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Topic:Infection
Infections in horses encompass a range of diseases caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These infections can affect different systems within the horse, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and integumentary systems, leading to a variety of clinical signs depending on the pathogen and the severity of the infection. Common infectious diseases in horses include equine influenza, strangles, and equine herpesvirus. Diagnosis often involves clinical examination, laboratory testing, and sometimes imaging, to identify the causative agent and assess the extent of the disease. Treatment strategies may include antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and preventive measures such as vaccination and biosecurity practices. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases in equine populations.
Suppression of synthesis of an IgG subclass in a persistent viral infection. Comparison of immunoglobulin levels of nine horses before and after infection with equine infectious anaemia (EIA) virus demonstrated a significant depression of serum IgG(T) at 2 months (P less than 0-001) and at 1 year (P less than 0-01) after infection. In contrast, the levels of IgGa were significantly increased at both times after infection. Another sixteen horses with EIA for 1-4 months were examined and there was also significant depression (P less than 0-001) of IgG(T) when compared to pre-infection levels. No significant changes in IgG(T), IgGa and IgM were noted in fourteen normal ho...
Oxibendazole: critical anthelmintic trials in equids. The efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of horses was evaluated by the critical test method. Naturally infected ponies of various ages were given single oral doses of 5, 10, or 15 mg-kg of bodyweight. The drug was highly effective against adult large strongylids (Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, S equins), adult small strongylids (especially species of the genera Cylicostephanus, Cylicocyclus, Cyaathostomum, and Triodontophorus), and adult and larval stages of the large pinworm, Oxyuris equi. There was no apparent dose-related differences in efficacy. Oxibendazole was ...
Equine toxoplasmosis: a survey for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in horses. A nationwide sample of horses was tested to determine the prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in equine animals. Of 1,294 serum samples from horses tested by the microtitration indirect hemagglutin test, 20% were positive. Among the popular breeds of horses, the following antibody prevalences were found: Arabian, 19%; Paint, 22%; Quarter Horses, 13%; Thoroughbred, 24%; and Standardbred, 17%. The antibody prevalence increased from 2% in horses 1 year of age to 18% in 2-year-olds, and rose to 38% in horses 12 years of age. Significant differences were not evident by broad geographic locations ac...
Immunity to Streptococcus equi. Using the long chain test, and in some cases the bactericidal test, to measure antibody, the development of the immune response in horses to Str. equi has been followed. Long chain indices in excess of 5.0, accompanied by strong bactericidal capacity, were recorded in serums after the full 3-dose immunisation course with a commercial vaccine. The full course elicited the most satisfactory antibody titres declined within the 12 month post-vaccination period, thus providing support for the recommendation that yearly booster doses should be administered. The immune response in horses during 2 str...
Evidence of respiratory tract infection induced by equine herpesvirus, type 2, in the horse. Five horses were experimentally exposed to equine herpesvirus 2 strain LK. Two young foals developed chronic pharyngitis (98 and 232 days, respectively). Growth characteristics, cytopathic effects (CPE), inclusion body formation, ether sensitivity, and immunofluorescent analysis indicated that the virus recovered from infected animals was a herpesvirus serologically identical with, or at least antigenically related to EHV-2 strain LK. No significant complement-fixing (CF) or virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody responses were observed in adult horses while both foals demonstrated a rise in CF anti...
Monocyte activation in horses persistently infected with equine infectious anemia virus. The monocytes of horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus were shown by their failure to migrate from capillary tubes and their increased adherence to erythrocytes to be activated.
A field study of persistence of antibodies in California horses vaccinated against western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. As a result of the continuing threat of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), a study was made to determine if revaccination against VEE (TC-83 vaccine) was feasible and if revaccination could be incorporated into other routine vaccination practices. Of the horses given annual vaccination with bivalent western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) vaccine, 57% retained detectable serum-neutralizing (SN) antiboyd titers for VEE 18 months after the initial VEE vaccination was given. Of horses with no record of WEE-EEE vacinnation, 100% retained detectable...
Efficacy studies with three formulations of cambendazole in horses. Treatment with 3 formulations of cambendazole (paste, pellets, and suspension) was compared with thiabendazole treatment in 181 Quarter Horses (females and intact and altered males) of different ages in 2 experiments. The mean output of strongyle eggs, as measured by eggs per gram of feces (epg), was reduced by at least 95% by the 3 formulations of cambendazole compared with pretreatment epg and epg in simultaneously nonmedicated horses. Eggs of Parascaris equorum were seen in 19 of the younger horses in experiment I. Parascaris eggs were not seen in postmedication fecal samples from 14 horses...
Epizootic of anthrax in Falls County, Texas. An epizootic of anthrax in Eastern Falls County, Texas, killed at least 238 animals during a 6-week period ending July 31, 1974. Infection appeared to be caused by the ingestion of contaminated soil and grass in the drought-stricken central Texas area. The participation of the Texas Department of Agriculture, the Texas National Guard, and other state agencies was of great assistance to the Texas Animal Health Commission in handling the epizootic and panic stricken public. Use of the unencapsulated Sterne strain spore vaccine was credited with preventing many livestock losses in the area. Conta...
Occurrence of second and third instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis in stomachs of horses in Kentucky. The occurrence of 2nd and 3rd instars of Gasterophilus intestinalis and Gasterophilus nasalis was determined in 476 horses during the 22-year period from 1951 to 1973. Overall, G intestinalis infected 98.7% of the horses and averaged 168/horse; whereas G nasalis infected 80.7% of the horses and averaged 52/horse. Aggregate average total numbers for G intestinalis ranged from a low of 50 in September to a high of 229 in March, and for G nasalis, from a low of 14 in September to a high of 82 in February. Horses were infected by 2nd or 3rd instars of both species on a year-round basis. Differenti...
Empyema of the equine paranasal sinuses. A survey of 28 cases of chronic purulent infection of the sinuses in the horse showed a relationship between incidence and age, and a probable relationship with breed. Dental disease was apparently the cause of half the cases. The conventional treatment of trephination followed by irrigation with antiseptic solutions resulted in freedom from recurrence of the disease for over 1 year in 17 of the 28 horses. Antibiotic therapy appears to be useless in chronic empyema. The prognosis is adversely affected by the development of facial swelling, a sign seen usually only in long-standing cases.
Candida infection of the genital tract in thoroughbred mares. This paper describes sixteen cases of Candida infection of the genital tract in Thoroughbred mares. Clinical signs and histopathological lesions of the disease are described and the results of treatment with Lugol's solution and Nystatin are given.
Some aspects of endometrial cup formation and PMSG production. Two females of heterosexual pairs of chimaeric horse twins were fertilized by their co-twin brother and PMSG production examined during gestation. Four pregnancies developed in one mare and two in the other. The levels of PMSG were high in both mares and remained detectable in the peripheral blood until 220 and 265 days of gestation. The fetal membranes of one mare contained remnants of cup secretion with PMSG activity at term. The findings support the thesis of Allen & Moor (1972) that the endometrial cups are of fetal origin and that they are destroyed by immunological mechanisms.
Recent observations concerning Klebsiella infections in stallions. A high incidence of Klebsiella contamination in German 'Warmblut' and Thoroughbred stallions is reported. The organism was recovered from the nostrils, prepuce, pre-ejacultory secretion and, in some cases, on the body surface, in the faeces and on the ground of the covering (mating) yard. Fertility was not affected. However, differences of virulence were observed and Type 5 proved to be the most pathogenic.
