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Topic:Intravenous Administration
Intravenous administration in horses involves the delivery of substances directly into the bloodstream through a vein. This method is used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrients efficiently, ensuring rapid distribution throughout the body. It is commonly employed in veterinary practice for rehydration, anesthesia, and treatment of various medical conditions. The technique requires skill and knowledge to ensure proper vein selection and catheter placement, minimizing the risk of complications such as infection or thrombosis. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and potential complications associated with intravenous administration in equine medicine.
Intravenous clomiphene citrate pharmacokinetics in healthy mares as a first step toward use in reproduction. To investigate the IV pharmacokinetic parameters of clomiphene citrate (CC), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, in mares. Unassigned: This was an experimental study to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of CC in the mare. Eight mares received a single 2,000-mg dose of IV CC to identify plasma concentrations over 336 hours. Following this, 6 mares received a multidose regimen of IV CC (2,000 mg, q 24 h) for 5 days to identify trough plasma concentration each day. Unassigned: CC was well tolerated, demonstrated a short elimination half-life of 4.95 ± 1.10 hours and a mean residence tim...
Effects of oral and intravenous dimethylglycine treatment on hematobiochemical profiles and total oxidant/antioxidant status in low-intensity exercised horses. Dimethylglycine (DMG) may help delay muscle fatigue and prevent exercise-induced muscle damage in athletic animals. This study investigated the effects of intravenous and oral DMG on physiological, hematological, biochemical, blood gas, and oxidative stress parameters in exercising horses. In this study, 30 Turkish Arab saddle horses were randomly divided into three groups. Group A horses were injected intravenously with 15 mL (1500 mg) of a 10 % DMG twice daily for three days. Group B horses received 1500 mg DMG powder orally twice daily for three days, and group C (control) horses we...
Multiple Catheter Recording in Horses to Investigate Atrial Depolarization Pattern During Sinus Rhythm and Induced Premature Atrial Complexes. Detailed characterization of arrhythmias can be performed by multiple catheter mapping; but this has not yet been explored in horses. Objective: Perform ultrasound-guided multiple catheter mapping of the right heart during sinus rhythm and right and left atrial pacing to identify activation patterns characteristic of the origin of ectopy. Obtain His signals and effective refractory periods (ERP). Methods: Eight healthy adult horses. Methods: Experimental study. Recording catheters were placed at the terminal crest, intervenous tubercle, caudal vena cava, and coronary sinus. Right atrial pacing...
Ivermectin toxicosis in a foal: Use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. This report describes a case of ivermectin toxicosis in a 4-day-old thoroughbred colt successfully treated with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) without complications. This case supports the use of ILE as a safe and effective therapy for the management of lipophilic drug toxicosis in foals. Key clinical message: Ivermectin toxicosis, though rare in equine neonates, can occur following accidental overdose and induces severe neurologic signs. In this case, ILE administration resulted in rapid neurologic improvement and complete recovery without adverse effects, supporting its use as a safe and e...
Optimizing equine standing sedation: continuous infusion of detomidine and butorphanol enhances stability but prolongs ataxia. This study aimed to compare the sedation quality and cardiorespiratory and behavioral effects of detomidine administered intravenously, either in intermittent boluses or as a continuous rate infusion, with butorphanol in horses pre-medicated with acepromazine for odontoplasty procedures. Unassigned: A prospective clinical study was conducted with fifteen adult horses randomly assigned to two groups: Bolus group (BG, = 7) and Infusion group (IG, = 8). Both groups received acepromazine premedication, followed by detomidine administration (bolus or infusion). Butorphanol was administered either...
Sedative effects of detomidine and midazolam combination in horses. The combination of detomidine and midazolam may provide safer sedation with muscle-relaxant effects, which are particularly necessary during standing procedures. Unassigned: Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the sedative and muscle-relaxant effects of the detomidine/midazolam combination in horses through a pharmacodynamic study. Unassigned: Five horses were used and subjected to four experimental protocols: 15 µg/kg of detomidine (D15); a combination of detomidine (15 µg/kg) with 25 µg/kg (DM25), 50 µg/kg (DM50), or 75 µg/kg (DM75) of midazolam administered intravenously....
Phenylbutazone treatment of mares does not reduce embryo production via intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Production of embryos via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a common clinical procedure in equine practice. A recent study indicates that treatment of mares with phenylbutazone paste significantly lowers blastocyst production after ICSI of recovered oocytes. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of different methods of phenylbutazone administration on in vitro embryo production of recovered oocytes in mares. Unassigned: In study 1 (July 29 through September 18, 2024), 14 mares received either oral liquid phenylbutazone once daily for 10 days or no treatment. On the l...
Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after intravenous and per os administration in Thoroughbred horses. A pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) approach was used to determine the dosage regimens of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections after intravenous (IV) and per os (PO) administration in horses. Methods: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole plasma concentrations were measured in six horses after a single IV administration of 15 mg/kg (2.5 mg/kg trimethoprim and 12.5 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole) and PO administration of 30 mg/kg (5.0 mg/kg trimethoprim and 25.0 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole). The data were modeled using a nonlinear mixed-effects mode...
Volume kinetics of lactated Ringer’s solution in adult horses. Fluid therapy in horses is primarily empirical. Evidence-based quantification of the disposition of intravenous (IV) crystalloids used in clinical practice could enhance the effectiveness of fluid therapy. Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics (i.e., volume kinetics: VK) and associated haemodynamic effects of IV lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in adult euvolemic horses. Methods: Unmasked multiple subjects, single baseline design. Methods: Thirteen healthy, euvolemic adult female horses were administered an IV bolus of LRS and monitored over 4 h. Haemoglobin, albumin and haematocrit c...
The effect of an alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist on equine carbohydrate metabolism after intravenous glucose load. Vatinoxan is a peripherally acting alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist used in veterinary medicine to attenuate the side effects of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists. Vatinoxan also increases insulin response and reduces blood glucose (BG) after intravenous glucose in other species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vatinoxan on BG and insulin concentration in horses after intravenous glucose. The design was an assessor-blind cross-over study. Nine horses were assigned to intravenous vatinoxan (0.2 mg/kg; VAT) or saline (SAL). Horses were administered an intravenous glucose bolus (...
Population pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of intravenous acetaminophen and its metabolites in Andalusian horses. To date, no intravenous pharmacokinetics (PK) studies have assessed acetaminophen or its major metabolites (acetaminophen-glucuronide and acetaminophen-sulphate) in horses. The influence of sex on acetaminophen metabolism in horses is unclear, and Monte Carlo simulations have not been applied to explore potential clinical applications. This study aimed to determine the intravenous PK and safety of acetaminophen in Andalusian horses at 10 and 20 mg/kg, evaluate sex as a covariate, and simulate clinical regimens. Twenty mares and twenty stallions received intravenous acetaminophen, and plasma ...
Cardiopulmonary effects of oral trazodone administration prior to isoflurane anesthesia in healthy horses. To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of oral trazodone before isoflurane anesthesia in systemically healthy horses. Unassigned: 12 horses donated for euthanasia (from August 2022 through June 2023) due to conditions unrelated to the cardiovascular system were included in this prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Horses were assigned to receive oral trazodone (6 mg/kg; n = 7) or corn syrup (n = 5) 1 hour before xylazine (1 mg/kg, IV) sedation, ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and propofol (0.7 mg/kg, IV) induction, and anesthetic maintenance with inhaled isoflurane (target 1.6% expired) for 7...
Clinical use of antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in adult horses diagnosed with synovial sepsis or penetrating synovial wounds at a single equine referral hospital in the Midwest United States-163 cases (2010-2020). The clinical outcomes in horses diagnosed with established synovial sepsis (SS) or minimally contaminated synovial wounds (SW)/non-established sepsis, following intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) treatment, have not been reported since 2010. Additionally, previous reports on this subject were confined to just two clinical retrospective reports. This study aimed to provide an update on the short-term (hospital discharge) and long-term (≥1 year) survival rates in adult horses diagnosed with SS or SW treated with IVRLP at a single institution in the USA from 2010-2020. The study also...
Ex Vivo Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Integration Model of Cefquinome Against Escherichia coli in Foals. Cefquinome is used to treat septicemia caused by () and respiratory infections caused by subsp. in foals. However, studies reporting the use of cefquinome to target as pathogens of sepsis are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal dosage regimen for cefquinome against using a PK/PD model. After the administration of 1 mg/kg cefquinome (intramuscularly or intravenously), blood samples were collected at different time points to determine the serum concentration of cefquinome via HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated via NCA (WinNonlin 5.2.1 software). Th...
Effects of vatinoxan on gastrointestinal motility, sedation, and antinociception during and after long-lasting detomidine infusion in horses. Sedation in horses is typically achieved using alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, although their use is associated with multiple side effects. A peripheral alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, vatinoxan, can alleviate many of these. Objective: To evaluate the effects of vatinoxan infusion on gastrointestinal motility, sedation, and antinociception in horses sedated with detomidine infusion. Methods: Randomised, blinded cross-over in vivo experiments. Methods: Eight horses were given two 4-h infusions: detomidine (0.01 mg/kg + 0.015 mg/kg/h IV) (DET) and a combination of detomidine and vatinoxa...
Concurrent intravenous regional limb perfusion and systemic amikacin administration achieves variable synovial fluid amikacin concentrations in healthy neonatal foals. To evaluate plasma and synovial fluid amikacin concentrations following cephalic or saphenous IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with a dosing protocol of 25 mg of amikacin/kg, divided into 16.7 mg/kg systemically and 8.3 mg/kg regionally. We hypothesized that plasma amikacin concentrations observed at 30 minutes after systemic administration would exceed a therapeutic target of 53 μg/mL and that synovial fluid concentrations would exceed a therapeutic target of 80 μg/mL. Unassigned: Over a 5-month period (spring/summer of 2023), 8 healthy neonatal foals were administered each protocol at le...
Different methods of perfusate administration do not have an effect on synovial concentrations of amikacin following intravenous regional limb perfusion. To determine if different methods of perfusate instillation influence synovial amikacin concentrations in the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Unassigned: 6 healthy horses received an IVRLP using 2 different methods: (1) 2 g amikacin followed by 52 mL 0.9% NaCl (60 mL total; perfusate-A) and (2) 2 g amikacin diluted to 60 mL with 0.9% NaCl (perfusate-D). For both methods, the perfusion was administered over 5 minutes. Joint fluid from the RCJ was sampled at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after instillation of the perfusate. Systemic concentrations of amikacin w...
Return of spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary arrest in an adult horse recovering from anaesthesia. This report describes successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a healthy, 525 kg, 8 years 9 months-old Quarter horse gelding. After successful pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery to excise a metatarsal bone under general anaesthesia, with the horse in left lateral recumbency, the horse was hoisted into recovery. After the horse was positioned in recovery, a routine cardiac check by thoracic auscultation was performed. Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) was identified by absence of cardiac sounds and pulse, as evaluated by digital palpation of the facial artery, absence of the right palpebral reflex, ...
Effects of constant intravenous infusion of detomidine alone or combined with butorphanol or methadone for standing sedation in horses: A randomized clinical trial. This study aimed to evaluate the sedation degree, cardiopulmonary effects, and detomidine-sparing during dental occlusal adjustment in standing horses using a bolus and constant rate infusion (CRI) of detomidine alone or in combination with butorphanol or methadone. In this randomized, blinded clinical trial, 24 healthy adult horses were assigned to the detomidine (DT), detomidine-butorphanol (DB), or detomidine-methadone (DM) group. DT received an intravenous bolus of detomidine (20 μg/kg), followed by CRI at 20 μg/kg/h. DB received detomidine (10 μg/kg) and butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg) boluse...
Evaluation of the Effect of Intravenous Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline on Intraocular Pressure and Biometry Parameters in Anesthetized Horses With Experimentally Increased Intracranial Pressure. To evaluate the effect of intravenous mannitol and hypertonic saline (HS) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and biometry parameters of horses with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Methods: Seven horses with normal ophthalmic exams were anesthetized and placed in lateral recumbency. A subarachnoid transducer was placed, and the head was lowered until ICP measured 40 mmHg +/- 2 mmHg. Five intravenous boluses of mannitol 20% (0.4 g/kg) or HS 7.2% (1 mL/kg) were administered, each 15 min apart. A 2-day washout period ensued, and the procedure was repeated with the other hyperosmotic age...
Echocardiographic and clinical effects of two sedative doses of Dexmedetomidine in healthy horses. The effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX), as a sedative drug, on echocardiographic measurements have been investigated in many species but not in horses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the echocardiographic and clinical effects of two sedative doses of DEX in healthy horses. Six female crossbred horses weighted 250-330 kg underwent echocardiography before and after sedation by intravenous administration of a low dose of 3.5 μg/kg (LD) and a high dose of 7 μg/kg (HD) of DEX. A significant increase (p≤ 0.05) was observed in the diameters of the pulmonary artery and the left atrium measu...
Disposition of enrofloxacin in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid, peritoneal fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy mares. To investigate the disposition of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in plasma, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), peritoneal fluid, and CSF in horses following IV administration of enrofloxacin at doses of 5 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. Unassigned: 6 healthy, mature mares were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of enrofloxacin at either 5 mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg in a crossover design with a washout period of 10 days. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined in plasma, PELF, peritoneal fluid, and CSF. Unassigned: Both doses of enrofl...
Effect of rapid and slow intravenous injection of sodium penicillin on arterial blood pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized horses during surgery. To determine the effects of rapid (1 minute) and slow (10 minutes) intravenous (IV) injection of sodium penicillin on arterial blood pressure in anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods: A group of 29 client-owned horses of various breeds, 1-20 years old, with body masses of 360-710 kg. Methods: General anesthesia was induced with a variety of anesthetic protocols and maintained with isoflurane under mechanical ventilation, with hourly doses of IV lidocaine and an infusion of dexmedetomidine. Horses were administered IV intraoperative penicillin every 2 hour...
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in sevoflurane-anesthetized Thoroughbred horses. To investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rocuronium administered by bolus injection to sevoflurane-anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective, experimental, crossover study. Methods: Five healthy adult Thoroughbred horses (body mass 368-470 kg, three females and two males). Methods: Each horse was anesthetized twice with sevoflurane and assigned to be administered rocuronium bromide intravenously: 0.2 mg kg (R02) or 0.4 mg kg (R04). There was a minimum 2 week washout period between experiments. During anesthesia, the peroneal nerve was stimulated (train-of-four) and neuromusc...
Hemodynamic Response to Lipopolysaccharide Infusion and Effect of Meloxicam Administration on Cardiac Function in Donkeys. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in donkeys is observed to be secondary to colic, diarrhea or pleuropneumonia, among other disorders. Horses with SIRS develop secondary disturbances such as hyperlipemia, laminitis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and hemodynamic and cardiac derangements, which impair their prognosis and increase the mortality rate. In donkeys, no information is available on the effect of experimentally induced endotoxemia in the cardiovascular system. Acute experimental endotoxemia was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion in six healthy adult non...
Pharmacokinetics of Salbutamol in Thoroughbred Horses After a Single Intravenous or Inhaled Administration. Salbutamol is a short-acting and selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist. Inhaled (IH) administration of salbutamol is widely used to control lower respiratory tract disease in horses. Here, we estimated the pharmacokinetic parameters of salbutamol after a single intravenous (IV) or IH administration in six horses, and we statistically analysed the detection times with various dosing regimens. Plasma and urine concentrations of salbutamol were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and data were modelled by using a nonlinear mixed effect model followed by Monte Carlo simulatio...
Lidocaine’s Ineffectiveness in Mitigating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pain and Peristaltic Effects in Horses. The present study involved seven horses in a randomized crossover clinical trial to evaluate the effect of lidocaine on horses with induced endotoxemia. Horses received intravenous lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg bolus, followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/min) or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride at the same manner) one hour before LPS administration (0.03 μg/kg, IV infusion over 30 min). We monitored clinic and hematologic parameters, abdominal auscultation, ultrasound, and pain over time. No relevant clinical differences existed between treatments regarding peristalsis, abdominal pain, or any other parameters befo...
A blinded crossover study design to evaluate midazolam as an adjunct for equine standing sedation for routine oral examinations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including midazolam to a common equine standing sedation protocol for routine oral examination. Twelve horses underwent two examinations at least seven days apart. Horses were randomly assigned to receive midazolam intravenously (IV) (0.02mg/kg) or a placebo injection of saline (2-2.5mL IV). Five minutes later, detomidine (0.01mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.01mg/kg) were administered IV and horses were placed in standing stocks. A veterinarian blinded to the treatment protocol used a descriptive scoring system to assess degree of ataxia, acceptance of spe...
Pharmacokinetics of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate and Pharmacodynamic Effects Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Ethanol to Exercised Horses. Ethanol, a central nervous system depressant and banned substance in horseracing, has reportedly been administered to horses prior to competition to "calm a horse's nerves." In this study, the pharmacokinetics of two metabolites of ethanol were studied to better understand the behavior of this compound in the horse and provide a scientific basis for regulation of its administration. Six horses received a single intravenous (30 mL; 1200 mg) and oral (90 mL; 3600 mg) administration of ethanol (vodka, 40% ABV) in a balanced cross-over design. Blood and urine samples were collected at vari...
Bioreactance noninvasive cardiac output monitoring in euvolemic adult horses subjected with 7.2% saline and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) solution infusions. To compare the ability of bioreactance noninvasive cardiac output (BR-NICO) with thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO) for the measurement of cardiac output (CO) in healthy adult horses receiving 2 different IV volume replacement solutions. Methods: Prospective randomized crossover study from September to November 2021. Methods: University teaching hospital. Methods: Six university-owned adult horses. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to receive 7.2% hypertonic saline solution (HSS) or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) solution (HETA). BR-NICO and TDCO were measured simultaneously at baseli...
