Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Kidneys
The kidneys in horses are vital organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintaining acid-base homeostasis. They perform essential functions in the excretion of metabolic waste, such as urea and creatinine, and play a role in the regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The kidneys also contribute to erythropoiesis by producing erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of equine kidneys, as well as their role in overall equine health and disease management.
Primary renal cell carcinoma in two horses. Of 2 horses with renal cell carcinoma, 1 had massive ascites but no other signs of urinary tract disease; the other had hematuria. In both horses, the tumors were palpable as large perirenal masses. The tumor mass of horse 1 almost completely replaced the left kidney, and there were tumor implants on the serosa of abdominal organs. The right kidney of horse 2 was compressed peripherally by the tumor, which completely filled the renal pelvis. The prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in horses and dogs necropsied at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine between 1953 and 1976 was simila...
Distribution of 5′-nucleotidase and gamma glutamyl transferase activities in the tissues of the horse. In the horse, 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) activity is found mainly in homogenates of lung, kidney, small intestine, mammary gland, liver and pancreas. Lower activities are present in brain and muscle. Activity can be demonstrated histochemically in the glomeruli and tubules of the kidney, in the sinusoidal borders of the hepatocytes and the bile duct epithelium as well as in the blood vessels of all organs. There is no significant difference between the 5'-NT activity in serum and plasma of normal horses and of horses suffering from a range of orthopaedic conditions. Previous findings that gamma g...
Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy. No abstract available
Clinicopathological aspects of imidocarb dipropionate toxicity in horses. Six groups of four adult horses were twice injected intramuscularly at a 24 hour interval with 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 mg/kg of imidocarb dipropionate (IMDP) and monitored for 21 days. The LD50 of IMDP for 21 days after injection was two doses of 15.99 +/- 1.49 mg/kg with mortalities occurring within six days following the first injection. Increasing levels of IMDP were correlated with increasing rates of morbidity, mortality, local and systemic reactions, increasing levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum aspartate amino transferase, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum creatine phosphokinase, neutr...
Klossiella equi in the kidneys of a horse. The protozoan, Klossiella equi was found in the kidneys of an aged Shetland mare raised in the Fredericton area of New Brunswick. This is the first published report of K. equi in a horse in Canada. The microscopic appearance of the parasite in the kidney is described. A brief discussion of other conditions seen in the horse is also presented.
Solubility of halothane in equine tissues at 37 degrees C. The solubilities of halothane at a concentration of 0.77% v/v in 5% carbon dioxide in air at 37 degrees C were determined for a variety of equine tissues. The mean values for the tissue/gas partition coefficients for visceral tissue taken from 36 horses were 5.42 for whole brain, 4.82 for grey matter, 7.41 for white matter, 4.18 for myocardium, 2.76 for lung, 8.51 for liver, 3.21 for kidneys, 2.66 for gastrointestinal tract, 1.77 for blood and 2.45 for spleen. The mean coefficients for eight different muscles taken from 23 horses ranged from 2.43 for extensor carpi radialis to 4.91 for psoas m...
Aflatoxicosis in horses. Two episodes of acute aflatoxin poisoning in horses suggest that horses are susceptible to the toxic effects of this mycotoxin. Lesions associated with exposure to aflatoxin included encephalomalacia of cerebral hemispheres, fatty degeneration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis of the liver, fatty infiltration of the kidney, hemorrhagic enteritis, and myocardial degeneration. Hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and depletion of lymphocytes accompanied these lesions. The diagnosis was based on gross and histopathologic observations, consistent with observations of other species poisoned with ...
Poisoning in animals due to oral application of iron. With description of a case in a horse. Peroral application of iron salts in various types of anemia was previously considered atoxic. The increased use of iron has, however, led to an increasing number of poisoning in children, taking iron tablets for candy. There have only been reported a few number of spontaneous intoxications in animals, but experimentally it has been possible to produce fatal intoxications in various kinds of animal species. The clinical findings are quite similar in the various animals, starting with vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and metabolic acidosis. If the intoxication is severe, shock and coma may develop, a...
Vitamin A nutrition of the equine: growth, serum biochemistry and hematology. Four diets were fed to pony fillies for 40 weeks. One group received a basal diet low in carotene, designated mildly deficient. Other groups were fed basal diet plus vitamin A propionate equivalent to 12 (control), 1,200 (mildly intoxicated) or 12,000 (severely intoxicated) microgram retinol/kg body weight/day. The mildly deficient group exhibited impairment of growth and hematopoiesis with decreased serum concentrations of iron, albumin and cholesterol prior to depletion of liver vitamin A. Growth was depressed in mildly intoxicated and severely intoxicated fillies. The latter became debilita...
Ultrastructural observations in ponies after treatment with monensin. Ultrastructural studies were made of myocardium, diaphragm, appendicular muscle, liver, and kidney of 3 ponies acutely poisoned with a single oral dose of monensin (4 mg/kg of body weight). These ponies developed severe signs of toxicosis and were killed 28 to 72 hours after treatment. Severe mitochondrial damage (swelling) and lipoidosis in myocardial tissues were observed in 2 of the 3 ponies; similar, but less severe, changes were observed in the 3rd pony. The hepatocytes of the 3 ponies were characterized by increased amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of lipid droplets...
Characterization of equine alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes based on their electrophoretic mobility by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes of equine tissues, peritoneal fluid, and serum were characterized by their electrophoretic mobilities, using polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. The alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, placenta, bone, small colon, and large colon tissue samples were extracted and separated by electrophoresis. The resulting isoenzyme mobilities and spectrophotometric scans were evaluated for their tissue specificity and for their possible use in determining the tissue contribution of alkaline phosphatase to serum and peritoneal fluid. T...
Equine pyelonephritis and unilateral nephrectomy. The clinical and laboratory findings of illness in a 2-year-old Thoroughbred filly are described. The treatment employed, including unilateral nephrectomy, and the macro- and microscopic findings in the diseases kidney are presented and this rare case is discussed briefly.
Characterization of gangliosides from equine kidney and spleen. Gangliosides were isolated from equine kidney and spleen, and their carbohydrate and lipid moieties were characterized. Among the long-chain bases, considerable proportions of trihydroxy bases (42.3 to 61.2% of the total bases), in which phytosphingosine was predominant were found in all the ganglioside classes. The other major base was sphingosine. Among the constituent fatty acids, long-chain acids (with a carbon number of more than 20), comprised approximately half the total acids, with some alpha-hydroxy and mono-unsaturated acids. By means of sequential hydrolysis with glycosidases couple...
Pathogaenicity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts to ponies. Nine ponies were fed 100,000 infective Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and were given corticosteroid injections before and after feeding the T gondii oocysts. Titers to the Sabin-Feldman dye tests (1:2 to 1:16,384) developed within postinoculation days (PID) 7 to 21 and antibodies persisted to PID 133. Toxoplasma organisms were isolated from the tissues of 4 ponies (heart of 4, brain of 2, spinal cord of 3, diaphragm of 1, skeletal muscle of 1, liver of 1, kidneys of 1) killed between PID 36 and 63, but not from 5 ponies killed between PID 117 and 150. Seemingly, ponies are one of the more resistant...
Long distance exercise in the horse: Golden Horseshoe Ride 1978. As part of a study of the metabolic effects of long distance riding the results of biochemical analyses of blood samples taken from horses before, immediately after and one hour after an 80 km ride are reported. The results show that the horses were moderately dehydrated, they were working aerobically using fats as metabolic substrates and blood glucose was reduced. There was no evidence of post exercise ketosis and circulating alanine levels fell. Metabolic hormone levels are reported and are related to the availability of substrates for gluconeogenesis. There was evidence of reduced kidney a...
Purification by affinity chromatography and characterization of a neutral alpha-glucosidase from horse kidney. A horse kidney neutral alpha-D-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20) was purified about 580-fold with a yield of 33% by an affinity chromatography technique using the p-aminophenyl-beta-D-maltoside, a substrate derivative, as ligand. The purified enzyme, homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 280 000 as calculated by gel filtration and its isoelectric focusing points was found to be pH 4.1. The purified enzyme was able to hydrolyze various substrates having (alpha-1,2), (alpha-1,3), (alpha-1,4), and (alpha-1,6) glu...
Water hardness in relation to cadium accumulation and microscopic signs of cardiovascular disease in horses. The hardness of drinking water (i.e., the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations) has been related to cadmium concentration in kidney cortex and to microscopic signs of arteriosclerosis and focal myocardial fibrosis in 50 Swedish horses slaughtered for meat production. A significant negative correlation was found between water hardness and cadmium concentrations in kidney cortex. This indicates that horses living in soft water areas are more inclined to accumulate cadmium from the general environment. Microscopic changes in the aorta and myocardium were approximately 2 times as frequent i...
A new method for the isolation of aminoacylase from mammalian kidneys. Aminoacylase (E.C. 3.5.1.14) was isolated from the kidneys of different mammalian species (horse, cattle, rabbit and pig) by extracting the organ with water and subjecting the extract to heat treatment at 70 degrees C for 10 min, then, after having removed denatured proteins by fractionating those remaining in the solution by ammonium sulfate. The enzyme obtained in this way can either be used directly for practical purposes (e.g. preparation of immobilized aminoacylase) or further purified by chromatography. For the further purification of porcine kidney aminoacylase we applied a combination ...
Isoenzymes of equine alkaline phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes from small intestine, cecum, large colon, small colon, liver, kidney, leukocytes, and serum from ten clinically normal horses were defined by their sensitivities to L-phenylalanine, L-homoarginine, levamisole and heat, and by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Readily identifiable isoenzymes occurred in small intestine, granulocytes, kidney, cecum, and large and small colon. By contrast, alkaline phosphatases from liver, lymphocytes, and serum could not be discriminated by this group of tests.
