Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are an integral component of the equine immune system, responsible for defending horses against infections and foreign substances. These cells are produced in the bone marrow and circulate throughout the bloodstream and tissues. In horses, leukocytes are categorized into several types, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific functions in immune response. Neutrophils are involved in phagocytosis and the destruction of pathogens, while lymphocytes are key players in adaptive immunity. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, contributing to pathogen clearance and antigen presentation. Eosinophils and basophils are associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Variations in leukocyte counts and distribution can indicate underlying health conditions, making them valuable in veterinary diagnostics. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the physiology, function, and diagnostic relevance of leukocytes in equine health.
Malmquist WA, Becvar CS.Equine infectious anemia (EIA) cell antigens prepared from infected equine spleen, equine leukocyte cultures or a persistently infected equine dermis cell line contained at least two serologically reacting components. For convenience one component was designated as soluble antigen (SA) and the other as cell-associated antigen (CAA). The SA appeared as a single component when it was prepared from EIA virus precipitated from infectious tissue culture fluid with polyethylene glycol and ether treated but it was mixed with CAA when the source was infected cells. Cytolytic or mechanical disruption o...
Shibata N, Tatsumi N, Tanaka K, Okamura Y, Senda N.The intracellular location of the binding site of antibody against purified myosin prepared from equine leucocytes was investigated in neutrophils and lymphocytes by electron microscopy using peroxidase-labelled antibody method. The myosin extracted from equine leucocytes could bind skeletal muscle F-actin and the formed complex showed the biophysical and biochemical properties and electron microscopic appearance of actomyosin. On immunodiffusion, the leucocyte myosin formed a single precipitin line with its antibody prepared in rabbits. The antibody also formed single precipitin lines with my...
Lumsden JH, Valli VE, McSherry BJ, Robinson GA, Claxton MJ.Hemorrhagic anemia was experimentally produced in three Standardbred horses by removing approximately 63% of the red cell mass and the accompanying plasma during a three day interval. Red cell parameters were examined daily for 45 days and then weekly until termination of the experiment 250 days after production of the anemia. Leukocytes, platelets and bone marrow aspirates were examined at regular intervals for 25 days after the final phlebotomy. At 24 hours after the last bleeding, 75-selenomethionine was injected intravenously to measure the lifespan of the newly produced erythrocytes. The ...
Takeuchi K, Shibata N, Senda N.Myosin was isolated from leucocytes in horse arterial blood by the same procedures used for the isolation of myosin from skeletal muscle. The Ca2+-, EDTA-, and Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities of the protein was 0.148, 0.147, and 0.001 mumoles/min/mg, respectively, in 0.5 M KCl at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees. The Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased with decrease in the ionic strength. No difference was found between leucocyte myosin and skeletal myosin in the pH profiles of Ca2+- and EDTA-ATPases. The rate and amount of the initial burst of Pi liberation of leucocyte myosin were 0.002 mumoles/min/mg a...
Hughes JP, Loy RG.Many normally fertile stallions harbour bacteria in and on the genital organs. Many mares served by such stallions are unaffected by the bacteria to which they are thus exposed; however, some mares so exposed will become infected and diseased. Presumably, the genital defenses of such mares had been compromised. Strain differences in pathogenicity of bacteria do exist. Some mares affected with pyometra had irregular ovarian activity and some had normal ovarian cycles. In the former group, destruction of the endometrium many have prevented the production of endogenous luteolysin. The leukopenia ...
Targowski SP.Treatment of ponies with a single dose of prednisolone markedly reduced the number of blood lymphocytes. A decrease of the number of eosinophils was also observed. In contrast, the number of neutrophils significantly increased. These profound changes were temporary and returned to the pretreatment level within 48 h. The number of monocytes did not show any of the significant changes post-prednisolone treatment. The reactivity of the blood lymphocytes of these ponies, in vitro, to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or streptokinase-strepto-dornase (SK-SD) was measured by incorporation of...
Carter EI, Valli VE, McSherry BJ, Milne FJ, Robinson GA, Lumsden JH.Three Standardbred horses were given 0.2 mg (1 mCi) of (75)selenomethionine intravenously and a second group of three were given 10 mCi of tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate (0.5 mg) intravenously. Observations on labeled cells were continued for 250 days after radioselenium injection and 160 days after tritium injection. The lifespan of erythrocytes using (75)selenmethionine was 155 +/- 10 days and 148 +/- 7.8 days using tritiated diisopropylfluorophosphate. There was no significant difference at the 10% level between the lifespans, using these labels. The uptake of radioselenium into eryth...
Carter EI, Valli VE, McSherry BJ.The peripheral blood cells from Standard bred horses were subjected to procedures which will separate equine peripheral blood cells with good precision and efficiency into red cell, leukocyte, and platelet fractions. The separated cells have normal morphology and the differential count of the separated granulocytes and lymphocytes is unchanged from that of the original sample.
Ushimi C, Henson JB, Gorham JR.Primary horse leukocyte cultures were inoculated with 2 or 10 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus per cell, and the titer of cell-associated and fluid-phase virus was determined from 1 to 72 hr postinoculation (PI). Cover slips were collected from 4 to 72 hr PI and stained for EIA viral antigen by the indirect immunofluorescent (FA) technique. Viral replication was detected after a latent period of approximately 18 to 24 hr and reached peak titers of approximately 10(4.5) to 10(6) TCID(50)/0.5 ml from 48 to 72 hr PI. The fluid phase contained 1...
Walton TE, Alvarez O, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM.Ten horses (Equus caballus) were vaccinated with strain TC-83 Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine. Febrile responses and leukopenia due to a reduction of lymphocytes and neutrophils were observed in all animals. Viremias were demonstrable in eight horses, with a maximum of 10(3.5) median tissue culture infectious dose units per ml of serum in two horses. Clinical illness with depression and anorexia were observed in five horses. Neutralizing (N), hemagglutination-inhibiting, and complement-fixing antibodies to the vaccine virus were demonstrable by 5, 6.5, and 7 days, respe...
Kemeny L, Pearson JE.An agent which possessed the properties of herpesviruses was isolated from the leukocytes of 71 out of 80 (88.7%) apparently normal Iowa horses. It was ether- and heat-sensitive, DNA type, and produced type-A intranuclear inclusion bodies in cell cultures. Electron micrographs revealed a virion of typical herpesvirus structure. Leukocyte isolate virus could be differentiated from equine rhinopneumonitis virus (ERV) by serum neutralization, by growth differences in rabbit kidney cells, and by fluorescent antibody staining. Specific neutralizing antibody against this agent was found in a pooled ...
Tajima M, Nakajima H, Ito Y.Equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus was observed in thin sections of infected cultured horse leukocytes by electron microscopy. The virus particles had a spherical shape and were between 80 and 120 nm in diameter. Most of them contained an electron-dense nucleoid 40 to 60 nm in diameter. They were observed to form by a process of budding from the plasma membrane and appeared to have thin surface projections. The particles described were not detected in uninfected cultured cells, and their appearance could be prevented by adding EIA immune serum to the inoculum. The implications of these findi...
Baker JM, Stidworthy M, Gull T, Novak J, Miller JM, Antczak DF.Serological and cellular assays and molecular techniques were used to define features of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the donkey With this information in hand, immune recognition of MHC determinants within and between donkeys and horses was compared. An antibody-mediated, complement-dependent, microcytotoxicity assay using a variety of antisera to donkey histocompatibility antigens, including those induced as a result of intraspecies or interspecies pregnancy in horse mares and jenny donkeys, delineated five donkey leukocyte antigen (DoLA) specificities. Antisera raised across...
Goranov Kh.The alkaline phosphatase enzyme, isolated by Morton's method from leukocytes of sheep, goats, and pigs gave after agarose elctrophoresis two isoenzyme fractions moving to the positive pole at the sites of the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of the blood serum. In bovine leukocytes, besides these two fractions there was a third one that moved more slowly in the zone of the beta-globulins. In horses the alkaline phosphatase of leukocytes produced a wide band within the zones of the beta-globulins and the albumins. It was established that the proportion between the individual isoenzyme fractions o...
Grünig G, Barbis DP, Zhang CH, Davis WC, Lunn DP, Antczak DF.Equine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were enriched by positive selection using panning with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies against putative equine CD4 (Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop antibodies WS 1 and WS 72), or CD8 molecules (Workshop antibodies WS 12, WS 49, and WS 74). RNA was extracted from CD4 enriched cells (99% purity), from CD8 enriched cells (69% purity), from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and from neonatal equine thymus. RNA extracted from equine granulocytes and from equine kidney served as negative control. The RNA was electrophoresed in agarose and transferred to nyl...
Lambertini C, Bombardi C, Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Dondi F, Morini M, Rinnovati R, Spadari A, Romagnoli N.Proteinase activated receptor 4 (PAR) in the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the regulation of inflammation and pain pathways. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution and expression of PAR in the jejunum of healthy horses and in the pathologic tracts from horses undergoing surgery for herniation of the small intestine through the epiploic foramen. Eight healthy horses (Group H) and eight horses with epiploic hernia (Group EH) were included; the jejunum samples were collected at the slaughter or intraoperatively after enterectomy, respectively. To evaluate PAR expres...
Köhne M, Kirch F, Tönissen A, Martinsson G, Rabe U, Sieme H, Schuberth HJ.To improve accuracy in evaluating stallion ejaculates, an antibody-based, flow cytometric assay for the detection and identification of leukocyte subpopulations (CD4-, CD8-, CD21-, CD172a-positive cells) in stallion semen (n = 12) was established. For establishment of the assay, native semen was supplemented with blood leukocytes (control: 20% leukocytes, 80% sperm cells) and analysed by flow cytometry. Adding antioxidants (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluol) to semen immediately after collection inhibited rapid death of lymphoid cells in sperm leukocyte mixtures. In control set-ups...
Viscardi V, Jorge ML, Silva KM, Sad EP, Fonseca AB, Alencar NX, Lessa DA.Collection of fluid from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) plays an important role in both the pathophysiological investigation and diagnosis of respiratory tract disease. Enzymes such as ALP are, among others, indicators of cell damage or death, type II pneumocyte proliferation, and neutrophil invasion, and have been useful as biomarkers of respiratory disease in other species. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare tracheal wash (TW) ALP activity in healthy horses and horses with LRT inflammation (LRTI) determined by TW cytology profile. Methods: Tracheal washes we...
A 25-year-old pony mare was presented to the clinic with preliminarily reported severe acute colic. The pony during the previous week had shown inappetence, apathy and fever of unknown origin. Clinical examination and placement of a gastric tube were indicative of a secondary gastric dilation. Rectal exploration found moderate caecal meteorism with a tensed and painful medial taenia as well as a dilated and fluid-filled small intestine. In addition, a solid, mobile, non-painful structure of approximately 10 cm diameter was palpated ventrally. A hyperechogenic mass close to the caecum was detec...
Wilson DV, Eberhart SW, Robinson NE, Rice R, Gray PR.The effects of exogenous platelet-activating factor (PAF) were determined in anesthetized ponies. Administration of PAF induced a decrease in cardiac index that resulted in systemic hypotension. This was followed by tachycardia, hypertension, and a return of cardiac index to baseline. Pulmonary arterial pressure increased markedly because of pulmonary vasoconstriction. Exogenous PAF also caused leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The specific PAF receptor antagonist (WEB 2086) blocked all PAF-induced changes. Flunixin meglumine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, abolished the pulmonary hypertension and...
Watson ED.Corpora lutea were recovered from mares either 4 to 5 days or 12 to 13 days after ovulation. Mixed populations of luteal cells were prepared by collagenase digestion and were incubated for 24 h in the presence or absence of prostaglandin (PG) F-2 alpha (250 ng/ml). PGF-2 alpha significantly (P = 0.03) reduced progesterone secretion by cells from late diestrous corpora lutea and tended (P = 0.06) to reduce secretion by early diestrous cells. PGF-2 alpha had no significant effect on leukotriene B-4 (LTB-4) production by cells from early diestrous corpora lutea, but significantly (P = 0.03) incre...
Alonso JM, Schmidt EMS, Eckersall PD, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Alves ALG, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe MJ, Crescencio AP, Hussni CA.The acute phase response is a response to injury and depends on the severity of the trauma. Heparin is routinely used for postsurgical treatment of horses to prevent abdominal adhesions; however, its effect on inflammation is unknown. This study aimed to assess systemic inflammatory response of horses subjected to small colon enterotomy and to evaluate heparin effects on postsurgical inflammation. Ten adult horses were subjected to small colon enterotomy and were assigned to a control or a treatment group. Both groups received prophylactic antibiotics and flunixin, and the treatment group rece...
Ząbek T, Semik E, Szmatoła T, Oklejewicz B, Fornal A, Bugno-Poniewierska M.Methylation profiles across three CpG islands of the RNASEL gene were determined in blood leukocyte samples of Anglo-Arabian and Hucul horses. Bisulfite sequencing revealed hypomethylated state of the RNASEL promoter coinciding with methylated CpG island placed inside the gene. Several CpG sites were identified for which the methylation state was influenced by DNA polymorphism. Two of them showed monoallelic methylation. One of the CpG sites revealed functional polymorphism. A number of partially methylated CpG sites have been observed in the promoter area of RNASEL, which were used for the co...
Bodurov N, Filipov Zh.Comparative clinical and experimental investigations were carried out on 18 clinically normal horses. It was found that the single transfusion of in vitro UV-treated autogenous blood, following a previously described method, was tolerated well by horses and did not lead to any deviations from the normal indices. Under the effect of the treated blood there was an increase in the hemoglobin content, rise in the erythrocyte and leukocyte count with slightly expressed hyperleukocytosis and weak neutrophilia (simple regeneration of the blood). The sedimentation of erythrocytes also showed higher ra...
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) were isolated from an inflammatory exudate induced in the intercarpal joints of horses by an administration of carrageenin. Their superoxide production at rest and following stimulation with either serum-treated zymosan (STZ) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was measured by cytochrome-c reduction. Stimulation of the cells increased the cytochrome-c reduction 10-15 times that of resting cells. The maxima were 20 nmol of reduced cytochrome-c per 10(6) cells per ml at 120 min (STZ) and 35 nmol of reduced cytochrome-c per 10(6) cells per ml at 60 min (PMA). T...
Read NG, Trist DG.The uptake of mepacrine by isolated horse polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) was measured using spectrophotofluorimetry. Two phases of uptake were observed, the first, rapid fraction, essentially complete by 10 min, and a second, slow fraction, which was still proceeding after 60 min. The appearance of mepacrine within the PMN was also visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Discrete yellow points of fluorescence were observed in the cytoplasm of PMN within 30 s. These discrete points corresponded both in size and number to the PMN granules. After 5 min, the nuclei showed faint fluorescence whi...
Daniel GB, Tucker RL, Buckman T, Daniel SL.Isolated equine granulocytes (WBC), radiolabeled with 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) or 111In-oxine, were evaluated in vitro for their labeling characteristics, viability, and phagocytic function over a 6-hour postlabeling period. Mean +/- SD labeling efficiency for 111In-oxine-WBC was 62.2 +/- 15.3%, which was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than that for 99mTc-HMPAO-WBC (32.0 +/- 17.0%). In vitro elution of radiolabel from cells was significantly (P less than 0.02) greater for 99mTc-HMPAO-WBC at 0.5, 2, and 4 hours, but was not significantly different from elutio...
Nyack B, Padmore CL, Dunn D, Kufuor-Mensan E, Mobini S.A 10-year-old Tennessee Walker gelding, with a history of progressive weight loss, intermittent colic and lethargy, had a slight fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, pallor, ascites and marked ventral edema. Blood analyses revealed anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift, lymphopenia, monocytosis, hypoproteinemia and a slightly increased SDH level. Abdominocentesis produced red-orange fluid with many RBC and an increased fibrinogen content. Rectal palpation revealed a large mass in the left caudal abdominal quadrant. The animal died shortly after resection of the mass. The histopatholog...
Martin EM, Schirmer JM, Jones SL, Davis JL.Misoprostol is an E prostanoid (EP) 2, 3 and 4 receptor agonist that is anecdotally used to treat and prevent NSAID-induced GI injury in horses. Misoprostol elicits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo in men and rodents, and inhibits TNFα production in equine leucocytes in vitro. Objective: Define the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral misoprostol in horses, and determine the inhibitory effect of oral misoprostol administration on equine leucocyte TNFα production in an ex vivo inflammation model. Methods: Pharmacokinetic study, ex vivo experimental study. Methods: Six healthy adult horses ...
Kalpokas I, Martínez MN, Cavestany D, Perdigón F, Mattos RC, Meikle A.We investigated the early effects of the equine embryo on maternal serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), leptin and adiponectin, uterine immune cells and genes and proteins related to embryo development and the maintenance of pregnancy. Ipsilateral endometrial expression was assessed on Days 7 and 13 after ovulation for the following transcripts: oestrogen receptor ERα (ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 5 (PAQR5), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), raf-1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine k...
Cunningham FM, Andrews M, Landoni MF, Lees P.Calcium ionophore A23187 induced time and concentration dependent production of immunoreactive leukotriene (LT) B4 by equine heparinized whole blood in vitro. Time dependent production of immunoreactive LTB4 by equine neutrophils and immunoreactive LTC4 by equine eosinophils in vitro was also demonstrated. The 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors, BAY X 1005 and BAY Y 1015, produced concentration dependent inhibition of ionophore-induced LTB4 synthesis by equine whole blood (mean +/- SEM IC50s n = 5; 6.14 +/- 0.28 microM vs. 12.30 +/- 0.75 microM for BAY Y 1015 and BAY X 1005, r...
Kindahl H, Daels P, Odensvik K, Daunt D, Fredricksson G, Stabenfeldt G, Hughes JP.Three different routes of administering Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin to mimic naturally occurring endotoxaemia were tried in the mare. Bolus injection, repeated bolus injections and continuous low-dose infusion were compared with prostaglandin F2 alpha release, leucocyte count and clinical response. A biphasic prostaglandin release and a pronounced leucopenia of almost identical patterns were seen in all models. Repeated bolus injections showed that the second injection initiated only a small prostaglandin release indicating the development of refractoriness to the treatment. A similar ref...
Scott WM, Fowler JD, Matte G, Allen AL, Wilkinson AA, Bailey JV, Fretz PB.To investigate neutrophil accumulation after ischemia and reperfusion (IR) in microvascular tissue flaps in horses. Methods: Randomized controlled experiment. Methods: A total of 8 horses between 1 and 10 years of age, 4 of each sex. Methods: Control and experimental myocutaneous island flaps based on the superficial branch of the deep circumflex iliac vessels were dissected on each horse. Atraumatic vascular clamps were applied to the pedicle of the experimental flap for 90 minutes and then removed to allow reperfusion. Based on the assumption that rapid infiltration of neutrophils into affec...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Turyna B.Horse blood leucocyte cytosol exhibits a broad inhibitory activity against serine proteinases. The purified inhibitor was exposed to investigated enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastases and serine proteinase from S. aureus) for variable time and the products were analyzed by gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molar ratio I:E, association rate constants k on and inhibition constants Ki for the enzymes and inhibitor were determined. The examined elastases form stable, stoichiometric complexes with the inhibitor (Ki less than 10(-10) M), ...
Bochsler PN, Slauson DO, Neilsen NR.The essential role of the CD11/CD18 family of leukocyte adhesion molecules (LeuCams) in neutrophil-substrate adhesion is well documented. We have found that a monoclonal antibody designated 60.3 (MoAb 60.3) that recognizes the common beta-subunit (CD18) on human neutrophils (PMN) also recognizes a surface antigen on equine PMN. Antigen expression as assessed by immunofluorescence flow cytometry was enhanced by zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. Pretreatment of equine PMN with MoAb 60.3 inhibited ZAS-stimulated aggregation, indicating that the mo...
Forsell PK, Lindberg A, Karlsson S, Lindgren JA, Claesson HE.It has been demonstrated that equine neutrophils, but not eosinophils, require exogenous arachidonic acid for calcium ionophore A23187-induced leukotriene synthesis. Because cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) plays an essential role in leukotriene formation in leukocytes, we investigated the presence of a functional cPLA(2) in equine neutrophils. To determine whether cPLA(2) from neutrophils was catalytically active, we purified the enzyme >6,500 fold with 3% recovery from equine neutrophils. The full-length cDNA sequence encoded a 749-amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence...
Malmquist WA, Becvar CS.Equine infectious anemia (EIA) cell antigens prepared from infected equine spleen, equine leukocyte cultures or a persistently infected equine dermis cell line contained at least two serologically reacting components. For convenience one component was designated as soluble antigen (SA) and the other as cell-associated antigen (CAA). The SA appeared as a single component when it was prepared from EIA virus precipitated from infectious tissue culture fluid with polyethylene glycol and ether treated but it was mixed with CAA when the source was infected cells. Cytolytic or mechanical disruption o...
Nielsen MK, Rubinson EF, Chambers TM, Horohov DW, Wagner B, Betancourt A, Reedy SE, Jacobsen S.Anthelmintics and vaccines are commonly given concurrently in routine equine management, but it is unknown to what extent an interaction between the two exists. Cyathostomins can modulate the local immune response by stimulating a type 2 helper T cell (Th2) response. In addition, anti-inflammatory effects of ivermectin have been found in rodent models. It is unknown whether these anti-inflammatory effects affect the acute phase response elicited by commonly used vaccines. This study evaluated how the acute phase inflammatory response, leukocyte expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and vac...
Bertram TA.Differences in neutrophil morphology between various species of domestic animals are evident when morphometric techniques are used. Morphometric analysis can be coupled with functional assays of degranulation to demonstrate changes in granule volume after neutrophil activation (Bertram and Jensen, 1984). Morphometric and functional analysis of the neutrophil can also be used to evaluate the response of neutrophils to infectious agents (Coignoul et al., 1984a). Comparison of these assays between animal species may provide insight into the susceptibility of animals to various microbial pathogens...
Targowski SP.The present study describes a two step technique for the separation of mononuclear leukocytes or mononuclear and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from whole equine blood. First, the leukocyte rich plasma was obtained by sedimentation of erythrocytes in the undiluted blood. Subsequently, separation of the different populations of white blood cells was performed by centrifugation with different gradients overlaid with the leukocyte rich plasma. The optimal separation of the mononuclear cells was obtained by the centrifugation of the leukocyte rich plasma overlaying the gradient containing 24 parts o...
Kasza A, Korpula-Mastalerz R, Rose-John S, Dubin A.The horse leucocyte elastase inhibitor (HLEI), present in neutrophils, monocytes and bone marrow cells, is apparently a cytoplasmic protein which is not released from cells even in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 or elastin degradation products. Although no expression of the inhibitor was detected in neutrophils, both monocytes and bone marrow cells were efficient in its synthesis. Using a new expression vector pREST5d, recombinant inhibitor was produced in a large quantity in a soluble form, with a yield of 88 mg per ...
Reynolds DJ, Nicholl TK.A 5 month old colt foal with recurrent pyrexia and a loud pansystolic murmur later developed signs of cardiac failure. Peritoneal fluid and blood samples both demonstrated an extreme leucocytosis and neutrophilia. At post-mortem both a cranial mesenteric arteritis and the congenital cardiac anomaly, Tetralogy of Fallot were found. The detailed clinical and post-mortem findings contributing to the case are described.
