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Topic:Infection
Infections in horses encompass a range of diseases caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These infections can affect different systems within the horse, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and integumentary systems, leading to a variety of clinical signs depending on the pathogen and the severity of the infection. Common infectious diseases in horses include equine influenza, strangles, and equine herpesvirus. Diagnosis often involves clinical examination, laboratory testing, and sometimes imaging, to identify the causative agent and assess the extent of the disease. Treatment strategies may include antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and preventive measures such as vaccination and biosecurity practices. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases in equine populations.
Hepatic midzonal necrosis in a pig fed aflatoxin and a horse fed moldy hay. A 35-kg Duroc pig died 3 days after eating a ration containing aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2. It had hemorrhagic enteritis and extensive midzonal necrosis in the liver. A 13-year-old Quarterhorse that died 2 days after eating moldy hay had hemorrhagic enteritis, fatty degeneration of the myocardium and renal tubules, and extensive total midzonal necrosis of the liver.
Equine antibody to bovine serum induced by several equine vaccines as a source of extraneous precipitin lines in the agar gel immunodiffusion test for equine infectious anemia. Precipitin lines not associated with equine infectious anemia (EIA) were observed in routine agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing for the infection. The serums which produced these lines were obtained from horses which had been given multiple vaccinations with commercially available cell culture-origin equine virus vaccines as part of a comprehensive herd health program. The lines formed against cell culture-derived, but not spleen-derived EIA viral antigens. Investigation revealed that bovine serum proteins in the vaccines induced precipitating antibodies which reacted with bovine serum pr...
Globidium leuckarti infection in a horse with diarrhoea. The history, clinical signs and post mortem findings in a case of Globidium leuckarti infection in a horse with chronic diarrhoea are described. The limited literature concerning this infection is reviewed, with particular reference to pathogenicity.
Filarial infection of Equidae in the Tehran area of Iran. Microfilariae of three genera, namely Elaeophora böhmi, Onchocerca cervicalis and Parafilaria multipapillosa were recovered from blood samples of equidae in Tehran, Iran. These microfilarial infections in equidae are reported for the first time from Iran.
Association of Australian arboviruses with nervous disease in horses. An outbreak of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) occurred in New South Wales during the first five months of 1974. Specimens from 52 horses with nervous disease collected January to May 1974 were examined histopathological or virologically. Although MVE virus was not isolated, 13 horses had serological evidence of recent infection with MVE virus. Another 4 horses had evidence of recent infection with Ross River virus. Two animals had histological evidence of viral infection of the central nervous system. Attempts to experimentally infect 2 horses with a low dose of MVE virus were not successful...
Immunotherapy in two foals with combined immunodeficiency, resulting in graft versus host reaction. Immunotherapy was attempted in 2 Arabian foals with combined immunodeficiency. One foal was given a transplant of bone marrow from a selected full sibling, and 1 foal was given a fetal thymus transplant. Both foals died. Genetic evidence was obtained for survival of the transplanted tissues in both cases; however, a graft versus host reaction developed in the foal given the fetal thymus transplant.
Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency in foals. Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency was diagnosed in 5 foals, on the basis of reduced serum immunoglobulin M concentrations (more than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean). All 5 foals had clinical signs or lesions involving the respiratory tract. Lkebsiella sp was isolated from joint fluids, bronchial lymph nodes, or tracheal washings from the 3 foals in which such samples were available for microbiologic evaluation.
Portal vein anomaly and hepatic encephalopathy in a horse. Periodic episodes of diffuse central nervous system disease occurred in a yearling Thoroughbred gelding that had a history of frequent respiratory tract disease and stunted growth. Hepatic encephalopathy was diagnosed on the basis of history, clinical signs, prolonged bromsulphalein clearance, and increased blood ammonia content. Because of the poor prognosis and recurrent clinical signs the horse was euthanatized. Necropsy revealed an arteriovenous anomaly and thrombosis of the portal vein. Histologically, there was diffuse primary astrocytosis of the brain.
Purification and characterization of equine herpesvirus-induced DNA. Infection of cells with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) or type 3 (EHV-3) resulted in the induction of a DNA polymerase activity distinguishable from host cell DNA polymerases by its high salt requirement for maximal activity. By column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DNA-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxyapatite, the EHV-1-induced polymerase was purified 500-fold with 1–2% recovery of total activity from the nuclei of infected hamster livers. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Calculations based ...
Coughing in horses–an historical aspect. A brief historical review is given of the incidence and types of respiratory disease that occurred in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. The significance of poor stabling and overcrowding in the causation and spread of coughing is emphasised and its dramatic reduction by simple methods of hygiene and ventilation.
In vitro cytotoxicity of serum and peripheral blood leukocytes for equine herpesvirus type 1-infected target cells. The immune response in horses following experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was assessed by measuring cytotoxicity for EHV-1-infected target cells. A technique was developed, using [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ([125I]IUDR)-labeled equine fetal kidney cells infected with EHV-1 as the target cells. It was shown that peripheral blood leukocytes from a recovered horse were capable of lysing target cells, as measured by the loss of radio-active label. Following the experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free ponies with EHV-1, cytotoxicity was obtained with fresh auto...
Rupture of the diaphragm in the horse. Four cases of fatal diaphragmatic rupture in the horse are described. In 2 cases there was no history of injury but the other 2 animals had sustained recent thoracic trauma. Three of the horses had signs of colic and bowel obstruction complicated, in 2 cases, by respiratory embarrassment; the fourth died rapidly, presumably of shock. Previously published cases are reviewed and the causes, clinical effects, diagnosis and treatment of the disorder are discussed.
Liver fluke infection in horses and ponies. Thirty eight cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses with associated clinical signs are reported. A method of examining large amounts of faeces for fluke is described. A safe method of treatment for infected horses is given which involves oral medication with oxyclozanide at a dose rate of 15 ml/50 kg body weight.
Epidemiological features of the mycotoxicoses. Although mycotoxicoses attract more and more attention, the epidemiology of these diseases is still not adequately studied. The author devotes his study to certain diseases. In addition to the diseases whose mycotoxic nature is in no doubt, he conditionally includes certain diseases whose mycotoxic causation needs further proof. The author has assigned stachybotryotoxicosis and alimentary toxic aleukia or fusariotoxicosis to the first category and endemic nephropathy and primary liver-cell carcinoma to the second. His intention in adopting this approach is to establish the common features and ...
Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 19 group A coxsackievirus serotypes. This paper describes the preparation of seven combination pools of equine antisera, designated J though P, for identification of 19 coxsackievirus A immunotypes. Each pool is composed of 4 to 6 antisera; the serotypes included are A1-6, 8, 10-15, and 17-22. These pools, unlike the previously prepared A-H enterovirus pools, were lyophilized from volumes of 0.5 ml dispensed into 5-ml vials, and when rehydrated with 5 ml of diluent provide 50-antibody-unit material ready for use in identification tests without further dilution. Procedures for using the antiserum pools are given, and guidance is p...
Strain differences in Echinococcus granulosus, with special reference to the status of equine hydatidosis in the United Kingdom. The genetics of speciation in the genus Echinococcus are briefly discussed. As the organism is a hermaphrodite and multiplies asexually in the larval stage, the genetic mechanism for the ready production of new strains is inherent in the life-cycle. Some biological, biochemical and nutritional differences between the horse and sheep strains are examined. The sheep strain may be grown to sexual maturity, in vitro, in a diphasic system; the horse strain fails to grow in such a system. Differences have also been demonstrated between the soluble proteins of the two strains. The sheep strain is inf...
