Topic:Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins in horses are antibodies produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are essential components of the horse's immune response and are involved in recognizing foreign antigens. The primary classes of immunoglobulins in horses include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD, each with distinct roles in immune function. IgG is the most abundant and plays a key role in systemic immune responses, while IgA is important for mucosal immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an antigen, and IgE is involved in allergic reactions. IgD's function is less well-defined but is thought to be involved in respiratory immune responses. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and clinical relevance of immunoglobulins in equine health.
Production of an equine anti-bovine leukocyte serum. A method is described for production of an equine anti-bovine leukocyte serum (EABLS). Leukocytes were harvested from the milk of cow's udders which had been irritated with endotoxin. The washed leukocytes as antigens were administered to 2 horses in a series of subcutaneous and intravenous injections. There was a variably progressive increase in total serum proteins and a decrease in albumin/blobulin ratios, but the most pronounced change was an increase in beta2-globulins. Accompanying these changes was an increase in the number of precipitin lines as shown by Ouchterlony analysis. Four old ...
Conformation of immunoglobulin M. I. Characterization of anti-epsilon-1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalenesulfonyl-L-lysine immunoglobulin M antibodies from horse, pig, and shark. IgM antibodies specific for the fluorophore epsiolon-1-dimethylamino-5-naphthalenesulfonyl-L-lysine(DNS-lysine) were elicited in the horse and nurse shark by immunization with a DNS-lysine streptococcal conjugate; the antibodies were purified by specific adsorption with an immunoadsorbent followed by gel filtration to select the IgM class (molecular weight 900 000). About 90% of the equine anti-DNS was IgM.DNS-Lysine, when bound in the combining sites of a population of these anti-DNS IgM antigodies from horse and nurse shark, as well as from pig, exhibited a marked fluorescence enhancement an...
Combined immunodeficiency with failure of colostral immunoglobulins transfer in foals. Foals with combined immunodeficiency (CID), a fatal genetic defect in the production of both B and T lymphocytes, are born without immunoglobulins and are unable to synthesise them. CID foals receiving immunoglobulins via the dam's colostrum may live up to four months of age. Those CID foals with failure of passive transfer (FPT) die at a much earlier age. The occurrence of CID is of value in studying passive transfer of immunoglobulins, as no confusion exists as to when passive transfer ends and active synthesis of immunoglobulins begins. A high correlation has been found between early foal d...
[FAB immunoglobulin fragments. I. The comparative characteristics of the serological and virus-neutralizing properties of a gamma globulin against tick-borne encephalitis and of the FAB fragments isolated from it]. A comparative study was made of the serological properties and virus-neutralizing activity of antiencephalitis gamma-globulin and Fab-fragments isolated from it by gel-filtration. Horse immunoglobulins against the autumno-summer tick-borne encephalitis virus could be disintegrated with the aid of papaine to monovalent Fab-fragments which (according to the complement fixation reaction, the test of suppression of the complement fixation, and the HAIT) retained the serological activity whose level was compared with that of the serological activity of gamma-globulin. Fab-fragments possessed a mark...
Agammaglobulinemia in a horse with evidence of functional T lymphocytes. Agammaglobulinemia was diagnosed in a 1-year-old Thoroughbred horse on the basis of the following observations: (1) absence of serum immunoglobulins M, A, and G(T); (2) small amounts of serum immunoglobulin G (16 mg/100 ml); (3) absence of specific antibody in the serum of the horse following immunization and challenge exposure to 2 antigens; (4) absence of plasma cells, primary follicles, and germinal centers in a lymph node removed after antigenic stimulation; (5) absence of "natural" serum antibodies to rabbit-erythrocytes which were easily detectable in age-matched control horse serums; an...
Suppression of synthesis of an IgG subclass in a persistent viral infection. Comparison of immunoglobulin levels of nine horses before and after infection with equine infectious anaemia (EIA) virus demonstrated a significant depression of serum IgG(T) at 2 months (P less than 0-001) and at 1 year (P less than 0-01) after infection. In contrast, the levels of IgGa were significantly increased at both times after infection. Another sixteen horses with EIA for 1-4 months were examined and there was also significant depression (P less than 0-001) of IgG(T) when compared to pre-infection levels. No significant changes in IgG(T), IgGa and IgM were noted in fourteen normal ho...
The transfer of passive immunity to the foal and its relation to immune status after birth. The mechanism of transfer of maternal immunity to the foal is reviewed. Maximal efficiency of macromolecular absorption by specialized cells of the small intestine exists soon after birth. The absorptive cells are progressively replaced by more mature-looking cells incapable of taking up large molecules and the rate of absorption is reduced in a linear decline and ceases completely within 24 hr. Passive antibody levels fall rapidly in the first 4 weeks of life to less than half their original values and have usually completely disappeared by 6 months of age. The foal shows immunological compet...
Immunoglobulins produced by the antigenized equine fetus. The foal is born without detectable antibody and except for small amounts of IgM is devoid of immunoglobulins. Intrafetal administration of either Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE-TC83) or ovine erythrocytes elicited IgGa, IgGb and a trace of IgG(T). The fetal blood VEE-TC83 neutralization titre was higher than the neutralization titre elicited by the same preparation in older horses.
Immunoglobulin metabolism in the neonatal foal. The proteins IgG and IgG(T) are the predominant immunoglobulins in equine colostrum. Their distribution and catabolism were studied in the newborn foal using an isotopic tracer technique. More precise quantitation of the absorption of these immunoglobulins from colostrum is now possible.
Antigenic relationship between the surface antigens of avian and equine influenze viruses. Influenza virus Equine 1 (A/equine/Prague/56) has a hemagglutinin which is antigenically related to the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus strain Rostock (FPV) and a neuraminidase which cross-reacts with the enzyme of virus N (A/chick/Germany/49). After a single injection of chickens with Equine 1 virus no hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against FPV can be demonstrated, although the birds are fully protected against a lethal dose of FPV. HI and neutralizing antibodies against FPV appear after a second injection of Equine 1 virus several weeks after the first one. L...
[Dry erythrocytic diagnostic agent for the determination of antiglobulins]. Dry erythrocytic diagnostic agents were obtained under experimental conditions for determination of antiglobulins forming in the organism of man and animals under the effect of serum preparations from the blood of horses and homologoum immunoglobulins. A study was made of the sera of 100 patients with tick-borne encephalitis treated with heterologous and homologous immunoglobulins of directed action; in response to the administration of horse gamma-globulin antiglobulins (in titres below 1 : 10000) appeared in the serum; they circulated in the blood for long periods and inhibited the accumulat...
Hypogammaglobulinemia predisposing to infection in foals. Measurement of serum immunoglobulins in 46 foals less than 2 weeks old revealed 9 foals with hypogammaglobulinemia. The hypogammaglobulinemia was attributed to failure in transfer of immunoglobulins from dam to foal via colostrum. Three of the affected foals did not nurse at all, or only slightly, and 2 of these died of infections within a few days after birth, whereas the 3rd foal did not grow as well as normal foals. Six of the affected foals nursed in an apparently normal manner, and 5 of these had nonfatal respiratory infections between 2 and 5 weeks of age. Analysis of serum samples from ...
Studies on equine immunoglobulins. IV. Immunoglobulins of the donkey. Donkey IgGa was isolated in purified form from normal and immune donkey sera by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Isolated donkey IgGa and mixtures of (IgGa+IgGb) were used as antigens to prepare rabbit reagents specific for equine IgGa or IgGb. Antibodies present in sera obtained from a single donkey at various times during the course of hyperimmunization with BSA were isolated by immuno-adsorption. The class or subclass of immunoglobulins present among isolated, donkey anti-BSA antibodies was determined by use of specific rabbit anti-equine immunoglobulin reagents. The homologues of h...
Equine anti-hapten antibody. IX. IgM anti-lactose antibodies. The immune response to a bacterial vaccine of Streptococcus faecalis (strain N) was characterized in all of the seven horses studied by the sustained production of about 90% IgM anti-lactose antibody over a period of 44 weeks with maximum values of the total antibody ranging from 4 mg/ml of serum to 12 mg/ml of serum. With respect to the binding of a lactose-containing ligand the association constants of the antibodies purified from sera obtained between 5 and 44 weeks fell in the range of 1 times 10-5 M-1 to 2 times 10-5 M-1. Not only was there no significant indication of maturation of a-fin...
Comparison of SN and HI antibody dose response curves in chickens, rabbits, foals and horses following vaccination with equine influenza vaccine. After vaccination of chickens, rabbits, foals and horses, HI and SN antibody dose response curves were compared for A/Equi 1/Prague and A/Equi 2/Paris strains.
The two curves are parallel for a given strain and the relationship of HI and SN titres is constant, whatever the animal species.
The distribution of HI and SN titres varies for the two strains.
This variation, which is independent of animal species, may be related to the number of sites necessary for the antigenic-antibody response in vitro.
It is suggested that the testing of equine influenza vaccine be carried out in the ...
Serum levels of the immunoglobulins IgG and IgG(T) in horses. Levels of the immunoglobulins IgG and IgG(T) in serum in Norwegian horses of the breeds “Døle” and “Fjord” were determined by the quantitative radial immunodiffusion test. No significant differences were apparent between the 2 Norwegian breeds. The immunoglobulin levels were approximately in the same range as previously reported for Shetland ponies. Immunoglobulins could not be detected in the newborn foal. As early as 24 hrs. after birth the mean immunoglobulin level was within the adult range. After a drop during the first month of life, the immunoglobulins increased. IgG(T) rose mo...