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Topic:Medication
The topic of medication in horses encompasses the study and application of pharmaceutical substances used to treat, manage, or prevent diseases and conditions in equine patients. This field involves understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various drugs, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in horses. Medications commonly administered to horses include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, anthelmintics, and sedatives. The appropriate use of these medications is critical for ensuring therapeutic efficacy and minimizing adverse effects. Research in this area focuses on dosage optimization, drug interactions, resistance development, and withdrawal times to ensure both the health of the horse and compliance with regulatory standards. This page aggregates peer-reviewed studies and scholarly articles that explore the pharmacological aspects, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations of equine medications.
An evidence-based approach to the evaluation of ethnoveterinary medicines against strongyle nematodes of equids. Cyathostomins are the most important gastrointestinal nematode infecting equids. Their effective control is currently under threat due to widespread resistance to the broad spectrum anthelmintics licenced for use in equids. In response to similar resistance issues in other helminths, there has been increasing interest in alternative control strategies, such as bioactive plant compounds derived from traditional ethnoveterinary treatments. This study used an evidence-based approach to evaluate the potential use of plant extracts from the UK and Ethiopia to treat cyathostomins. Plants were shortl...
Sustained intra-articular release of celecoxib from in situ forming gels made of acetyl-capped PCLA-PEG-PCLA triblock copolymers in horses. In this study, the intra-articular tolerability and suitability for local and sustained release of an in situ forming gel composed of an acetyl-capped poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) (PCLA-PEG-PCLA) copolymer loaded with celecoxib was investigated in horse joints. The systems were loaded with two dosages of celecoxib, 50 mg/g ('low CLB gel') and 260 mg/g ('high CLB gel'). Subsequently, they were injected into the joints of five healthy horses. For 72 h after intra-articular injection, they induced a transient inflammatory response,...
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of furosemide for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. Furosemide is the most commonly used medication for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH); however, critical evaluation of the strength of evidence for efficacy of furosemide is lacking and is warranted so that evidence-based treatment decisions can be made. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of furosemide to reduce the severity or frequency of detection of EIPH in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. Methods: Systematic review with meta-analyses. Methods: Primary studies were identified via searches of electronic databases, relevant texts and reference lists of published article...
Nanoparticulate CpG immunotherapy in RAO-affected horses: phase I and IIa study. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), an asthma-like disease, is 1 of the most common allergic diseases in horses in the northern hemisphere. Hypersensitivity reactions to environmental antigens cause an allergic inflammatory response in the equine airways. Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) are known to direct the immune system toward a Th1-pathway, and away from the pro-allergic Th2-line (Th2/Th1-shift). Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs) are biocompatible and biodegradable immunological inert drug delivery systems that protect CpG-ODN against nuclease degeneration. Prelimi...
Survey of the therapeutic approach and efficacy of pentosan polysulfate for the prevention and treatment of equine osteoarthritis in veterinary practice in Australia. To survey veterinary practitioners in Australia on how they administer pentosan polysulfate (PPS) to horses and their perceptions of the efficacy of PPS for: the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), the treatment of OA when PPS is combined with other drugs, and the efficacy of PPS compared with other disease-modifying osteoarthritic drugs. Methods: Practitioners were contacted by email, which contained a link to an online survey. Results: A total of 76 responses (34.5%) to the survey were received. Respondents most commonly used PPS as prophylactic therapy prior to competition (80....
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, plain oral and enteric-coated oral omeprazole in the horse. The objectives were to document the pharmacokinetics of intravenous, enteric-coated oral and plain oral omeprazole in fasted horses and to investigate the impact of feeding on the bioavailability of an enteric-coated omeprazole. Twelve horses received four treatments: intravenous omeprazole (0.5 mg/kg) in the fasted state (IV-Fasted), enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fasted state (ECO-Fasted), enteric-coated omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fed state (ECO-Fed) and plain omeprazole (4 mg/kg) orally in the fasted state (PL-Fasted). Plasma omeprazole concentrations were det...
Ultrashort cationic naphthalene-derived self-assembled peptides as antimicrobial nanomaterials. Self-assembling dipeptides conjugated to naphthalene show considerable promise as nanomaterial structures, biomaterials, and drug delivery devices. Biomaterial infections are responsible for high rates of patient mortality and morbidity. The presence of biofilm bacteria, which thrive on implant surfaces, are a huge burden on healthcare budgets, as they are highly resistant to current therapeutic strategies. Ultrashort cationic self-assembled peptides represent a highly innovative and cost-effective strategy to form antibacterial nanomaterials. Lysine conjugated variants display the greatest po...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in the horse. The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in horses. Eight adult horses received 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine IV. Blood samples were collected before and for 10 h after drug administration to determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Data from one outlier were excluded from the statistical summary. Behavioral and physiological responses were recorded before and for 6 h after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine concentrations dec...
The effects of chemical and physical penetration enhancers on the percutaneous permeation of lidocaine through equine skin. The effect of physical and chemical permeation enhancers on in vitro transdermal permeation of lidocaine was investigated in the horse.Therefore, the effect of six vehicles (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 50% ethanol, 50% propylene glycol, 50% isopropylalcohol, 50% isopropylalcohol/isopropylmyristate and 50% dimethylsulfoxide) was examined as well as the effect of microneedle pretreatment with different needle lengths on transdermal drug delivery of lidocaine.The skin was obtained from the thorax of six Warmblood horses and was stored up to two weeks at - 20°C. Franz-type diffusion cells we...
Antioxidant Potential of the Polyherbal Formulation “ImmuPlus”: A Nutritional Supplement for Horses. In order to counteract harmful effects of oxidative stress due to pathological conditions or physical exercise, horses are often administered dietary supplements having supposed high antioxidant activities. The aim of the present study was to identify the in vitro antioxidant potential of "ImmuPlus", a polyherbal formulation (Global Herbs LTD, Chichester, West Sussex, Great Britain), containing three medicinal plants (Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, and Emblica officinalis), known in Ayurveda for their use in human disease treatment. Extracts obtained by different solvents (water, me...
Effect of Postbreeding Intramuscular Administration of Deslorelin Acetate on Plasma LH and Progesterone Concentrations and Conception Rate in Mares. To clarify effect of postbreeding intramuscular administration of deslorelin on mares, plasma LH and progesterone concentrations and conception rate were evaluated. In Experiment 1, deslorelin, buserelin, or a placebo was administered on day 9 (day 0=day of last breeding or AI). Plasma samples were collected daily from days 6 to 15, and additional samples were taken after treatment. There was a significant increase in hormonal concentrations after deslorelin treatment. In Experiment 2, deslorelin or placebo was injected on day 9. There was no difference in conception rates at days 15 and 30 be...
Oral and injectable synthetic progestagens effectively manipulate the estrous cycle in the Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). To date, there has been limited research on manipulation of the estrous cycle in endangered equids. The objectives of this study were to assess the efficacy of using combinations of: (a) oral altrenogest and PGF2α, and (b) injectable altrenogest and PGF2α for manipulation of ovarian activity in Przewalski's mares. Reproductive cycles were monitored by assessing follicular changes with rectal ultrasound and changes in urinary steroid hormones. In Study 1, five cycling mares were treated with oral altrenogest (n=11 cycles) for 14 days. In Study 2, cycling mares were treated with oral altrenoge...
Efficacy of omeprazole powder paste or enteric-coated formulation in healing of gastric ulcers in horses. GastroGard, an omeprazole powder paste formulation, is considered the standard treatment for gastric ulcers in horses and is highly effective. Gastrozol, an enteric-coated omeprazole formulation for horses, has recently become available, but efficacy data are controversial and sparse. Objective: To investigate the efficacy of GastroGard and Gastrozol at labeled doses (4 and 1 mg of omeprazole per kg bwt, respectively, PO q24h) in healing of gastric ulcers. Methods: 40 horses; 9.5 ± 4.6 years; 491 ± 135 kg. Methods: Prospective, randomized, blinded study. Horses with an ulcer score ≥1 (Equi...
Controlled nail delivery of a novel lipophilic antifungal agent using various modern drug carrier systems as well as in vitro and ex vivo model systems. The penetration behavior into human nails and animal hoof membranes of a novel antifungal agent (EV-086K) for the treatment of onychomycosis was investigated in this study. The new drug provides a high lipophilicity which is adverse for penetration into nails. Therefore, four different formulations were developed, with particular focus on a colloidal carrier system (CCS) due to its penetration enhancing properties. On the one hand, ex vivo penetration experiments on human nails were performed. Afterwards the human nail plates were cut by cryomicrotome in order to quantify the drug concentratio...
Detection and pharmacokinetics of three formulations of firocoxib following multiple administrations to horses. The use of firocoxib in horses and its ability to affect performance and potential to allow a horse to compete when it otherwise should not, necessitates establishing appropriate withdrawal time guidelines prior to performance. Objective: To describe plasma concentrations and characterise the pharmacokinetics of 3 firocoxib formulations following multiple administrations of the label dose, with respect to recommended plasma thresholds for performance horses. Methods: Balanced 3-way crossover prospective study. Methods: Nine healthy mature horses were administered firocoxib injectable solution ...
Use of lomustine (CCNU) in a case of cutaneous equine lymphoma. A 12-year-old gelding was diagnosed with recurrent lymphoma in multiple cutaneous sites. A highly invasive preputial mass caused urethral obstruction. The horse was treated with surgery and chemotherapy consisting of lomustine (CCNU) and prednisolone. The treatment was well-tolerated and effective. This is the first reported use of lomustine (CCNU) in a horse for the treatment of equine lymphoma. Utilisation de lomustine (CCNU) dans un cas de lymphone cutané équin. Un hongre âgé de 12 ans a été diagnostiqué avec un lymphome récurrent sur plusieurs sites cutanés. Une masse préputiale ...
Disposition of firocoxib in equine plasma after an oral loading dose and a multiple dose regimen. The objective of this study was to determine if a single loading dose (LD), 3× the label dose of firocoxib oral paste, followed by nine maintenance doses at the current label dose achieves and maintains near steady state concentrations. Six healthy, adult mares were administered 0.3mg/kg of firocoxib on Day 0, and 0.1 mg/kg 24 h later on Day 1, and at 24 h intervals from Day 2 to Day 9, for a total of 10 doses. Blood samples were collected throughout the study. The mean firocoxib maximum plasma concentration and standard deviation was 199±97 ng/mL, 175±44 ng/mL and 183±50 ng/mL after the L...
Indenopyride derivative RTI-4587-073(l): a candidate for male contraception in stallions. The objective of this study was to determine whether an indenopyridine derivative RTI-4587-073(l) was a good candidate for male contraception in horses. We hypothesized that a single administration of RTI-4587-073(l) causes significant suppression of testicular function in stallions without affecting sexual behavior. Three Miniature horse stallions received a single dose of 12.5 mg/kg RTI-4587-073(l) orally (group "treated"), whereas three other Miniature horse stallions received placebo only (group "control"). Semen was collected and evaluated from all stallions twice a week for three baselin...
