinuses were irrigated with saline solution for 8 days after surgery. Two weeks after surgery, radiography revealed small osseous opacities in the ri...
Huxtable CR, de Lahunta A, Summers BA, Divers T.Marginal siderosis is recognized in humans as an uncommon clinicopathologic entity characterized by degeneration of neural tissue at the surface of the brain and spinal cord, in association with the accumulation of hemosiderin, and resulting from chronic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The sources of hemorrhage are various and include neoplasms, malformations, cysts, and vasculopathy. Marginal siderosis of the spinal cord due to a myxopapillary ependymoma was diagnosed in a 19-year-old Dutch Warm Blood horse with clinical signs of myelopathy. There is only one previous report of marginal siderosis in...
Nes N, Lømo OM, Bjerkås I.In 4 female foals of the Norwegian horse breed, "Fjord Horse", congenital arthrogryposis of the limbs are described. The disorder was mainly limited to the hind limbs and associated with polydactylia and partly with brachygnathia superior and cleft palate. The defective foals were paternal halfsisters of 4 normal foals (1 female + 3 males), sired by the stallion "Bingo" 1804, which was phenotypically quite normal. The disorder being lethal, is possibly caused by a sex-limited or a strongly sex-influenced dominant gene.
Siddiqui MA, Gastal EL, Gastal MO, Beg MA, Ginther OJ.Follicle blood flow, follicular-fluid and plasma hormone concentrations, and oocyte quality were studied 30 h after an ovulation-inducing hCG treatment when the pre-ovulatory follicle was 32 mm. Mares were grouped as positive (n = 16) and negative (n = 44) for hCG antibodies before the experimental hCG treatment. Percentage of the follicle wall with blood flow signals was less (p < 0.05) in the antibody positive group than in the negative group. The concentrations of follicular-fluid oestradiol and free IGF1, and plasma oestradiol were greater (p < 0.001), and follicular-fluid progesterone (p ...
Peglar MT, Nerad TA, Anderson OR.A new species of lobosean amoeba, Stenamoeba polymorpha n. sp., was isolated from the diarrheic stool of a domesticated horse in Great Falls Virginia, U.S. It shares characteristics with the five other described Stenamoeba species. However, electron microscopy revealed S. polymorpha has a substantially thickened cell surface lamina. Under light microscopy, the amoebae had a dynamic polymorphic appearance because hyaloplasm readily formed and resorbed subpseudopodia from any peripheral region of the cell. While in locomotion, the amoebae produced subpseudopodia that led and alternated the dire...
Tozaki T, Hirota K, Mashima S, Tomita M, Mukoyama H.A genomic clone isolated from an equine genomic library probed with an oligonucleotide (CAG)10 showed high sequence similarity to the human F18 gene and was tentatively named equine F18 gene. Because the human F18 gene is expressed in many tissues, we examined whether this equine clone was also expressed in equine tissues. The cDNA encoding equine F18 was obtained by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from equine thymus. The nucleotide sequence of the equine F18 cDNA (1940 bp) was determined and contained both the ATG initiation codon and a poly(A) sequence. The cDNA ...
Jönsson L, Näsholm A, Roepstorff L, Egenvall A, Dalin G, Philipsson J.Soundness is important for welfare and utility of the riding horse. Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common causes of interruption in training and of culling. Despite great importance, heritability of a majority of health traits in horses has previously not been estimated. The objective was to perform genetic analyses of medical and orthopaedic health traits in young riding horses, including estimates of heritability and genetic correlations between health traits, and to reveal possibilities for genetic evaluation of stallions for progeny health. Results: The heritability of health trait...
Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Takahashi Y, Nagata SI.Gene doping, which is prohibited in horseracing and equestrian sports, can be performed by introducing exogenous genes, known as transgenes, into the bodies of postnatal animals. To detect exogenous genes, a method utilizing quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with a hydrolysis probe was developed to test whole blood and plasma samples, thereby protecting the fairness of competition and the rights of stakeholders in horseracing and equestrian sports. Therefore, we aimed to develop sample storage methods suitable for A and B samples in gene doping tests using blood. For sample A, suff...
Franz LC, Choi YH, Squires EL, Seidel GE, Hinrichs K.This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of roscovitine on suppression of meiosis, subsequent meiotic maturation, and cleavage rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection of horse oocytes. Oocytes were classified as having compact or expanded cumuli (Com or Exp oocytes) and were divided into three culture groups: 30 h culture in maturation medium (30 h Mat); 54 h culture in maturation medium (54 h Mat), or 24 h culture in medium containing 66 micro mol roscovitine l(-1) and then 30 h culture in maturation medium (Ros+M). After maturation, oocytes were subjected to intracytoplasmic spe...
