Immunoglobulins in horses are antibodies produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are essential components of the horse's immune response and are involved in recognizing foreign antigens. The primary classes of immunoglobulins in horses include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD, each with distinct roles in immune function. IgG is the most abundant and plays a key role in systemic immune responses, while IgA is important for mucosal immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen, and IgE is involved in allergic reactions. IgD's function is less well-defined but is thought to be involved in respiratory immune responses. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and clinical relevance of immunoglobulins in equine health.
Becker W.From 1981 until 1987 we investigated the more detailed circumstances regarding a prophylactic vaccination in altogether 37 stud farms with a history of virus abortion. In 23 cases, in which Prevaccinol and/or Resequin were used, it was found that the following of vaccination schedule and necessary immunization programmes respectively, had considerable imperfections. In seven cases prophylactic vaccinations were not carried out or corresponding questionnaires were not answered. The fact that in the present data no case of virus abortion was observed, when the mare was vaccinated according to th...
Riggs MW.Currently recognized equine immune deficiency disorders include failure of passive colostral immunoglobulin transfer, combined immunodeficiency, selective IgM deficiency, transient hypogammaglobulinemia, and agammaglobulinemia. Additional equine immune deficiency disorders probably exist. Immune deficiency should be suspected in any horse experiencing persistent or recurrent infections that are not responsive to conventional therapy.
Winston S, Fiscus S, Hesterberg L, Matsushita T, Mildbrand M, Porter J, Teramoto Y.The development of three separate rapid ELISAs for detecting antibodies in host serum to three different viruses is described. These include: 1. A direct antigen assay using enzyme labelled anti-canine Ig for detecting antibodies to canine parvovirus, 2. A competitive ELISA using a feline infectious peritonitis virus-specific monoclonal antibody labelled with enzyme, and 3. A competitive ELISA using an equine infectious anemia virus-specific monoclonal antibody and enzyme labelled antigen, p. 26. The utility and benefits of each of the three approaches is emphasized.
Seide RK, Jacobs RM, Dobblestein TN, Kehoe JM.A novel myeloma paraprotein has been isolated from a horse with a lymphoid tumor. The protein was a euglobulin and consequently was readily isolated from serum in pure form and high yield by simple dilution in distilled water. The purified intact protein had a molecular weight of 150,000 and was composed of heavy and light chains, both of which had blocked amino-termini and were thus not susceptible to amino-terminal sequence analysis. The amino acid compositions of these respective chains corresponded to those of comparable chains from immunoglobulins of other species. Peptide maps of parapro...
Watson ED, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ.Both random and directional migration of blood neutrophils from 9 mares susceptible to persistent endometritis were significantly less (p less than 0.05) than neutrophils from 8 resistant mares. Serum from susceptible mares had significantly more (p less than 0.01) chemotactic activity than serum from resistant mares. Although phagocytosis of yeast blastospores by blood neutrophils from 4 resistant and 3 susceptible mares was similar, uterine neutrophils from susceptible mares were significantly worse (p less than 0.01) at phagocytosis than uterine neutrophils from resistant mares. Uterine was...
Waelchli RO, Winder NC.Endometrial biopsies were obtained from four mares during consecutive oestrous cycles on the first day of oestrus, on the day when ovulation was detected, and four and eight days after ovulation. Cycle stages were confirmed by means of rectal palpation, ultrasonography and plasma progesterone determination. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the formalin fixed biopsy specimens was performed using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(Fc)- and IgG(T)-containing cells were detected in all biopsies; with IgA- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells generally predominating. ...
Adelmann-Grill BC, Otto K.A haemostatic agent and wound dressing made of horse collagen (Tachotop) was applied to guinea-pigs in such a way that the intended use of this material in humans was simulated, and cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of the animals were investigated. In addition, immune reactions were forcefully induced in guinea-pigs in order to validate the methodical approach and quantitate the observed reactions. Cell-mediated immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions, and antibodies were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Simulation of the intende...
Urasawa S, Urasawa T, Ishizawa F, Taniguchi K.Bovine and equine sera were screened for poliovirus-reactive immunoglobulins (PRIgs) by means of neutralization and precipitation reactions with type 1 poliovirus. Bovine serum B1826 and B36 were found to contain such PRIgs from their reactivity to various PRIgs-resistant mutants of type 1 poliovirus origin. Neutralization and precipitation reactions with six mono-specific antibodies obtained by absorbing antiserum with each of the six different PRIgs-resistant virus mutants revealed that three antibodies were active in precipitation reaction while the others were substantially ineffective. On...
Jacobs PH, Elsinghorst TA.Endometrial cups in horses are outgrowths appearing in the uterine wall of the pregnant horn between approximately 38 days and 150 of gestation. The cups are structures which vary in shape from oval to irregular and have distinct raised edges, showing an ulcer-like form. The maximum measurements are approximately 5 X 2.5 X 2.5 cm. Microscopic examination shows that they consist of large epithelioid decidual-like cells having large nucleoli. Pregnant Mare Endometrium Gonadotrophin (PMEG) is produced in the endometrial cups. PMEG may be regarded as a precursor of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophi...
Wells M, Gaffin SL.Passive immunotherapy with anti-lipopolysaccharide hyperimmune equine plasma (Anti-LPS) is effective in treating experimental Gram-negative bacterial infections. The bactericidal activity of anti-LPS towards five different Pseudomonas species, including two multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was tested here, as well as the ability of anti-LPS to inhibit the quantitative chromogenic limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. Anti-LPS caused a mean reduction of 84.4 +/- 3.2% (P less than 0.001) in the number of colony forming units (cfu) of all isolates, whereas saline and complement ina...
Baggot JD, Prescott JF.The success of antimicrobial therapy depends on administration of an agent to which the pathogenic microorganisms are susceptible at the concentrations attained at the site of infection. The route of administration, size of the dose and dosing interval must be appropriate for the drug preparation selected. With penicillins in particular, dosage can be tailored to the severity of the infection and quantitative susceptibility of the microorganism. This approach cannot be applied to aminoglycosides because their relatively narrow margin of safety limits the amount which can be administered. In se...
Parma AE, Fernández AS, Santisteban CG, Bowden RA, Cerone SI.An antigenic relationship between Leptospira interrogans and equine cornea was previously described by us. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed in the present work to investigate the existence of anti-leptospira and anti-cornea antibodies in tears, aqueous humor and serum from horses inoculated i.m. with those antigens. Ten days after a booster by the same route, antibodies that bind to microtiter plates, coated with an homogenate of either equine cornea or leptospira, were detected in those fluids and in the sera. At the same time, the corneas of the horses began to develop a dif...
Mair TS, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ.Lavage techniques were used to obtain secretions from the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi of conscious horses. The techniques, which utilised fibreoptic endoscopy for recovery of tracheal and bronchial secretions, were well tolerated by the horses. The recovery rates of the lavaged fluids were acceptable, but were lowest for bronchial secretions, and there was minimal contamination by blood. The fluids were analysed for IgG and IgM by single radial immunodiffusion, and for IgA and albumin by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Relative to albumin there was significantly more IgA and IgM, and signi...
Byrns G, Crump AL, Lalonde G, Bernoco D, Antczak DF.The ELY-1 locus controls the expression of a polymorphic cell surface antigen of equine lymphocytes which was detected using antibodies generated by alloimmunization with peripheral blood lymphocytes. The ELY-1 antigens were not detected on erythrocytes or platelets by absorption experiments. The two alleles, which have been designated ELY-1.1 and ELY-1.2, are expressed codominantly and appear to constitute a closed system at the population level. In family studies, the ELY-1 antigens segregated as products of an autosomal locus not linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the h...
Cohen JJ.Sunrise over the Rincon Mountains revealed a procession of fifty horses groaning under their burden of psychologists and immunologists as a recent desert workshop got under way. The participants later sat, some rather gingerly, around a table to discuss methodological questions central to the new and sometimes embattled field variously called behavioural immunology, psychoneuroimmunology, and neuroimmunomodulation.
Sentsui H, Kono Y.Horse erythrocytes treated with equine infectious anemia virus hemagglutinin were phagocytized by cultivated horse leukocytes (mainly macrophage-like cells and partly polymorphonuclear cells) after incubation with fresh horse serum but not with inactivated horse serum. The phagocytosis began as soon as the erythrocytes were added to the leukocyte cultures, and the majority of the reaction proceeded within 30 minutes. Addition of antiserum showed a slightly suppressing but no enhancing effect on the phagocytosis. Phagocytosis seemed to be caused by the recognition of the third complement compon...
Widders PR, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ.The antigenic cross reactivity between equine IgG and IgGT was investigated. On the basis of immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis reactions using an antiserum raised against the Fc fraction of IgGT, this equine immunoglobulin can be unequivocally classified as a subclass of IgG.
Matthews AG, Poulter T.The levels of albumin, immunoglobulin G (including IgG [T]), IgA and IgM in the serum and aqueous humour of 47 horses and ponies with no ophthalmic abnormalities were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. There was a linear relationship between serum and aqueous albumin levels. No relationship of serum and aqueous IgG levels was observed. IgA was detected in only one aqueous sample. IgM was not detected in aqueous humour from any eye in this study. The factors which may influence albumin and immunoglobulin levels in normal aqueous humour are discussed.
Day MJ, Penhale WJ.Skin biopsies from 47 dogs, 6 cats and 5 horses with suspected autoimmune skin disease were submitted for immunofluorescence from 1978 to 1985. These cases were predominantly Western Australian in origin, although a number were also referred from Queensland and Victoria. In 5 dogs, 2 cats and 2 horses immunoglobulin binding to intercellular cement substance and/or basement membrane was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. Antinuclear antibody was also demonstrated in several of these cases. Immunofluorescence was used in combination with histopathological examination to confirm the clini...
Lew AM, Valas RB, Maloy WL, Coligan JE.Horse serum is shown to contain a soluble class I molecule analogous to the secreted Q10 molecule in the mouse. This molecule has several similarities to the recently described mouse Q10 molecule: it is smaller than membrane-bound equine class I molecules; it occurs in a high molecular mass complex of 200-300 kd in serum; and the serum levels of the equine molecule are similar to that of the Q10 molecule (about 30 micrograms/ml). A soluble molecule is also detected in the sera of species related to the horse; it has in fact been found in all the wild members of the order Perissodactyla so far ...
Yamamoto K.Monospecific (MSp-) antisera against E1 and E2 glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus were prepared and examined for binding activities to whole virions, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), neutralization (NT) and protection. Both anti-E1 and anti-E2 MSp-Abs protected mice against WEE virus challenge. A competition experiment with monoclonal antibodies showed that these MSp-antisera appear to lack the antibody population for some epitopes involved in viral neutralization.
Jansen BC, Knoetze PC.An intramuscular injection of 8-16 Lf tetanus toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion protected adult horses against tetanus for at least 128 weeks. A booster dose of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution protected them for a further period of at least 3 1/2 years. Colostral immunity protected foals for at least 10 weeks. An intramuscular injection of 8 Lf toxoid in water-in-oil emulsion given to foals from immune dams when they were 10-18 weeks old did not elicit any antibody response. They did respond, however, to a booster injection of 8 Lf toxoid in aqueous solution given 12 weeks after the first dose. ...
Chua MM, Morgan DO, Karush F.The immune response to a bacterial vaccine of Streptococcus faecalis (strain N) was characterized in all of the seven horses studied by the sustained production of about 90% IgM anti-lactose antibody over a period of 44 weeks with maximum values of the total antibody ranging from 4 mg/ml of serum to 12 mg/ml of serum. With respect to the binding of a lactose-containing ligand the association constants of the antibodies purified from sera obtained between 5 and 44 weeks fell in the range of 1 times 10-5 M-1 to 2 times 10-5 M-1. Not only was there no significant indication of maturation of a-fin...
Matthews AG, Poulter T.The levels of albumin, immunoglobulin G (including IgG [T]), IgA and IgM in the serum and aqueous humour of 47 horses and ponies with no ophthalmic abnormalities were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. There was a linear relationship between serum and aqueous albumin levels. No relationship of serum and aqueous IgG levels was observed. IgA was detected in only one aqueous sample. IgM was not detected in aqueous humour from any eye in this study. The factors which may influence albumin and immunoglobulin levels in normal aqueous humour are discussed.
Martín E, Molleda JM, Ginel PJ, Novales M, Lucena R, López R.Lacrimal fluid represents a major ocular surface defensive mechanism providing different concentrations of all immunoglobulin classes. In this report, four classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG and IgGT) have been measured in horse tears. As in others species, IgA is the main immunoglobulin responsible for local protection and constitutes quantitatively, 50% of all lacrimal proteins. The rest of immunoglobulins studied are normally present in equine tear fluid (though in lower concentration) and contribute to ocular surface immune protection. Female and adult horses showed significant high...
Sanz MG, Bradway DS, Horohov DW, Baszler TV. is the most common cause of pneumonia in young foals. Pneumonic foals are an important source of environmental contamination as they shed higher amounts of in their faeces than unaffected foals. As -specific hyperimmune plasma (HIP) lessens clinical pneumonia, we hypothesise that its use would result in decreased faecal shedding of by foals. Neonatal foals were either given HIP (n=12) or nothing (n=9, control) shortly after birth and were then experimentally infected with Faeces were collected before and on weeks 2, 3, 5 and 7 after infection. Presence of virulent was tested using qPCR. T...
London WT, Levitt NH, Altshuler G, Curfman BL, Kent SG, Palmer AE, Sever JL, Houff SA.Fetal rhesus monkeys were inoculated intracerebrally with an attenuated strain of western equine encephalitis virus. All animals developed microcephaly. Twelve of sixteen monkeys developed ex vacuo hydrocephalus. All virus inoculated fetuses developed WEE virus antibody. Virus could not be recovered at the time of delivery. Monkeys with the highest WEE antibody titers showed the greatest degree of hydrocephalus.
Saengseesom W, Kasempimolporn S, Akesowan S, Ouisuwan S, Sitprija V.A therapeutic anti-rabies immunoglobulin for human use has been produced mainly in horses. The presently available seroneutralization test, the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), is laborious and rather difficult to carry out in horse farms. This study was undertaken to develop a simple latex agglutination test (LAT) for determining rabies antibodies in horse sera. LAT was validated by testing a total of 468 horse serum samples characterized by RFFIT. Of these, 253 of 260 samples with antibody titers of less than 100 IU/ml had agglutination score of 1+, whereas 174 of 208 samples...
Day MJ, Penhale WJ.Skin biopsies from 47 dogs, 6 cats and 5 horses with suspected autoimmune skin disease were submitted for immunofluorescence from 1978 to 1985. These cases were predominantly Western Australian in origin, although a number were also referred from Queensland and Victoria. In 5 dogs, 2 cats and 2 horses immunoglobulin binding to intercellular cement substance and/or basement membrane was demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. Antinuclear antibody was also demonstrated in several of these cases. Immunofluorescence was used in combination with histopathological examination to confirm the clini...
Pennati A, Apfelbeck T, Brounts S, Galipeau J.Mammalian platelets participate in the immediate tissue injury response by initiating coagulation and further promoting tissue injury mitigation and repair. The latter properties are deployed following platelet release of presynthetized morphogens, cytokines, and growth and chemotactic factors, which launch a tissue regenerative, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory program. Several blood-derived biologic products, like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet lysate (PL), are currently on the market to allow proper healing and tissue regeneration. However, not all growth factors are released from...
Russell KE, Walker KM, Miller RT, Sellon DC.To determine blood protein concentration, immunoglobulin concentration, and lymphocyte profiles in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) seropositive, naturally infected horses without clinical signs of disease. Methods: 26 clinically normal seropositive horses, 6 febrile ponies with experimentally induced EIA, and 52 clinically normal seronegative horses and ponies. Methods: Serum and EDTA-anticoagulated blood were obtained from all horses and ponies, and total serum protein and albumin concentrations, immunoglobulin concentrations, and blood lymphocyte subset counts were determined. Results:...
Seide RK, Jacobs RM, Dobblestein TN, Kehoe JM.A novel myeloma paraprotein has been isolated from a horse with a lymphoid tumor. The protein was a euglobulin and consequently was readily isolated from serum in pure form and high yield by simple dilution in distilled water. The purified intact protein had a molecular weight of 150,000 and was composed of heavy and light chains, both of which had blocked amino-termini and were thus not susceptible to amino-terminal sequence analysis. The amino acid compositions of these respective chains corresponded to those of comparable chains from immunoglobulins of other species. Peptide maps of parapro...
Sellon DC.FPT of immunoglobulin in foals is the commonest form of acquired immunodeficiency in horses. FPT predisposes foals to bacterial infections and septicemia and easily is preventable and treatable if breeding farms and veterinarians are attentive to optimum foaling management practices. Other forms of acquired immunodeficiencies are uncommon in horses, although immune function may be transiently suppressed by a wide variety of drugs, infections, or other conditions. As immunologic testing becomes more sophisticated and more readily available to equine practitioners, acquired immunodeficiencies ar...
Monos DS, Wolf B, Radka SF, Rifat S, Donawick WJ, Soma LR, Zmijewski CM, Kamoun M.Six mouse and 13 rat monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing HLA-DR, DQ and DP antigens were used for the detection of cell surface class II MHC antigens of equine lymphocytes. The monoclonal antibodies were tested against peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from a panel of thoroughbred horses, using two-color fluorescence flow cytometry. Seven of these mAbs reacted with both surface immunoglobulin positive (sIg+) and surface immunoglobulin negative (sIg-) lymphocytes. sIg+ cells stained consistently brighter than sIg- cells. The fluorescence pattern did not vary from donor to donor for each of...
Pusterla N, Pratt SM, Magdesian KG, Carlson GP.This paper describes the clinical, laboratory and histological findings in three horses with immune-mediated polysynovitis; they had lost weight, suffered intermittent fever, were lethargic and stiff, and had effusions in several joints. Laboratory abnormalities included anaemia, leucocytosis, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. The diagnosis was based on the presence of a suppurative, non-septic inflammation in at least two different joints in each of the horses and the presence of immunoglobulins in the synovial membrane of one of them. The horses were treated with a combination of ...
Fontanals AM, Becú T, Polledo G, Gaskin CK, Braun M.An R. equi vaccine, prepared under conditions which induce the expression of many antigens, and which has given encouraging results in field trials, was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblots and compared with other R. equi preparations: a preparation made in with the same technique from a nonvirulent isolate (virulence associated protein negative, VapA-negative); a whole cell preparation of a VapA-positive R. equi, prepared as a standard bacterin; and a semipurified VapA preparation (APTX). The antigens in these preparations were analyzed using hyperimmune sera (from adult horses vaccinated wit...
Waelchli RO, Winder NC.Endometrial sections from mares with varying degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration were examined for immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(T)- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells, luminal and glandular epithelial cell Ig-staining and free interstitial Ig-staining, using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Mares with mild to moderate (Group 2) and mares with severe diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration, superimposed by acute endometritis (Group 3), had significantly higher numbers of Ig-containing cells than genitally-normal mares (Group 1). The differences between Groups 1 and 3 were significant fo...
Tunón AM, Rodríguez-Martínez H, Hultén C, Nummijärvi A, Magnusson U.Undiluted uterine fluid from 20 Warmblood/Standardbred mares (5 to 14 yr old) was recovered by absorption to an intrauterine tampon. The mares were considered gynecologically healthy based on a clinical examination including uterine swabs for cytology and bacteriology as well as endometrial biopsy examinations. The protein profiles (SDS-PAGE) and concentrations of total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulins (Ig) A and G in the uterine fluid were examined and compared with the same proteins in serum. Major peaks were identified on the obtained protein profiles, and there was a clear similarity ...
Sano Y, Matsuda K, Okamoto M, Takehana K, Hirayama K, Taniyama H.Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the uveal tract participate in ocular immunity including immune homeostasis and the pathogenesis of uveitis. In horses, although uveitis is the most common ocular disorder, little is known about ocular immunity, such as the distribution of APCs. In this study, we investigated the distribution of CD163-positive and MHC II-positive cells in the normal equine uveal tract using an immunofluorescence technique. Eleven eyes from 10 Thoroughbred horses aged 1 to 24 years old were used. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed using the primary antibodies CD163, MHC...
Ishino S, Kumagai K, Kuniyoshi S, Nakazawa M, Matsuda I, Oka M.An immunohistochemical analysis of Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia in 10 foals was performed by biotin-streptavidin system. The detection of R. equi was more sensitive in immuno-stain using anti-R. equi serum than in Gram's stain. This bacteria also reacted to anti-BCG serum. Lysozyme and alpha 1-antitrypsin were detectable in macrophages. A particularly intense staining was observed in association with intracellular bacteria. Though a degree of reaction for alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was very low in comparison with lysozyme and alpha 1-antitrypsin, it was also demonstrated in macrophages ing...
Bertram TA, Coignoul FL, Jensen AE.Equine neutrophils were combined with contagious equine metritis organism (CEMO) or Escherichia coli in vitro in the presence of seminal plasma, uterine flushings, or Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). Phagocytosis and intracellular killing were estimated by bacterial culture and light and electron microscopy. With lysed neutrophils, the numbers of colony-forming units of CEMO and E coli increased in seminal plasma and uterine flushings. Numbers of CEMO decreased in HBSS. The numbers of CEMO increased more in the presence of seminal plasma than the other media. When neutrophils were in the ...
Wells PW, McBeath DG, Eyre P, Hanna CJ.This article attempts to relate some of the more recently accepted concepts of immunology to an understanding of the mechanisms of immunity in the horse. The cellular mechanisms involved in the immune response are outlined, with an indication of their likely role in humoral and cell-mediated immunity. In describing the humoral immune response, the structure and function of the different equine immunoglobulins are reviewed. The significance of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are considered in relation to actively and passively acquired immunity.
Hashimoto Y, Ohki H, Sato F, Yanaihara N, Iwanaga T.Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein that is co-stored with hormones or neurotransmitters in granular components of endocrine cells and neurons, and released together with them in response to adequate stimulation. In addition to acting as a packaging protein, CgA functions as a precursor molecule that yields several bioactive peptides by proteolytic cleavage. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how different the processing of CgA is among endocrine tissues by immunostaining using multiple region-specific antisera, and to evaluate the availability of region-specific antisera. Wh...
Buechner-Maxwell V, Scott MA, Godber L, Kristensen A.Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is recognized as a spontaneous disease of human infants, piglets, and possibly mules, but it has not been previously reported in horses. A 1-day-old Quarter Horse foal presented to Michigan State University Large Animal Clinic with severe thrombocytopenia of unknown origin. Immunoglobulins that bound to the foal's platelets were identified in the mare's plasma, serum, and milk by indirect assays. The immunoglobulins were further shown to recognize platelets from the foal's full brother, born 1 year earlier. These findings, coupled with the clinical course o...
Baggot JD, Prescott JF.The success of antimicrobial therapy depends on administration of an agent to which the pathogenic microorganisms are susceptible at the concentrations attained at the site of infection. The route of administration, size of the dose and dosing interval must be appropriate for the drug preparation selected. With penicillins in particular, dosage can be tailored to the severity of the infection and quantitative susceptibility of the microorganism. This approach cannot be applied to aminoglycosides because their relatively narrow margin of safety limits the amount which can be administered. In se...
Hashimoto M, Nambo Y, Kondo T, Watanabe K, Orino K.In mammal circulation, ferritin-binding proteins (FBPs) are thought to be involved in clearance of circulating ferritin after complex formation with it through receptor-mediated uptake. However, there is no report on fetal FBP in fetal circulation. Although iron concentrations of fetal horse plasma were higher than those of adult horse plasma, plasma ferritin concentrations and ferritin-binding activities were found to be significantly lower in fetus than in adult. FBPs were purified from fetal or adult horse plasma on horse spleen ferritin-Sepharose 4B affinity column. Partially affinity-puri...
Estrada R, Gutiérrez JM, Alvarado J, Robles A, Avila C, González N.The development of antibody response against phospholipase A2 activity of Bothrops asper venom was studied in a group of adult and healthy horses used in the production of the polyvalent antivenom at the Instituto Clodomiro Picado. Simultaneously, the general condition of the animals during the immunization schedule was also studied. There was a great individual variability in the immune response, although most of the horses studied reached the highest neutralizing titer after injection of doses of venom of 30 mg and 50 mg. On the other hand, in horses that had been previously immunized and we...
Buening GM, Perryman LE, McGuire TC.Nasal washings and tears were collected from seven Arabian foals with combined immunodeficiency and nine normal foals. The major immunoglobulin in the external secretions of normal foals over 2 months of age was secretory immunoglobulin A, whereas foals with combined immunodeficiency lacked this immunoglobulin. The external secretions of both normal and immunodeficient foals contained free secretory component at birth.
