Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as a primary energy source for horses. It is metabolized through various biochemical pathways to support cellular functions and overall energy requirements. In equine physiology, glucose levels are influenced by factors such as diet, exercise, and metabolic health. Monitoring glucose concentrations is important for understanding metabolic conditions, such as insulin resistance and equine metabolic syndrome, which can affect a horse's health and performance. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the regulation, metabolism, and clinical implications of glucose in equine health.
Anesthesia in Caspian ponies. To evaluate some of the clinical and laboratory parameters following diazepam-acepromazine, thiopental, and halothane anesthesia in Caspian ponies. Methods: Prospective experimental trial. Methods: Six healthy Caspian ponies of both sexes, aged 11 +/- 3 years and weighing 318 +/- 71 kg. Methods: The ponies were pre-medicated with diazepam (0.2 mg kg(-1)) and acepromazine (0.05 mg kg(-1)) IV. Sodium thiopental 5% was administered IV, 10 minutes later and anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen for 1 hour. Heart and respiratory rates, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac rhythm, and ...
Determination of glucosamine in horse plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Glucosamine is an amino sugar involved in the biosynthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Recently, with increased public interest in natural products medicine, glucosamine has been widely used to treat osteoarthritis, even though demonstrations of its actual efficacy remain relatively unknown. Information related to the pharmcokinetics of glucosamine is sparse. A recent analytical method published used 13C-glucosamine as an internal standard to analyse study samples. The method lacked accuracy owing to an important natural isotopic contribution of glucosamine to 13C-glucosamine ion abun...
Effects of dexamethasone on glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in healthy horses. To determine effects of dexamethasone on glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in healthy horses. Methods: 6 adult Standardbreds. Methods: In a balanced crossover study, horses received dexamethasone (0.08 mg/ kg, IV, q 48 h) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment) during a 21-day period. Horses underwent a 3-hour frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) 2 days after treatment. Minimal model analysis of glucose and insulin data from FSIGTs were used to estimate insulin sensitivity (Si), glucose effectiveness (Sg), acute insulin response to gluc...
Hormonal patterns in normal and hyperleptinemic mares in response to three common feeding-housing regimens. We previously reported that a rise in plasma leptin concentrations followed the rise in insulin and glucose in meal-fed horses, whereas horses maintained on pasture had little fluctuations in hormonal patterns. We have also described a hyperleptinemic-hyperinsulinemic condition that occurs in about 30% of our light horse mares of high body condition maintained on pasture. The present experiment was designed to 1) study the effect of 3 common feeding-housing regimens on leptin and other metabolic hormones in mares and 2) determine whether the hyperleptinemic condition interacted with these regi...
Time course of insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity after a single bout of exercise in horses. The time course of insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle glycogen and GLUT4 content, and glycogen synthase (GS) activity after a single bout of intense exercise was examined in eight horses. On separate days, a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) was undertaken at 0.5, 4, or 24 h after exercise or after 48 h of rest [control (Con)]. There was no increase in mean glucose infusion rate (GIR) with exercise (0.5-, 4-, and 24-h trials), and GIR was significantly decreased at 0.5 h postexercise (GIR: 8.6 +/- 2.7, 6.7 +/- 2.0, 9.0 +/- 2.0, and 10.6 +/- 2.2 mg.kg(-1).min(-1) for Con and at 0.5, 4, ...
Postprandial kinetics of some biotic and abiotic characteristics of the gastric ecosystem of horses fed a pelleted concentrate meal. Our knowledge of the microflora of the stomach of the horse is still limited, although some data indicate its important role in nutrition. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the microbial and biochemical profiles in the stomach of the horse and to quantify the disappearance of dietary starch. Total anaerobic bacteria, lactate-utilizing bacteria, lactobacilli, and streptococci were determined, and biochemical characteristics (pH, and DM, D- and L-lactate, D-glucose, NH3, and VFA concentrations) were measured in chyme collected from 4 horses by naso-gastric intubation aided by e...
Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to mechanical or thermal processed barley in horses. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different barley processing techniques on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. It was hypothesized that the changes in pre-caecal starch digestibility caused by barley processing would affect metabolic responses. Six horses were fed in random order: whole (WB), finely ground (FGB), steamed (SB), steam-flaked (SFB) and popped barley (PB). The total barley intake was adjusted to 630 g starch/horse/day (1.2-1.5 g starch/kg BW/day). During a 10-day stabilization period, the horses also received 6 kg grass hay/horse/day. On the bloo...
Sequencing of cDNA and proximal promoter of equine hexokinase II gene. In order to investigate the utilization of glucose in equine skeletal muscle, we determined the coding and proximal promoter sequences of the hexokinase type II (HKII) gene in thoroughbred horse, Grevy's zebra and Hartmann's mountain zebra. The deduced amino acid sequence of thoroughbred horse HKII showed 100, 100, 94.4, 92.7 and 92.6% identities with Grevy's zebra, Hartmann's mountain zebra, human, mouse and rat HKIIs, respectively. In equine HKIIs, specific amino acid substitutions, Ile 159 and Arg 610, were found in the potential binding site for glucose. In addition, the nucleotide sequenc...
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure and total protein trends in horses during anesthesia. To investigate the changes in colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and total protein concentrations during routine general anesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective, clinical study. Methods: Twelve adult healthy horses aged 9.1 +/- 4.7 years and weighing 474 +/- 79 kg presented for elective surgery and 14 adult horses aged 8.7 +/- 7.3 years and weighing 510 +/- 85 kg. Methods: All horses were premedicated with xylazine and anesthesia induced with ketamine, diazepam and guaifenesin, and maintained with isoflurane for 2.5 hours. Lactate Ringer's solution was administered at 11 mL kg(-1) hour(-1). Osm...
Extreme sex ratio variation in relation to change in condition around conception. Adaptive theory predicts that mothers would be advantaged by adjusting the sex ratio of their offspring in relation to their offspring's future reproductive success. Studies investigating sex ratio variation in mammals have produced notoriously inconsistent results, although recent studies suggest more consistency if sex ratio variation is related to maternal condition at conception, potentially mediated by changes in circulating glucose level. Consequently, we hypothesized that change in condition might better predict sex ratio variation than condition per se. Here, we investigate sex ratio v...
Metabolic and clinical traits in horses undergoing feed deprivation for elective orthopaedic surgery. The objective of this study was to investigate some metabolic and clinical effects of feed deprivation in horses that were submitted for orthopaedic surgery. The effects of preoperative feed restriction were investigated in 20 horses submitted for elective orthopaedic surgery. The patients were fasted from 12 hours before until 4 hours after surgery. Serum free amino acids, glucose,free fatty acids (FFA), white blood cell counts, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined 24 hours before surgery, 2 hours after the end of anaesthesia and 24 and 72 hours after surg...
Synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle of standardbred trotters after intermittent exercise. The degradation of glycogen and its two forms, proglycogen (PG) and macroglycogen (MG) has been studied in horses performing different types of exercise, but no information is available about the resynthesis of PG and MG after exercise. Objective: To determine the resynthesis of PG and MG in skeletal muscle after intermittent uphill exercise. Methods: At a training camp 9 well-trained Standardbred trotters performed a training session comprising a warm-up period, 7 repeated 500 m bouts of exercise on an uphill slope and a recovery period. Muscle biopsies (m. gluteus medius) for analysis of PG,...
Route of carbohydrate administration affects early post exercise muscle glycogen storage in horses. No studies in horses have examined the effect of route of carbohydrate (glucose) administration on the rate of muscle glycogen storage following glycogen-depleting exercise. Objective: Glucose delivery from the gastrointestinal tract limits the rate of muscle glycogen storage following glycogen-depleting exercise. Methods: In a crossover design, 7 fit horses completed treadmill exercise (EX) on 3 occasions to deplete muscle glycogen by approximately 50%. After EX horses received: 1) i.v. glucose infusion (IV; 0.5 g/kg bwt/h for 6 h), 2) oral glucose boluses (OR; 1 g/kg bwt at 0, 2 and 4 h post...
Interval exercise alters feed intake as well as leptin and ghrelin concentrations in standardbred mares. Horses in training tend to become inappetant; however, the mechanism responsible for this training-induced inappetance is not known. Objective: Training and/or ulcers alter the feed intake (FI) and hormonal and/or biochemical (active ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin and cortisol) responses to acute high intensity exercise. Methods: Eight Standardbred mares underwent 3 interval exercise tests (IET) and 3 parallel control tests (CON) before (IET1) and after 8 weeks of training (IET2) and after treatment for gastric ulcers (IET3). Plasma samples were taken before (0 min), during (last 10 sec of ...
Glucose dynamics during exercise: dietary energy sources affect minimal model parameters in trained Arabian geldings during endurance exercise. Glucose regulation is critical for health and exercise performance. Objective: To quantify the effects of exercise and diet on insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (Sg), acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) and disposition index (DI) in horses. Methods: This study applied the minimal model of glucose and insulin dynamics to exercise-trained Arabian geldings during rest or constant moderate-intensity exercise after 8 weeks adaptation to feeds high in sugar and starch (SS, n = 6) or fat and fibre (FF, n = 6). Horses underwent 2 frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance tests (FSIG...
Effect of amino acid and glucose administration following exercise on the turnover of muscle protein in the hindlimb femoral region of thoroughbreds. In man, muscle protein synthesis is accelerated by administering amino acids (AA) and glucose (Glu), because increased availability of amino acids and increased insulin secretion, is known to have a protein anabolic effect. However, in the horse, the effect on muscle hypertrophy of such nutrition management following exercise is unknown. Objective: To determine the effect of AA and Glu administration following exercise on muscle protein turnover in horses. We hypothesise that administration of AA and Glu after exercise effects muscle hypertrophy in horses, as already shown in man and other ani...
Glycaemic and insulinaemic response of quarter horses to concentrates high in fat and low in soluble carbohydrates. Quarter Horses are particularly susceptible to polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM). Nutritional therapy and possibly prophylaxis includes fat-supplemented diets whilst starch supply should be kept to a minimum. Objective: To investigate the glycaemic and insulinaemic response of clinically normal Quarter Horses to concentrates high in fat and low in starch. Methods: Twelve Quarter Horses were studied. The precondition for inclusion in the study population was that the horses had not shown clinical signs of myopathy. The Quarter Horses were fed according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design haylag...
Exercise response, metabolism at rest and digestibility in athletic horses fed high-fat oats. High starch intakes increase the risk for metabolic disorders and therefore alternative feedstuffs are of interest. High-fat oat varieties have a lower starch and higher energy content than regular oats and may therefore be useful in this context. Objective: Feeding high fat oats causes no adverse effects on the response to exercise and that the total amount of oats offered could be reduced compared to feeding with regular oats. Methods: Twelve Standardbred trotters were fed regular oats (diet C), high-fat oats (F), and a mixture (50:50) of C and F (M), together with haylage (30:70), in a Lati...
Effects of short-term training on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in standardbred horses. Increased insulin sensitivity occurs after a period of exercise training, but the mechanisms underlying this training-associated increase in insulin action have not been investigated. Objective: To examine the effects of short-term endurance training (7 consecutive days) and a subsequent period of inactivity (5 days) on whole body insulin sensitivity and GLUT-4 protein and the activities of glycogen synthase (GS) and hexokinase (HK) in skeletal muscle. It was hypothesised that training would increase insulin sensitivity in association with increased GLUT-4 protein and activities of GS and HK, ...
Effects of dietary energy source and physical conditioning on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in standardbred horses. There is evidence that adaptation to diets rich in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) contributes to the development of insulin resistance in horses. To date, however, no study in horses has examined the effects of physical conditioning on diet-associated alterations in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Objective: To examine the effects of adaptation to concentrate feeds rich in NSC or fat on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in horses, both in the sedentary state and after a subsequent period of physical conditioning. Methods: Fourteen mature Standardbred horses underwent both...
The effect of long-term exercise on glucose metabolism and peripheral insulin sensitivity in standardbred horses. To study the possible long-term effect of improved glucose tolerance in horses after long-term training, as the impact of exercise training on glucose metabolism is still unclear in the equine species. It is not known whether there is a direct long-term effect of training or if the measurable effect on glucose metabolism is the residual effect of the last exercise session. Objective: To determine the chronic effect on glucose metabolism and peripheral insulin sensitivity of long-term training in horses by use of the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique. Methods: Eleven Standardbred ho...
Effects of prior exercise on components of insulin signalling in equine skeletal muscle. Exercise is an important stimulus for the regulation of numerous metabolic functions in muscle, but there has been little investigation of the mechanism of exercise-enhanced glucose utilisation. Objective: To examine the effects of exercise on the signalling components Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) involved in insulin regulation of glycogen synthase (GS) activity. It was hypothesised that hyperinsulinaemia and prior exercise would alter the extent of Akt phosphorylation and GSK3beta deactivation and increase insulin stimulation of GS activity in skeletal muscle. Methods: Eight Stan...
Oxygen consumption of equine articular chondrocytes: Influence of applied oxygen tension and glucose concentration during culture. We investigated the oxygen (O(2)) uptake of equine articular chondrocytes to assess their reactions to anoxia/re-oxygenation. They were cultured under 5% or 21% gas phase O(2) and at glucose concentrations of 0, 1.0 or 4.5g/L in the culture medium (n=3). Afterwards, the O(2) consumption rate of the chondrocytes was monitored (oxymetry) before and after an anoxia period of 25min. The glucose consumption and lactate release were measured at the end of the re-oxygenation period. The chondrocytes showed a minimal O(2) consumption rate, which was hardly changed by anoxia. Independently from the O(2...
Comparison of plasma biochemical parameters in Thoroughbred and Purebred Arabian horses during the same-intensity exercise. The objective of the present study was to compare changes of blood parameters induced by the same work and performed in the same conditions in two racehorse breeds, Thoroughbred and Purebred Arabian. The effect of moderate-intensity exercise was studied in 20 stallions--ten Thoroughbreds, aged 2-3 years and the same number of Purebred Arabians, 3-4 years old. All the horses were administrated the same effort test consisting in 1200 m gallop at a speed typical of the daily training sessions. Three jugular venous blood samples were collected for each horse: at rest, just after the end of the gal...
Serial alterations in digital hemodynamics and endothelin-1 immunoreactivity, platelet-neutrophil aggregation, and concentrations of nitric oxide, insulin, and glucose in blood obtained from horses following carbohydrate overload. To quantify changes in endothelium-derived factors and relate those changes to various aspects of digital hemodynamics during the prodromal stages of carbohydrate overload (CHO)-induced laminitis in horses. Methods: 20 adult horses without abnormalities of the digit. Methods: Digital and jugular venous blood samples were collected at 1-hour intervals (for assessment of endothelin-1 [ET-1] immunoreactivity and measurement of glucose, insulin, and nitric oxide [NO] concentrations) or 4-hour intervals (CBC and platelet-neutrophil aggregate assessment) for 8 hours or 16 hours after induction of CH...
Novel findings regarding Glut-4 expression in adipose tissue and muscle in horses–a preliminary report. One of the hallmarks of insulin resistance is a reduction in glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) expression in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle. However, while Glut-4 has been demonstrated in skeletal and cardiac muscles in horses it has not been demonstrated in adipose tissue. The initial objectives of the present study were: (1) to test the hypothesis that Glut-4 expression would vary between selected key skeletal muscles; (2) to test the hypothesis that it would also vary between representative adipose tissue depots, and (3) to see whether expression would be greater in adipose tissue c...
Beyond blood sugar: the potential of NMR-based metabonomics for type 2 human diabetes, and the horse as a possible model. Metabonomic analysis is a powerful tool for identifying and characterizing metabolic disorders, for example type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an essential tool for such analysis, with special benefits. The review assesses the current status and potential of NMR-based metabonomics of type 2 diabetes. The horse is proposed as a possible model for studying this condition and disease. Some examples are shown of horse blood analyses by NMR.
Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic profile of a long-term continuous rate infusion of racemic ketamine in healthy conscious horses. Ketamine (KET) possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at sub-anesthetic doses, suggesting a benefit of long-term KET treatment in horses suffering from pain, inflammatory tissue injury and/or endotoxemia. However, data describing the pharmacodynamic effects and safety of constant rate infusion (CRI) of KET and its pharmacokinetic profile in nonpremedicated horses are missing. Therefore, we administered to six healthy horses a CRI of 1.5 mg/kg/h KET over 320 min following initial drug loading. Cardiopulmonary parameters, arterial blood gases, glucose, lactate, cortisol, insulin, non...
Proglycogen, macroglycogen, glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations in skeletal muscles of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy performing light exercise. To determine concentrations of proglycogen (PG), macroglycogen (MG), glucose, and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) in skeletal muscle of horses with polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) before and after performing light submaximal exercise. Methods: 6 horses with PSSM and 4 control horses. Methods: Horses with PSSM completed repeated intervals of 2 minutes of walking followed by 2 minutes of trotting on a treadmill until muscle cramping developed. Four untrained control horses performed a similar exercise test for up to 20 minutes. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured before and 4 hou...
