Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique used to visualize specific antigens in tissue sections of horses through the application of antibodies. This method allows for the detailed examination of the distribution and localization of proteins within equine tissues, providing insights into various physiological and pathological processes. IHC is employed in equine research to study a range of conditions, including infectious diseases, inflammatory responses, and neoplastic disorders. By utilizing specific antibodies that bind to target antigens, researchers can identify cellular and tissue changes, contributing to a better understanding of equine health and disease mechanisms. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of immunohistochemistry in the field of equine research.
Fortier LA, Nixon AJ, Lust G.To assess the effects of supraphysiologic concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on morphologic and phenotypic responses of chondrocytes. Methods: Articular cartilage obtained from 2 young horses. Methods: Chondrocytes were suspended in fibrin cultures and supplemented with 25, 12.5, or 0 mg of IGF-1/ml of fibrin. Chondrocyte morphology and phenotypic expression were assessed histologically, using H&E and Alcian blue stains, immunoreaction to collagen type I and II, and in situ hybridization. Proteoglycan content, synthesis, and monomer size were analyzed. The DNA content w...
Machida N, Tanaka Y, Taya K, Nakamura T.A case of congenital ovarian interstitial cell hamartoma in a thoroughbred foal that died of apparent nutritional myopathy (white-muscle disease) 14 h after birth is described. An incidental finding at necropsy was a pale brown, mushroom-shaped, pedunculated mass (6 x 4 x 3 cm) attached to the left ovary. On the cut surface, the mass had a peripheral rim of dense parenchyma (3-5 mm wide), surrounding a pale gelatinous core. Histologically, the mass consisted of a peripheral zone of densely packed large cells that were quite similar, morphologically, to fetal ovarian interstitial cells, and a c...
de Bruijn CM, van den Ingh TS, Teske E, Rutten VP, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM.In this case report we describe an atypical clinical manifestation of malignant lymphoma in a horse. The most obvious clinical symptoms were hyperaemic mucosae and skin lesions. The skin and mucosal lesions appeared to be caused by a leukemic form of malignant lymphoma. The lymphocytosis consisted mainly of different populations of T-lymphocytes. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry identified the malignant lymphoma as a T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma.
Katayama Y, Kuwano A, Yoshihara T.A 4-year-old female thoroughbred race horse died of acute peritonitis caused by necrotizing granulomatous duodenitis. Yersinia enterocolitica was immunohistochemically demonstrated in macrophages in granulomas developed in the duodenum, lung, liver and abdominal lymph nodes. The yeast-like fungi were found in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of macrophages in the lung that infiltrated into the granulomas and surrounding alveoli with congestive edema. The yeast-like fungi were positively stained by Gomori-Grocott chromic acid methenamine silver stain and immuno-histochemically stained with anti-histopl...
van der Haegen A, Griot-Wenk M, Welle M, Busato A, von Tscharner C, Zurbriggen A, Marti E.The aim of the present study was to investigate, with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation, if immunoglobulin-E (IgE) and mast cells are involved in the pathogenesis of insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), an allergic dermatitis of horses. In tissue sections fixed in paraformaldehyde (PFA) for <24 h, significantly more IgE protein-bearing cells were found in the dermis and epidermis of acute and chronic IBH lesions than in skin biopsies from healthy horses (medians = 466, 236 and 110 cells/mm2, respectively; P < or = 0.01). More IgE-mRNA positive (+) cells were observed in the dermis ...
Wilson AD, Harwood LJ, Björnsdottir S, Marti E, Day MJ.We postulated that all horses exposed to the bites of Culcoides (midges) would have an antibody response to the antigen secreted in Culcoides saliva, but that IgE antibody would be restricted to allergic individuals. Using immunohistology on sections of fixed Culicoides, we have demonstrated the presence of antibodies in horse serum which recognise Culicoides salivary glands. Antibodies were detected in the serum of horses with insect dermal hypersensitivity and in the serum of normal horses exposed to Culicoides bites. In contrast, no antibodies were detected in serum from native Icelandic po...
Del Piero F, Summers BA, Cummings JF, Mandelli G, Blomme EA.Eleven gastrointestinal neoplasms from 10 aged horses and 1 pony were examined grossly, his tologically, immunohistochemically, and (in two cases) ultrastructurally. Clinical signs were associated with two neoplasms, and the other nine tumors were incidental findings at laparotomy or necropsy. The neoplasms were solitary (9/11) or multifocal (2/11), well demarcated, serosal or mural masses of stomach (1), jejunum (1), ileum (3), cecum (5), and/or colon (2). Microscopic examination revealed discrete spindle cells arranged in compact patterns with fascicles and whorls or cribriform pattern with ...
Pemberton AD, McEuen AR, Scudamore CL.Mast cell proteinases are important inflammatory mediators in man and other species, but until now there has been no investigation of the nature of equine mast cell proteinases. These studies describe the purification and characterisation of two proteolytic components from equine mastocytoma tissue, detected using chromogenic substrates for trypsin and chymotrypsin. Following chromatographic purification, the trypsin-like component was found to be equine mast cell tryptase by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, showing a close similarity with human tryptase-beta (85% identity over 20 residues). ...
Jeffrey SC, Murray MJ, Eichorn ES.Growth factors are important in healing and restoration of injured gastrointestinal tissues and, therefore, we characterised temporally the distribution and density of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) in normal and peptic-injured gastric squamous epithelium of horses. Lesions were induced in the equine gastric squamous epithelium using a feed deprivation protocol that results in prolonged increased gastric acidity. Fifteen mature horses, 9 geldings and 6 mares, age 3 to 20 years, were used and divided into 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 5) were subjected to euthanasia for problems unrelated to ...
Quiroz-Rothe E, Rivero JL.Combined methodologies of immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and photometric image analysis were applied: (1) to characterise control equine skeletal muscle fibres according to their myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition and (2) to determine on a fibre-to-fibre basis the correlation between contractile [i.e. MyHC(s), myofibrillar ATPase (mATPase) and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) isoforms], metabolic [i.e. succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) activities, glycogen and phospholamban (PLB) contents], and morphological [i.e. cross-sect...
Kitamura H, Okumura M, Sato F, Kimoto K, Kohama M, Hashimoto Y, Tagami M, Iwanaga T.Our previous study established protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, as a specific cytochemical marker of synovial lining cells (type B synoviocytes) in the horse joint. The present study aimed to detect PGP 9.5 in the synovial fluid and shows that PGP 9.5 is a valuable marker of osteoarthritis in the horse. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed rich and consistent localization of PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of synovial lining cells in the normal horse joint. Western blot analysis of synovial fluid from normal joints could detect a significant ban...
Lorenzo PL, Liu IK, Illera JC, Picazo RA, Carneiro GF, Illera MJ, Conley AJ, Enders AC, Illera M.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been reported to promote different functions in mammalian ovaries, including oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to establish: that EGF influences oocyte maturation in ovine and equine, that a tyrosine kinase-dependent intracellular mechanism mediates EGF effect and, that EGF-R receptor is detectable in ovarian follicles by immunohistochemistry methods. Selected ovine and equine oocytes were aspirated from 2-5 mm (ovine) or 25 mm (equine) follicles and cultured in TCM 199 for 22 (ovine) or 36 hours (equine). They are then subjected to culture w...
Lorenzo PL, Liu IK, Illera JC, Picazo RA, Carneiro GF, Illera MJ, Conley AJ, Enders AC, Illera M.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been reported to promote different functions in mammalian ovaries, including oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to establish: that EGF influences oocyte maturation in ovine and equine, that a tyrosine kinase-dependent intracellular mechanism mediates EGF effect and, that EGF-R receptor is detectable in ovarian follicles by immunohistochemistry methods. Selected ovine and equine oocytes were aspirated from 2-5 mm (ovine) or 25 mm (equine) follicles and cultured in TCM 199 for 22 (ovine) or 36 hours (equine). They are then subjected to culture w...
Sellers RS, Toribio RE, Blomme EA.Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease, which has been reported in horses, cattle and human beings, is characterized by perivascular granulomatous and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in many organ systems. Diagnosis is based on the exclusion of possible viral, fungal or bacterial causes. The disease was identified in a miniature pony with widespread lymphoplasmacytic and granulomatous inflammation, special staining techniques having revealed no evidence of any aetiological agent. Skin lesions, which were severe, consisted of hyperkeratosis and serocellular crust formation, with inflammatory ...
Hudson N, Mayhew I, Pearson G.Equine dysautonomia (grass sickness) is a common, frequently fatal disease of horses characterised by dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. Interstitial cells of Cajal are the c-Kit-immunoreactive cells responsible for the generation of pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Impairment of this pacemaker action has been implicated in several motility disorders in humans and laboratory mammals. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that changes in interstitial cells of Cajal may be involved in the pathophysiology of the intestinal dysfunction observed in equine gra...
Costa LR, Seahorn TL, Moore RM, Oliver JL, Hosgood GL.To determine concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and localize nitric oxide synthesis in the lungs of horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD). Methods: 7 adult horses with SPAOPD and 6 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: Severity of SPAOPD was determined by use of clinical scores, change in intrapleural pressure (APpl) during tidal breathing, cytologic analysis of BALF, and histologic evaluation of lung specimens obtained during necropsy. Nitric oxide concentrations in plasma, BALF and epithelial lining ...
Sheehy JG, Hellyer PW, Sammonds GE, Mama KR, Powers BE, Hendrickson DA, Magnusson KR.To evaluate mu-opioid receptors in synovial membranes of horses and determine whether these receptors are up-regulated in nerve endings during inflammation. Methods: Synovial tissue obtained from 39 client-owned horses during arthroscopy and 14 research horses during necropsy; brain and synovial tissues were obtained during necropsy from 1 horse, and control tissues were obtained from a mouse. Methods: Horses were classified into 7 groups on the basis of histologically determined degree of inflammation. Binding of primary rabbit antibody developed against mu-opioid receptors in equine synovial...
Murray RC, Smith RK, Henson FM, Goodship A.Based on previous studies where tendons receiving the most load have been shown to have the highest levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), we hypothesized that COMP distribution in articular cartilage may be influenced by mechanical loading. This investigation aimed (a) to describe the pattern of COMP immunoreactivity in middle carpal joint cartilage of two-year-old Thoroughbred horses; (b) to determine topographical variations; (c) to compare high (group 1) and low (group 2) intensity training and (d) to describe COMP immunoreactivity at sites with early osteoarthritis. Group 1...
Hashimoto Y, Ohki H, Sato F, Yanaihara N, Iwanaga T.Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein that is co-stored with hormones or neurotransmitters in granular components of endocrine cells and neurons, and released together with them in response to adequate stimulation. In addition to acting as a packaging protein, CgA functions as a precursor molecule that yields several bioactive peptides by proteolytic cleavage. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how different the processing of CgA is among endocrine tissues by immunostaining using multiple region-specific antisera, and to evaluate the availability of region-specific antisera. Wh...
Fortier LA, Balkman CE, Sandell LJ, Ratcliffe A, Nixon AJ.This study evaluated the constitutive insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression pattern in spontaneously healing cartilage defects over the course of 16 weeks, and correlated the tissue morphology and matrix gene expression with IGF-I mRNA levels. Full-thickness 15 mm cartilage defects were debrided in the femoral trochlea of both femoropatellar joints of 8 horses and the healing defects examined 2, 4, 8, or 16 weeks after surgery. Samples were harvested for histologic assessment of tissue healing using H&E staining, toluidine blue histochemical reaction for proteoglycan deposition,...
Worster AA, Brower-Toland BD, Fortier LA, Bent SJ, Williams J, Nixon AJ.This study evaluated chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor stem cells (MSCs) cultured initially under pre-confluent monolayer conditions exposed to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and subsequently in three-dimensional cultures containing insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Bone marrow aspirates and chondrocytes were obtained from horses and cultured in monolayer with 0 or 5 ng of TGF-beta 1 per ml of medium for 6 days. TGF-beta 1 treated and untreated cultures were distributed to three-dimensional fibrin disks containing 0 or 100 ng of IGF-I per ml of medium to establish fou...
Requena L, de la Cruz A, Moreno C, Sangüeza O, Requena C.Animal type melanoma is a rare histopathologic variant of melanoma characterized by sheets and nodules of heavily pigmented epithelioid melanocytes that involve the entire thickness of the dermis. This human neoplasm mimics melanocytic neoplasms seen in gray horses and laboratory animals; thus, is termed animal type melanoma. It is quite rare and, with only a few reported cases, its biological behavior is not well understood. We report an example of animal type melanoma on the back of a 27-year-old man. The lesion showed areas of melanoma in situ, which ruled out the possibility of metastatic ...
Cantile C, Del Piero F, Di Guardo G, Arispici M.The pathologic and peroxidase immunohistochemical features of West Nile flavivirus (WNV) infection were compared in four horses from the northeastern United States and six horses from central Italy. In all 10 animals, there were mild to severe polioencephalomyelitis with small T lymphocyte and lesser macrophage perivascular infiltrate, multifocal glial nodules, neutrophils, and occasional neuronophagia. Perivascular hemorrhages, also noted macroscopically in two animals, were observed in 50% of the horses. In the four American horses, lesions extended from the basal nuclei through the brain st...
Bae SE, Corcoran BM, Watson ED.Little is known about neurogenic regulation of uterine contractility in mares. The present study investigated the distribution of adrenergic and peptidergic nerves in the mare uterus. Samples from the uterine horn, body and cervix were collected from 18 cyclic mares for immunohistochemistry. The uterus was well supplied with adrenergic nerves. A large number of tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve bundles and fibres were present in the myometrium and endometrium in all regions of the uterus and cervix. These adrenergic nerve bundles and fibres travelled para...
Del Piero F, Wilkins PA, Dubovi EJ, Biolatti B, Cantile C.Natural eastern equine encephalitis alphavirus (EEEV) infection was diagnosed in two adult horses with anorexia and colic, changes in sensorium, hyperexcitability, and terminal severe depression. Myocardium, tunica muscularis of stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, and spleen capsule had coagulative necrosis and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. Central nervous system (CNS) lesions were diffuse polioencephalomyelitis with leptomeningitis characterized by perivascular T lymphocyte cuffing, marked gliosis, neuronophagia, and multifocal microabscesses. Lesions were more prominent within cerebr...
Semevolos SA, Nixon AJ, Brower-Toland BD.To determine molecular changes in the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in horses with osteochondrosis, and to characterize expression of matrix aggrecan and collagen types I, II, and X in articular cartilage of affected joints. Methods: Articular cartilage from affected stifle or shoulder joints of 11 horses with naturally acquired osteochondrosis and corresponding joints of 11 clinically normal horses. Methods: Harvested specimens were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and total RNA was isolated. Specimens were fixed in 4% paraf...
Hartzel DK, Arnoczky SP, Kilfoyle SJ, Stick JA.To demonstrate myofibroblasts in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ie, distal check ligament) and deep digital flexor tendon of clinically normal foals. Methods: Tissue specimens from 25 foals that were necropsied for reasons unrelated to this study and unrelated to musculoskeletal disease. Methods: The distal check ligament and deep digital flexor tendon of both forelimbs were examined histologically. Myofibroblasts were identified by immunohistochemical staining specific for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). Results: Most of the cells in the distal check ligament...
Walter I, Klein M, Handler J, Aurich JE, Reifinger M, Aurich C.To evaluate changes of glycoconjugate in uterine glands of endometrial tissues obtained from mares. Methods: adult mares. Methods: Uterine biopsy samples were collected during the breeding season and analyzed histologically for signs of chronic endometrial degeneration. Stage of the estrous cycle was established, using clinical examination and determination of hormonal status. Uterine tissue samples were analyzed, using lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques (estrogen and progesterone receptors). Connective tissues were stained to determine alterations of ground substance in p...
Sironi G, Riccaboni P, Mertel L, Cammarata G, Brooks DE.The expression of p53 protein was investigated in eight formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded conjunctival squamous cell carcinomas of five horses and one cow, dog and cat each by an immunohistochemical procedure in order to evaluate protein overexpression. Anti-human p53 protein mouse monoclonal antibodies known to be cross-reactive with p53 protein of the animal species examined were used. Positive p53 nuclear immunostaining was detected in five equine, one bovine and one feline cases. Conversely, no p53 immunostaining was found in the only canine case examined. These results demonstrate a frequ...
Wattle OS.To determine whether there is a change in the expression of cytokeratins in the epidermal cells of the non-weight-bearing parts of the limb in horses with acute laminitis and thus determine whether the morphologic changes that develop in the periople and chestnut (torus carpeus) of horses early in acute laminitis are caused by inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation. Methods: 8 horses with acute laminitis. Methods: Tissue specimens were obtained from the chestnuts of all 8 horses and from the stratum externum of the hoof wall of 3 horses. Tissue specimens were obtained within 48 hours of th...
Apprich V, Licka T, Freiler S, Gabriel C.Impaired keratinocyte differentiation has recently been suggested as a key event in equine hoof canker development. Koilocytotic appearance of keratinocytes, one of the most characteristic morphological alterations in hoof canker tissue, is also a common marker for papillomavirus (PV) infection, and bovine PV-1 and/or -2 (BPV-1/2) has previously been detected in equine canker patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to correlate the frequency and severity of koilocytotic keratinocytes with BPV detection in hoof canker samples. Hoof tissue of 5/18 canker-affected horses and 2/6 control hors...
Chandra AM, Woodard JC, Merritt AM.A yearling Arabian filly was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a history of weight loss, profound anemia, and peritoneal effusion. At necropsy, a large, soft, mottled tan and red neoplastic mass was at the pelvic inlet replacing the left ovary. Additional tumor nodules of various sizes were disseminated throughout the mesentery, diaphragm, and serosal surfaces of the abdominal viscera. Histologically, the neoplasm had sheets of large round to polygonal cells separated into lobules by fibrous connective tissue with multifocal areas of necrosis. Tumor cells stained strong...
Waelchli RO, Winder NC.Endometrial sections from mares with varying degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration were examined for immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(T)- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells, luminal and glandular epithelial cell Ig-staining and free interstitial Ig-staining, using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Mares with mild to moderate (Group 2) and mares with severe diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration, superimposed by acute endometritis (Group 3), had significantly higher numbers of Ig-containing cells than genitally-normal mares (Group 1). The differences between Groups 1 and 3 were significant fo...
Maciel LFS, Silva ESM, Oliveira-Filho JP, Fritsch SC, Rossi RS, Lourenção JAC, Meira C.Administration of progesterone (P4) after estradiol is usually performed to prepare non-cyclic mares as embryo recipients. However, there are successful pregnancy reports after embryo transfer in non-cyclic mares treated only with progestins. The objective of this study was to evaluate endometrial gene expression and immunostaining for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ) and progesterone receptor (PR) in seasonal anestrous mares treated with long acting P4 (LA P4). Endometrial tissue from eight seasonal anestrous mares was collected immediately before administration of 1.5 g of LA P4 ...
Asahina M, Murakami K, Ajito T, Goryo M, Okada K.The tissues of an 8-year-old thoroughbred castrated male horse with equine lymphoma were examined immunohistochemically. Neoplastic masses were observed in the mediastinum, mesenteric lymph nodes, gastric mucosa and serosa, liver capsule, and spleen capsule with associated lymph nodes. Histopathologically, the neoplastic cells were seen to consist predominantly of a mixture of well differentiated small and large types. Immunohistochemically, the small lymphoid cells were MHC class IIlow+ and PanT- and the large lymphoid cells were MHC class IIhigh+ and PanT-. These findings revealed that the n...
Desantis S, Albrizio M, Ventriglia G, Deflorio M, Guaricci AC, Minoia R, De Metrio G.The presence of the mu-opioid receptor and the type of glycosylation in the third extra-cellular loop of this receptor was investigated in the isthmus of mare oviduct during oestrus by means of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry combined with enzymatic (N-glycosidase F and O-glycosidase) and chemical (beta-elimination) treatments. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the mu-opioid receptor consists of two peptides with molecular weights of around 65 and 50 kDa. After N-deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F an additional immunoreactive peptide was observed at around 30 KDa. The cleavage of O...
Brinker EJ, Ceriotti S, Naskou MC, Spangler EA, Groover ES, Neto RLALT.A 25-y-old Percheron mare was admitted to the teaching hospital because of lethargy and intractable dyspnea. Thoracoabdominal ultrasound examination identified severe peritoneal effusion, mild bilateral pleural effusion, and a diffuse pulmonary nodular pattern. Cytology of peritoneal fluid revealed a hypercellular sample with clusters of neoplastic polygonal cells and admixed macrophages. Euthanasia was followed by postmortem examination; marked bi-cavitary effusion was present, and innumerable up to 4-cm diameter, round-to-floriform nodules were diffusely evident throughout serosal surfaces a...
Junginger J, Geburek F, Khan MA, Müller G, Gruber AD, Hewicker-Trautwein M.Cutaneous mastocytosis is a rare benign disease occurring in domestic animals and humans. In previous reports, dermal findings in foals were accompanied by systemic mast cell infiltrations, whereas lesions in human cutaneous mastocytosis, including urticaria pigmentosa and solitary mastocytoma, are usually restricted to the skin. Objective: To describe a new variant of equine cutaneous maculopapular mastocytosis lacking systemic involvement. Methods: A 2.5-month-old warmblood foal with multiple skin nodules since birth. Methods: Clinical examination (including haematology, fine needle biopsy a...
Halse S, Pizzirani S, Parry NM, Burgess KE.A 3-year-old Marwari mare was presented for evaluation of an irregular, reddish mass protruding from behind the right third eyelid. The mass appeared to arise at the ventral limbal area, involved the perilimbal bulbar conjunctiva and widely extended into corneal tissue. No other ocular or systemic abnormalities were detected at the time of presentation. The mass was surgically removed by lamellar keratectomy, with defocused CO(2) laser used as adjunctive therapy to treat the surgical exposed area and its surroundings. Histopathologic evaluation showed sheets of densely packed, well-differentia...
Milne EM, Pirie RS, Hahn CN, Del-Pozo J, Drummond D, Moss S, McGorum BC.Equine dysautonomia (ED) causes degeneration and loss of autonomic neurons. Approximately 50% of chronic cases recover, but it is unclear how they survive neuronal loss. Objective: To assess lesions, autonomic neuron numbers, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and neurodegeneration in recovered cases. Methods: Thirteen cases (group ED), euthanized 10.3 ± 5.2 (1-16) years from diagnosis and 6 age-matched controls (group C). Methods: Prospective, case control; routine post mortem examination, neuron counts in peripheral and enteric ganglia and immunohistochemical assessment of neural networ...
Hamada M, Takechi M, Itakura C.Langerhans' cells (LC) were investigated immunohistochemically and electron microscopically in normal equine epidermis and 133 equine cutaneous papillomas experimentally induced in five 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses. Class II major histocompatibility complex antigen-positive dendritic LC were found in the normal epidermis and ultrastructurally had the characteristic Birbeck's granules. In the developing phase of the papillomas, LC were significantly decreased in number and size, indicative of a hypofunctional state. In the regressing phase of the papillomas, LC were markedly increased in numb...
Rungsipipat A, Tateyama S, Yamaguchi R, Uchida K, Miyoshi N.An immunohistochemical study of various visceral organs of normal adult dogs, cats, pigs, horses, cows, and chickens (five of each species) and of 185 spontaneous canine tumours was carried out using paraffin wax sections and a commercially available antibody to the human c- yes oncogene product. Among the adult normal tissues of six animal species, epithelial cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules, the myocardium, hepatocytes, cerebellar Purkinje cells and adrenal cortical cells were positive for c- yes product. Among the foetal tissues of dogs and chickens, a positive reaction was ob...
Acevedo HD, Hassebroek AM, Leventhal HR, Duhamel GE, Carvallo FR.A 17-y-old Rocky Mountain gelding was presented to the Virginia-Maryland Veterinary Teaching Hospital because of a 4-wk history of anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, and fever of unknown origin. Abdominal ultrasound revealed lymphadenomegaly of the abdominal and colonic lymph nodes, thickening of the wall of the large colon, and a mass associated with the large colon. The horse was euthanized given a poor prognosis. On autopsy, an ~20-cm diameter mass was found within the mesocolon between the right ventral and right dorsal colon. The mass had invaded through the colonic walls and formed a fistu...
Otzen H, Sieme H, Oldenhof H, Kassens A, Ertmer F, Rode K, Müller K, Klose K, Rohn K, Schoon HA, Meinecke B.The aim of this study was to evaluate the uterine blood supply and endometrial vessel architecture, during the equine estrous cycle. Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) hysteroscopy was used for evaluating changes in the endometrial vasculature during the estrous cycle [six mares, d 0 (representing the day of ovulation), d 6 and 11 in four locations]. In addition, endometrial biopsy samples were used for immunodetection of markers for angiogenesis (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, its receptor 2, as well as angiopoietin-2 and its receptor-tyrosine-kinase Tie2) during the estrous cycle (three mares,...
Ishino S, Kumagai K, Kuniyoshi S, Nakazawa M, Matsuda I, Oka M.An immunohistochemical analysis of Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia in 10 foals was performed by biotin-streptavidin system. The detection of R. equi was more sensitive in immuno-stain using anti-R. equi serum than in Gram's stain. This bacteria also reacted to anti-BCG serum. Lysozyme and alpha 1-antitrypsin were detectable in macrophages. A particularly intense staining was observed in association with intracellular bacteria. Though a degree of reaction for alpha 1-antichymotrypsin was very low in comparison with lysozyme and alpha 1-antitrypsin, it was also demonstrated in macrophages ing...
Clarke L, Simon A, Ehrhart EJ, Mulick J, Charles B, Powers B, Duncan C.Mast cell tumors are uncommon in horses and typically have a benign clinical course, but there are occasional reports of more aggressive behavior. The objective of this study was to review histologic features and KIT expression patterns of 72 previously diagnosed equine cutaneous mast cell tumors to determine if either is associated with clinical outcomes. Biopsy specimens were reviewed using histologic criteria derived from grading schemes, and KIT antibody expression patterns used in canine tumors and surveys were sent to referring veterinarians for follow-up clinical data. Arabians were ove...
Kawai M, Kuwano A, Hiraga A, Miyata H.The myonuclear domain (MND) is the region of cytoplasm governed by a single myonucleus. Myonuclear domain size is an important factor for muscle fibre plasticity because each myonucleus has limitations in the capacity of protein synthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that differences in MND size exist in different fibre types in several species, including horses. Objective: To understand the basic mechanism of muscle plasticity, the relationships between MND size, muscle fibre type population and metabolic properties of skeletal muscles throughout the whole body in Thoroughbred horses w...
Elbahi A, Kipar A, Ressel L.This report describes a series of four equine mast cell tumours (MCTs) with atypical morphological features. The tumours were 1-2 cm in diameter and mostly localized to the eyes (one eyelid, two conjunctiva). Histologically, they were composed of very large (up to 35 μm) round pleomorphic cells with a large central to paracentral nucleus and abundant granular cytoplasm. A large number of viable mature eosinophils were detected intermingled with the large round cells. Histochemical staining (toluidine blue and Perls' Prussian blue) and immunohistochemistry (KIT, mast cell tryptase, lysozyme ...
Köhne M, Ille N, Erber R, Adib Razavi MS, Walter I, Aurich C.Progestin concentration in plasma during the early luteal phase is crucial for endometrial function and conceptus development. We hypothesized that periovulatory gonadotrophin treatment via support of luteal function affects endometrial gene expression in horses. Effect of age was analyzed as well. Shetland mares (n = 8, age 4-25 years) were assigned to the following treatments during five consecutive cycles in alternating order following a cross-over design: treatment hCG/-: preovulatory injection of hCG, but no gonadotrophin injection at detection of ovulation, treatment -/hCG: no preovulat...
Jönsson L, Beck-Friis J, Renström LH, Nikkilä T, Thebo P, Sundquist B.Ten aborted foals, diagnosed as infected with Equine Herpes Virus 1 (EHV-1) on histopathological criteria, were examined for the presence of EHV-1 using immunohistology as the investigative instrument. The primary reagent was an antiserum specific for viral envelope glycoproteins. Immunohistology localised EHV-1 to areas of liver necrosis and to the cytoplasm of infected Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Cytoplasmic immunolabelling was also prominent in reticular cells of the red pulp of the spleen and in intact and degenerated bronchiolar epithelium. Cytoplasmic immunolabelling was seen in morph...
Tunev SS, Ehrhart EJ, Jensen HE, Foreman JH, Richter RA, Messick JB.An 18-year-old Morgan mare was presented to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Illinois, with a 10-day history of watery diarrhea, depression, and dysphagia. On admission, the animal was severely dehydrated, depressed, and unable to swallow and had no clinical signs of diarrhea. The respiratory and heart rate and body temperature were within normal limits. Following fluid therapy, the mare developed severe watery diarrhea and continued to be depressed, incoordinated, and dysphagic. The animal died on the fourth day after admission and was sent to the Laboratories of Veteri...
Chiocchetti R, Bombardi C, Mongardi Fantaguzzi C, Russo D, Venturelli E, Montoneri C, Spadari A, Romagnoli N, Grandis A.In horses, morpho-functional studies related to the enteric nervous system (ENS) controlling the sphincters are lacking. Objective: To investigate immunohistochemically the morphology, distribution, density, phenotypes and projections of neurons controlling the ileocaecal junction (ICJ). Methods: Two young horses were anaesthetised and underwent midline laparotomy. The neuronal retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the wall of the ICJ. A post surgical survival time of 30 days was used. Following euthanasia, the ileum and a small portion of caecum were removed. Cryosect...
Hashimoto Y, Ohki H, Sato F, Yanaihara N, Iwanaga T.Chromogranin A (CgA) is an acidic glycoprotein that is co-stored with hormones or neurotransmitters in granular components of endocrine cells and neurons, and released together with them in response to adequate stimulation. In addition to acting as a packaging protein, CgA functions as a precursor molecule that yields several bioactive peptides by proteolytic cleavage. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how different the processing of CgA is among endocrine tissues by immunostaining using multiple region-specific antisera, and to evaluate the availability of region-specific antisera. Wh...
Perillo A, Passantino G, Passantino L, Cianciotta A, Mastrosimini AM, Lacovazzi P, Venezia P, Jirillo E, Troncone A.Among 622 slaughtered horses from eastern Europe, 156 thyroid glands were selected on the basis of macroscopic alterations (e.g., determination of volume and weight). In the 80% of these thyroids, microscopic alterations consistent with a diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease were found. In particular, a subverted architecture of the thyroid gland with colloid rarefaction, lymphocytic infiltration, and fibrosis was noted. The confirmation of the histopathological diagnosis of an equine Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease was provided by the increased serum concentration of thyroglobul...
Ha TY, Kim HS, Shin T.The expression of three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were examined in the testis and epididymis of a thoroughbred horse. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of eNOS immunostaining in some germ cells in the seminiferous tubules and in vascular endothelial cells in the interstitial tissues. Interstitial cells, most likely Leydig cells, were also intensely immunopositive for eNOS. The pattern of immunostaining for nNOS was similar to that for eNOS in the testis. Weak expression of iNOS was detected in the seminiferous tubules of the testis, but intense expression was ...
Henson FM, Schofield PN, Jeffcott LB.This study describes the distribution pattern of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) mRNA and protein in normal pre- and post natal growth cartilage and alterations present in lesions of dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis). TGF-beta 1 expression and immunoreactivity have been investigated by in situ hybridisation and immunolocalisation in the articular/epiphyseal growth cartilage of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur. Cartilage was obtained from 19 normal Thoroughbred horses (5 prenatal and 14 post natal horses) and 15 post natal horses with dyschondroplasia (DCP). TGF-b...
Venugopal CS, Holmes EP, Polikepahad S, Laborde S, Kearney M, Moore RM.The purpose of the study was to compare in vitro airway responses to neurokinin A & B (NKA and NKB) and expression of NK-2 receptors in airways of horses affected and unaffected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Neurokinin-A, an inflammatory mediator belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides, causes bronchoconstriction by binding to NK-2 receptors. Neurokinin-B is a lesser-known neuropeptide that acts on NK-3 receptors. Horses were placed into RAO-affected and RAO-unaffected groups based on their history, clinical scoring, and pulmonary function testing. Lung tissue from e...
Klein C, Troedsson MH.Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed by a wide range of tissues, which has been implicated to be involved in reproduction. Relative abundance of MIF mRNA in conceptus and endometrial tissue was assessed using real-time RT-PCR. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to detect MIF protein expression. MIF transcript abundance was lowest in conceptuses obtained 16 days after ovulation, while the remaining stages of conceptus development that were analysed showed relatively constant expression levels. Migration inhibitory factor expressi...
Diel de Amorim M, Dong L, Byron M, Foster RA, Klein C, Saleh M, Saleh T, Card C.Oxytocin is a hormone with functions in: reproduction, maternal bonding, milk ejection, and feeding/social behavior, and is reported to be present in a variety of tissues. Our goal is to characterize oxytocin and leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP/oxytocinase), a key regulator of oxytocin in mares. We measured serum and tissue LNPEP by ELISA from ovulation (D0) until D21-22 in non-pregnant (n = 5) and pregnant mares (n = 6); and in periparturient and postpartum mares (n = 18). Placenta (n = 7) and homogenized tissue of diestrus mares (n = 6) were evaluated using prot...
