Immunogenicity in relation to horses refers to the ability of a substance, such as a vaccine or pathogen, to provoke an immune response in equine species. This response involves the activation of the horse's immune system, which includes the production of antibodies and the stimulation of immune cells to recognize and combat foreign entities. Understanding immunogenicity is essential for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic interventions for horses. This topic encompasses the study of factors influencing immune responses, including genetic, environmental, and pathogen-related variables. The compilation on this page includes peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the mechanisms, assessment, and implications of immunogenicity in equine health.
Timoney JF.Streptococci pathogenic for the horse include S. equi (S. equi subsp. equi), S. zooepidemicus (S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus), S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and S. pneumoniae capsule Type III. S. equi is a clonal descendent or biovar of an ancestral S. zooepidemicus strain with which it shares greater than 98% DNA homology and therefore expresses many of the same proteins and virulence factors. Rapid progress has been made in identification of virulence factors and proteins uniquely expressed by S. equi. Most of these are expressed either on the bacterial surface or are secreted. Notable e...
Kriegshäuser G, Wutz G, Lea S, Stuart D, Skern T, Kuechler E.Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were employed to select neutralization escape mutants of equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV). Amino acid changes in the ERAV mutants resulting in resistance to neutralization were identified in capsid protein VP1 at Lys-114, Pro-240 and Thr-241. Although the changes were located in different parts of the polypeptide chain, these mutants exhibited cross-resistance against all four mAbs employed, indicating that these residues contribute to a single immunogenic site. To explain this result, we constructed a model of the three-dimensional structure of the ERAV capsid...
Lee JS, Hadjipanayis AG, Welkos SL.Anthrax, a disease usually associated with herbivores, is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The current vaccine licensed for human use requires a six-dose primary series and yearly boosters and causes reactogenicity in up to 30% of vaccine recipients. A minimally reactogenic vaccine requiring fewer inoculations is warranted. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus has been configured for use as a vaccine vector for a wide variety of immunogens. The VEE vaccine vector is composed of a self-replicating RNA (replicon) containing all of the VEE virus nonstructural genes and a multiple...
Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, MacLachlan NJ.Open reading frame 3 (ORF 3) of equine arteritis virus (EAV) is predicted to encode a glycosylated membrane protein (GP3) that is uncharacterized. ORF 3 of the American Type Culture Collection strain of EAV was in vitro transcribed and the encoded GP3 protein was in vitro translated with and without canine microsomal membranes. The GP3 protein was approximately 17 kDa after in vitro translation without canine microsomal membranes whereas the glycosylated form, after translation with microsomal membranes, was a diffuse band of 36-42 kDa, indicating that the GP3 protein is extensively glycosylat...
Cryz SJ.At the time the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute Berne (BERNA) was found in 1898, few vaccines or immune globulins were available. This short list included vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever, plague, smallpox and rabies and equine anti-tetanus and diphtheria immune globulins. Furthermore, their use was restricted due to limited production capacity, uncertainty regarding safety and no public health infrastructure to promote their utilization. Today, safe and effective vaccines exist for more than 30 infectious diseases while human hyperimmune globulins exist to treat or prevent rabies, te...
Mobarak MS, Ryan MF.Adult Strongylus vulgaris, collected from the caecum of infected horses and embedded in paraplast using standard methods, were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Antibodies were raised in rabbit against the excretory-secretory product (ESP) and against two constituent protein bands (28-30 kDa). The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting indicated the immunogenicity of ESP and of the subunits (28-30 kDa). In ELISA, both rabbit hyperimmune sera recognized the ESP and (28-30 kDa) ban...
Matsumura T, O'Callaghan DJ, Kondo T, Kamada M.The virulence of the cell culture adapted KyA strain of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), which lacks at least six genes by deletions in its genome, was assessed by intranasal inoculation of six young horses that were serologically negative for EHV-1. No horses showed clinical signs, and a neutralizing antibody response against EHV-1 was detected in two horses which had antibodies against EHV-4 prior to the inoculation. A challenge experiment using a highly virulent strain of EHV-1 conducted 4 weeks later against 4 of the 6 horses inoculated intranasally with the KyA strain and 2 control hors...
Takai S, Koike K, Ohbushi S, Izumi C, Tsubaki S.Antigens of Rhodococcus equi were analyzed by immunoblotting with naturally infected foal sera. Immunoblots of whole-cell antigen preparations of clinical isolates of R. equi revealed that major protein bands with molecular masses of 15 to 17 kDa were present in all clinical isolates tested and all isolates virulent for mice. In contrast, the 15- to 17-kDa antigens were not identified by immunoblotting in ATCC 6939, a type strain of R. equi that was avirulent for mice. Whole-cell antigens of 102 environmental isolates were investigated by immunoblotting and the mouse pathogenicity test. Twenty...
Brundage-Anguish LJ, Holmes DF, Hosier NT, Murphy BR, Massicott JG, Appleyard G, Coggins L.Temperature-sensitive (ts) reassortants of an equine influenza virus, subtype A-1, were produced by mating a human influenza ts donor virus with an equine influenza A/Cornell/16/74 wild-type virus and by isolating a ts reassortant virus possessing the equine hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. Two equine its reassortant clones, 8B1 and 71A1, were produced which had an in vitro shutoff temperature for plaque formation of 38 and 37 C, respectively. The human ts donor virus had ts mutation(s) on the polymerase 3 (P3) and nucleoprotein genes so that a ts equine reassortant virus coul...
Purdy CW, Porter RC, Ford SJ.Immunogenicity and safety of an equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) vaccine were studied in 111 foals varying in age from 1 to 122 days. Each of 88 principals was given 1 im injection of vaccine. Five of the 88 foals were revaccinated; 69 of the vaccinated principals and 23 nonvaccinated foals (serving as controls) were challenge exposed intranasally with virulent ehv-1.
The vaccine failed to cause adverse local or systemic reaction in 88 principals with serunirneutralization (sn) titers against ehv-1 varying between 0 to 1:256 at time of vaccination. After vaccination, the foals' body temperature...
Jondorf WR, Moss MS.1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather tha...
Mahmoud HY, Andoh K, Hattori S, Terada Y, Noguchi K, Shimoda H, Maeda K.In this study, we attempted to express twelve glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in 293T cells and to characterize these using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and horse sera against EHV-1. Expression of glycoprotein B (gB), gC, gD, gG, gI and gp2 was recognized by immunoblot analysis using horse sera, but that of gE, gH, gK, gL, gM and gN was not. Four MAbs recognized gB, four recognized gC and one recognized gp2. Two MAbs against gB cross-reacted with EHV-4. Interestingly, coexpression of gE and gI and gM and gN enhanced their antigenicity. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis of gp2 show...
Jondorf WR, Moss MS.1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather tha...
Brundage-Anguish LJ, Holmes DF, Hosier NT, Murphy BR, Massicott JG, Appleyard G, Coggins L.Temperature-sensitive (ts) reassortants of an equine influenza virus, subtype A-1, were produced by mating a human influenza ts donor virus with an equine influenza A/Cornell/16/74 wild-type virus and by isolating a ts reassortant virus possessing the equine hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. Two equine its reassortant clones, 8B1 and 71A1, were produced which had an in vitro shutoff temperature for plaque formation of 38 and 37 C, respectively. The human ts donor virus had ts mutation(s) on the polymerase 3 (P3) and nucleoprotein genes so that a ts equine reassortant virus coul...
Mobarak MS, Ryan MF.Adult Strongylus vulgaris, collected from the caecum of infected horses and embedded in paraplast using standard methods, were sectioned for immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. Antibodies were raised in rabbit against the excretory-secretory product (ESP) and against two constituent protein bands (28-30 kDa). The use of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting indicated the immunogenicity of ESP and of the subunits (28-30 kDa). In ELISA, both rabbit hyperimmune sera recognized the ESP and (28-30 kDa) ban...
Espino-Solis GP, Calderon-Amador J, Calderon-Aranda ES, Licea AF, Donis-Maturano L, Flores-Romo L, Possani LD.A three-dimensional model of the alphaX I-domain of the horse integrin CD11c from dendritic cells provided information for selecting two segments of the primary structure for peptide synthesis. Peptide 1 contains 20 amino acids and peptide 2 has 17 amino acid residues. The first spans from position Thr229 to Arg248 of an alpha-helix segment of the structure, whereas peptide 2 goes from Asp158 to Phe174 and corresponds to an exposed segment of the loop considered to be the metal ion-dependent adhesion site. Murine polyclonal antisera against both peptides were generated and assayed in periphera...
Del Bue M, Riccò S, Ramoni R, Conti V, Gnudi G, Grolli S.Equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are of particular interest both for basic research and for the therapeutic approach to musculoskeletal diseases in the horse. Their multilineage differentiation potential gives them the capability to contribute to the repair of tendon, ligament and bone damage. MSCs are also considered a promising therapeutic aid in allogeneic cell transplantation, since they show low immunogenicity and immunomodulating functions.Adipose tissue-derived adult equine stem cells (AdMSC) can be isolated, expanded in vitro and then inoculated into the damaged tissue, eventually i...
Neustroev MP, Petrova SG.An inactivated vaccine based on the BN-12 strain with the TNP-3 strain filtrate used as immunomodulator has been developed in order to prevent salmonella-induced equine abortion. Preclinical and clinical trials with the white mice and the horses, respectively, are carried out. The lack of toxicity is proven. The vaccine immunogenicity for mouse and mare models comprised 90 and 100%, respectively. The industrial vaccine tests showed that the industrial output of foals increased by 13.8% after immunization. Cost-effectiveness of the vaccine used with the TNP-3 strain filtrate comprised 14.1 r...
Lobigs M, Pavy M, Hall RA, Lobigs P, Cooper P, Komiya T, Toriniwa H, Petrovsky N.Advax is a polysaccharide-based adjuvant that potently stimulates vaccine immunogenicity without the increased reactogenicity seen with other adjuvants. This study investigated the immunogenicity of a novel Advax-adjuvanted Vero cell culture candidate vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mice and horses. The results showed that, in mice, a two-immunization, low-dose (50 ng JEV antigen) regimen with adjuvanted vaccine produced solid neutralizing immunity comparable to that elicited with live ChimeriVax-JE immunization and superior to that elicited with tenfold higher doses of a ...
Cryz SJ.At the time the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute Berne (BERNA) was found in 1898, few vaccines or immune globulins were available. This short list included vaccines against cholera, typhoid fever, plague, smallpox and rabies and equine anti-tetanus and diphtheria immune globulins. Furthermore, their use was restricted due to limited production capacity, uncertainty regarding safety and no public health infrastructure to promote their utilization. Today, safe and effective vaccines exist for more than 30 infectious diseases while human hyperimmune globulins exist to treat or prevent rabies, te...
Legere RM, Poveda C, Ott JA, Bray JM, Villafone EG, Silveira BPD, Kahn SK, Martin CL, Mancino C, Taraballi F, Criscitiello MF, Berghman L, Bordin AI....Design and evaluate immune responses of neonatal foals to a mRNA vaccine expressing the virulence-associated protein A (VapA) of Rhodococcus equi. Methods: Cultured primary equine respiratory tract cells; Serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 30 healthy Quarter Horse foals. Methods: VapA expression was evaluated by western immunoblot in cultured equine bronchial cells transfected with 4 mRNA constructs encoding VapA. The mRNA construct with greatest expression was used to immunize foals at ages 2 and 21 days in 5 groups: (1) 300 μg neb...
Carlier S, Depuydt E, Van Hecke L, Martens A, Saunders J, Spaas JH.Mesenchymal stem cells provide a valuable treatment option in orthopedic injuries in horses. Unassigned: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical, immunological and immunomodulatory parameters following intralesional treatment with tenogenic primed equine allogeneic peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (tpMSCs) in client-owned horses with naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) injuries. Unassigned: The immunogenicity and immunomodulatory capacities of tpMSCs were assessed in a modified mixed lymphocyte re...
