Microscopy in equine research involves the use of various microscopic techniques to study the cellular and subcellular structures of horses. This field encompasses the examination of tissues, cells, and microorganisms to gain insights into equine health, disease mechanisms, and physiological processes. Techniques such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy are employed to observe and analyze samples at high magnification, providing detailed information on morphology and pathology. Microscopy aids in the diagnosis of diseases, identification of pathogens, and evaluation of cellular responses to treatments. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of microscopy in the study of equine biology and medicine.
Yuki N, Shimazaki T, Kushiro A, Watanabe K, Uchida K, Yuyama T, Morotomi M.Selective adhesion to only certain epithelia is particularly common among the bacterial members of the indigenous microflora of mammals. We have found that the stratified squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting area of horse stomach is colonized by gram-positive rods. The microscopic features of a dense layer of these bacteria on the epithelium were found to be similar to those reported in mice, rats, and swine. Adhering microorganisms were isolated and identified as Lactobacillus salivarius, L. crispatus, L. reuteri, and L. agilis by DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniqu...
McClure SR, Hillberry BM, Fisher KE.To evaluate in vitro holding power and associated microstructural and thermal damage from placement of positive-profile transfixation pins in the diaphysis and metaphysis of the equine third metacarpal bone. Methods: Third metacarpal bones from 30 pairs of adult equine cadavers. Methods: Centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins were placed in the diaphysis of 1 metacarpal bone and the metaphysis of the opposite metacarpal bone of 15 pairs of bones. Tensile force at failure for axial extraction was measured with a materials testing system. An additional 15 pairs of metacarpal bone...
Morisset S, McClure SR, Hillberry BM, Fisher KE.To compare the in vitro holding power and associated microstructural damage of 2 large-animal centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins in the diaphysis of the equine third metacarpal bone. Methods: 25 pairs of adult equine cadaver metacarpal bones. Methods: Centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins of 2 different designs (ie, self-drilling, self-tapping [SDST] vs nonself-drilling, nonself-tapping [NDNT] transfixation pins) were inserted into the middiaphysis of adult equine metacarpal bones. Temperature of the hardware was measured during each step of insertion with ...
Muylle S, Simoens P, Lauwers H.This paper gives an anatomical overview of the dentinal structure in equine incisor teeth with special reference to the three-dimensional organization, the number and the diameter of the dentinal tubules. The spatial arrangement of equine dentine was examined by scanning electron microscopy of occlusal surfaces and longitudinally fractured teeth and by light microscopy of both decalcified and ground sections. The dentinal tubules of the peripherally situated primary dentine were directly continuous with those of the circumpulpal secondary dentine. The tubules had numerous side branches along t...
Muylle S, Simoens P, Lauwers H.The dentinal tubules of 20 permanent equine incisors were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Occlusal surfaces and longitudinal fracture planes of both etched and undecalcified teeth were examined. Three different types of structure were observed inside the dentinal tubular lumen. Odontoblastic processes could only be visualized in the circumpulpal parts of the tubules. The more peripheral parts were empty or housed cylindrical structures that probably correspond to the laminae limitantes. Collagen fibres were frequently observed in the tubular lumina and were most numerous in the c...
Manglai D, Wada R, Kurohmaru M, Yoshihara T, Kuwano A, Oikawa M, Hayashi Y.The present study attempted to clarify the characteristics of the guttural pouch mucosa in equines and to evaluate its foreign substance clearance ability. The specimens were collected from nine regions (eight in the guttural pouch mucosa, and one in the nasopharynx mucosa). We first examined the pouch mucosa by light and electron microscopy. We then measured the frequency of goblet cells per 200 epithelial cells, the length of the cilia, the thickness of the epithelial cell layer and lamina propria and statistically analyzed the data. The guttural pouch mucosa consisted of stratified columnar...
Benbarek H, Grülke S, Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Mathy-Hartert M, Caudron I, Dessy-Doize C, Lamy M, Serteyn D.We studied the interactions of isolated equine neutrophils with endothelial cells in culture, mimicking a situation of acute inflammation. Our main purpose was to demonstrate that the supernatant of activated neutrophils was sufficient to damage endothelial cells. Equine endothelial cells (from carotid arteries) were covered either with increased numbers of equine neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, or with the supernatant collected after an in vitro stimulation of the neutrophils. Cytotoxicity was estimated by the release of preincorporated 51Cr, and by light microscopy obser...
Macdonald AA, Chavatte P, Fowden AL.Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the microstructure of the maternal and fetal placenta from 25 pregnant ponies (Equus caballus) throughout the second half of gestation. Samples of placenta, 2-6 cm(2)in area, were collected from the antimesometrial region of the pregnant horn at 105 days (n=1), 165-219 days (n=5), 260 days (n=3), 270-277 days (n=3), 313-337 days (n=11) and immediately after spontaneous delivery at term (n=2). The maternal microcaruncle appears to be created from a clustering of about 16 uterine crypts encapsulated in a connective tissue sheath. There is a gestat...
Kumar P, Timoney JF, Southgate HH, Sheoran AS.The nasal turbinates of 5 young horses were studied by light and scanning electron-microscopy. Stratified cuboidal epithelium lined the rostral part of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates of the vestibular region. The polyangular microvillus cells of this region were separated by linear depressions. The mid and caudal parts of the dorsal and ventral nasal turbinates and the rostral part of the ethmoturbinates were lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated respiratory epithelium. Numerous cilia with dilated blebs on the ciliated cells concealed adjacent non-ciliated supporting cells and g...
Altunay H.The fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy in both the tapetal and non-tapetal fundus of the horse eye. In all locations, the RPE consisted of a single layer of low cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells were joined laterally by apically located tight junctions. These cells displayed numerous basal infoldings and abundant thin apical processes which enclosed the rod outer segments. The epithelial cell nuclei were large and located basally. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endo...
Tan JH, Sasaki F.To determine the effect of age on immunocytochemical staining characteristics of adenohypophyseal cells of Mongolian pony mares and stallions. Methods: 35 Mongolian ponies. Methods: Pituitary glands from 1- to 22-year-old horses of both sexes were collected at a commercial slaughterhouse in China and allocated into 7 groups according to age and sex: prepubertal stallions (n = 5; 1 to 2 years old), young stallions (6; 3 to 7 years old), middle-aged stallions (4; 10 to 12 years old), old stallions (5; 15 to 22 years old), young mares (3; 3 to 7 years old), middle-aged mares (5; 10 to 12 years ol...
Pfeiffer CJ, Levin M, Lopes MA.This investigation examined primarily epidermal specializations of the adult horse tongue by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Samples were collected from seven regions of the normal tongue of various breeds of horse. The filiform papillae, present on the dorsal and lateral aspects but not the ventral aspect of the tongue, were short, slender and finger-like structures with variable-shaped terminae. The epidermal thickness and height of dermal ridges were reduced on fungiform and vallate papillae, but tissue architecture and keratinocyte ultrastructure of most of the lingua...
Fleury C, Bérard F, Balme B, Thomas L.The clinical and pathological characteristics of cutaneous melanomas occurring in Camargue-type gray-skinned horses are reported. Examination of 83 tumor-bearing horses revealed that the tumors occurred most frequently underneath the tail (93.9%) and at high rates in the peri-anal region (43.0%), the lips (33.0%), and the eyelids (24.0%), but rarely in the vulva (3.8%). Tumorous lesions were characterized by the presence of either hemispheric nodules or large infiltrated plaques, or their combinations. Microscopic examination indicated that tumorous lesions were composed mostly of melanocytes ...
Asperio RM, Marzola P, Sbarbati A, Osculati F, Addis F.To analyze the tendon of the deep digital flexor (TDDF) muscle of the forelimb in horses by use of a contrast radiographic agent (gadopentate dimeglumine [Gd-DTPA/Dimeg]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to determine the concentration of water protons in the tendons by use of MRI. Methods: 8 TDDF harvested from the forelimbs of 6 horse cadavers. Methods: Examinations were performed on the same portion of each tendon. Tendons were examined by use of two techniques: MRI before and after treatment with Gd-DTPA/Dimeg as well as scanning electron microscopy. Results: Tendons did not have de...
Riggs CM, Boyde A.The present study addressed the question of whether training induces changes in bone density in the younger racehorse in regions relevant to the genesis of the common sagittal condylar fracture pattern and, if so, the nature of such alteration. Third metacarpal bones (McIII) were obtained from 12 experimental Thoroughbred, unbroken fillies, age 18.1-21.0 months at entry to the study. Six (Group E) undertook 19 weeks of progressive high intensity exercise on a high-speed treadmill at 3% incline. Six (Group C) walked 40 min each day. Clinical bone density was studied by Computed Tomography (CT) ...
Wille KH, Nakov C.The mucous membrane of the caecum and colon ascendens of adult horses was first studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. In the surface epithelium there was an inconspicuous constellation of organelles, otherwise there was a lot of mitochondria as a source of energy for absorptive performances. Moreover, enlarged intercellular spaces exist as an indication of an increased uptake of water and electrolytes. In the basal region of Lieberkühn's crypts there were single enteroendocrine cells and numerous granules in the apical epithelial cytoplasm. The functional meaning of these ...
Patterson-Kane JC, Sanchez LC, MacKay RJ, Sundberg JP, Homer BL.A 4-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was presented with a history of weight loss of 6 months duration, along with extensive ventral subcutaneous edema. Clinicopathologic findings included a markedly low serum total protein (2.9 g/dl) and a low packed cell volume (24%). The mucosal surface of the distal jejunum and entire ileum were carpeted with numerous polypoid, papillary, and glandular masses comprised of pseudostratified tall columnar cells and large numbers of interspersed goblet cells. Neoplastic change was diffuse throughout the mucosa of each mass, but abrupt demarcation occurred between...
Telfer EE, Watson ED.The aims of this study were to evaluate the use of collagenase treatment to isolate preantral follicles from mare ovaries and to assess the effect of this treatment on follicular morphology. Intact mare ovaries were chopped into pieces, incubated individually with 1, 3 or 5 mg collagenase (type 1A) ml(-1) in a shaking waterbath at 37 degrees C for up to 2 h and passed through a series of stainless steel filters with pore size 50-300 microm to remove large clumps and stromal cells. The samples were prepared for histological analysis and sections were examined by light microscopy. Isolated folli...
Colchen S, Battut I, Fiéni F, Tainturier D, Siliart B, Bruyas JF.Equine embryos were collected at exactly 156 +/- 0.5 (n=8) and 168 +/- 0.5 h (n=11) after ovulation. The embryos were fixed in glutaraldehyde, sectioned serially and observed using light microscopy. In the 156 h group, all embryos were early blastocysts except for one, which was a morula. The morula and one early blastocyst had no capsule. The capsules of the other embryos were thin. The mean +/- SD total number of cells was 275 +/- 105 (range 117-417). The mean +/- SD proportions of mitotic and pycnotic cells were 2.5 +/- 1.2 and 1.1 +/- 1.8%, respectively, and there were no differences betwe...
Alm H, Neumann H, Torner H, Tomek W, Wollenhaupt K, Kanitz W, Becker F.Equine oocytes were collected by follicle aspiration in vivo or by dissection of material obtained from an abattoir, and the ultrastructure, protein phosphorylation and mRNA status of the oocytes were evaluated. Electron microscopy studies indicated that the nucleus had a smooth membrane in oocytes with a compact cumulus, whereas the nuclear membrane was undulated in all other groups. Oocytes with compact cumuli had only a few microvilli, whereas those with expanded cumuli had more microvilli. There were only small numbers of cortical granules close to the oolemma in oocytes with compact cumul...
Enders AC, Jones CJ, Lantz KC, Schlafke S, Liu IK.Invasion of trophoblast cells of the chorionic girdle into the endometrium and their subsequent dependence as endometrial cup cells on the maternal vascular system are unique features of equine gestation. This study of exocrine secretion by the endometrial glands and endocrine secretion by the cup cells was initiated to examine the relationships between and the effects of two disparate epithelial cell types sharing the endometrium. Endometrial cups were examined from day 36 to day 83 of gestation by light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical and lectin analysis. As the cup cells in...
Majewska AC, Werner A, Sulima P, Luty T.The present study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in horses used for recreational riding as well as in humans. A total of 106 faecal specimens from horses raised in 4 localities of western Poland and 6 stool samples from 3 persons who had constant or sporadic contact with horses were screened microscopically for oocysts using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was additionally used for the detection of coproantigen in human stool samples as well as in 43 randomly selected horse faecal samples. The overall infection rate of horses...
Davis CR, Barr BC, Pascoe JR, Olander HJ, Dubey JP.Hepatic sarcocystosis was diagnosed in a horse in association with refractory bacterial osteomyelitis and plasma cell tumor of the maxilla and hepatic salmonellosis. Gross lesions included pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal effusions, hepatomegaly, gastric ulceration, colonic edema, and proliferative tissues filling 2 maxillary dental alveoli. Histologically, liver was characterized by severe suppurative, necrotizing, periportal hepatitis, and severe periacinar necrosis. Hepatocytes frequently contained protozoal schizonts in various stages of development. In mature schizonts, merozoites wer...
Walter I, Nowotny N.Effects of infection with two different strains of equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1; Piber 178/83, Kentucky D) on the cytoskeleton of Vero cells were investigated immunohistochemically, and evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Twenty four hours post EHV-1 infection the assembly of the microtubulus system of Vero cells was heavily disturbed. The Golgi region was dispersed into vesicles spread throughout the cytoplasm as demonstrated by WGA lectin binding. Other cytoskeletal elements such as cytokeratin, vimentin, and filamentous actin (F-actin) were not affected by EHV-1 infection....
Shikichi M, Kitamura HP, Yanase H, Konno A, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Iwanaga T.The synovial membrane displays a superficial cellular lining composed of two types of synoviocytes: "absorptive" macrophages (type A cells) and "secretory" fibroblast-like cells (type B cells). The types are intermingled and extend a variety of processes, rendering the cellular architecture of the synovial membrane difficult to visualize. Previous electron microscopic and histochemical studies failed to demonstrate the entire shape of synoviocytes, except our immunohistochemical study for protein gene product 9.5 in the horse joint. The present SEM study is the first to demonstrate the three-d...
Mobarak MS, Ryan MF.Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to provide further data on the putative origins of the immunogenic secretory-excretory product (ESP) of Strongylus vulgaris (Looss 1900). The sharply delineated but superficial attachment to the equine caecum by the mouth leaves behind an oval area devoid of epithelial cells. Attachment does not extend deeply enough to reach the muscularis mucosa layer of the equine intestine. The progressive digestion of the ingested plug of tissue (epithelial cells, blood cells and mucous) was visualized. The coelomocytes, floating cells and...
Rebhun WC, Cho JO, Gaarder JE, Peek SF, Patten VH.Microscopic examination of Gram-stained tissue specimens collected from severe corneal ulcers in 2 horses revealed large gram-positive rods suggestive of Clostridium spp. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from specimens collected from horse 1; anaerobic organisms were not detected in specimens from horse 2. Aerobic bacterial culture revealed Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacter cloacae in specimens collected from horses 1 and 2, respectively. An insect exoskeleton was presumed to be the underlying cause of ulceration in horse 1. Cause of ulceration in horse 2 was not determined. Antibiotic...
Reina MA, López A, de Andrés JA.Cauda equine syndrome is a rare neurological complication associated with subarachnoid anesthesia, and particularly with the use of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine and small gauge catheters. Our aim was to study a possible anatomical factor that might impede adequate dilution of local anesthetic and explain the development of cauda equine syndrome and transitory radicular irritation. Methods: The spinal dura matters and their contents from two male human cadavers were examined after organs had been extracted for transplantation. Both men had recently died at ages 56 and 65 years of age. Samples were f...
Ramirez S, Sedrish SA, Paccamonti DL, French DD.This report describes two mares presented for evaluation of anorexia, fever of unknown origin, and weight loss. Clinical examination, laboratory findings, and transrectal ultrasonographic images suggested ovarian abscessation. One mare was successfully treated medically. Because of financial considerations, the second mare was euthanatized and a postmortem examination was performed. At necropsy, there was an enlarged right ovary with an adhesion to the large colon. Microscopic findings were characteristic of an ovarian abscess.
Lindeberg H, Kurtén A, Koskinen E, Katila T.The effect of addition of glycine betaine to a lactose-EDTA freezing medium on the post-thaw motility of stallion semen was determined. The first three semen-rich fractions of nine stallions were collected with an open-end Krakow artificial vagina on consecutive weekdays. Semen was frozen using the Hannover method with freezing media containing glycine betaine in various concentrations from 0 to 5%. After thawing, sperm motility was analysed both by a light microscope and by a Hamilton-Thorn Motility Analyser. Total and progressive post-thaw motilities of semen containing 0.25-3% glycine betai...
Aldrich E, Nout-Lomas Y, Seim HB, Easley JT.To evaluate safety and efficacy of a novel technique for cervical stabilization. Methods: In vivo experimental. Methods: Four normal adult quarterhorse crossbreed horses (2-4 years of age, > 250 kg). Methods: One mid-cervical spinal unit (C3-C4) was distracted with a porous metal interbody fusion device (IFD) and stabilized with a polyaxial pedicle screw and rod construct. Neurologic examinations were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. Radiographs of the fusion site and adjoining vertebrae were obtained preoperatively and monthly. Horses were euthanized at 8 months and spin...
Banks EM, Kyriakidou M, Little S, Hamblin AS.Leucocytes in the lung epithelium play an important role in the ability of an animal to respond appropriately to inhaled pathogens. The distribution of lymphoid and myeloid cells associated with the lung epithelium was examined immunohistochemically throughout the respiratory tract of four horses, comprising two adults from an abattoir, one pregnant mare, and her fetus (in the final stage of gestation). Cross and tangential cryosections were labelled with monoclonal antibodies against T-cell, B-cell, macrophage/dendritic myeloid cell, and major histocompatibility Class (MHC) II surface antigen...
Martel G, Couture CA, Gilbert G, Bancelin S, Richard H, Moser T, Kiss S, Légaré F, Laverty S.Osteochondrosis is an ischemic chondronecrosis of epiphyseal growth cartilage that results in focal failure of endochondral ossification and osteochondritis dissecans at specific sites in the epiphyses of humans and animals, including horses. The upstream events leading to the focal ischemia remain unknown. The epiphyseal growth cartilage matrix is composed of proteoglycan and collagen macromolecules and encases its vascular tree in canals. The matrix undergoes major dynamic changes in early life that could weaken it biomechanically and predispose it to focal trauma and vascular failure. Subre...
Mathewos M, Bukero R, Endale H, Mekbib B, Giday W, Mekore D.Epizootic lymphangitis is a contagious, chronic and overwhelming disease of equids, characterized by chronic discharging skin nodules. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of epizootic lymphangitis in equines at Nagele Arsi town, southeastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study using a random sampling technique was employed from December 2021 to June 2022 via clinical and microscopic examinations of the lesions. The overall prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis was 4.37% with a prevalence of 6.69%, 0.72%, and 0% in horses, donkeys, and mules, respectively...
Fjordbakk CT, Marques-Smith P.Interpretation of patellar ligament (PL) ultrasonography may be difficult, as hypoechoic or heterogenous echogenicity are common findings. Verifying suspected disease of equine PLs by histopathology is also problematic as descriptions of normal PL vascularity and histology are scarce. The current study describes the PL and infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) vascular pattern from computed tomography scans of barium perfused normal equine specimens (n = 8; age 10 days to 18 years), as well as routine histology to serve as a reference for future investigations into PL pathology and IFP disease. Re...
Diaz-Jimenez M, Dorado J, Consuegra C, Ortiz I, Pereira B, Carrasco JJ, Gomez-Arrones V, Domingo A, Hidalgo M.The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different factors affecting vitrification success of donkey sperm: extender, sperm concentration, volume and storage vessel type. In Experiment 1, sucrose supplementations at 0.25 and 0.1 M were compared using two base extenders (containing or not egg-yolk); in Experiment 2, three sperm concentrations were assessed: 100, 200 or 300 million sperm/mL; and in Experiment 3, three different sperm volumes (100, 160 and 200 μL) and two different storage vessels (0.25 and 0.5 mL straws) were assessed. Sperm motility variables (CASA), plasma memb...
Andrew SE, Ramsey DT, Hauptman JG, Brooks DE.To determine density of corneal endothelial cells and corneal thickness in eyes of euthanatized horses. Methods: 52 normal eyes from 26 horses. Methods: Eyes were enucleated after horses were euthanatized. Eyes were examined to determine that they did not have visible ocular defects. Noncontact specular microscopy was used to determine density of corneal endothelial cells. Corneal thickness was measured, using ultrasonic pachymetry or specular microscopy. Results: Mean density of corneal endothelial cells was 3,155 cells/mm2. Cell density decreased with age, but sex did not affect cell density...
Oikawa M, Katayama Y, Yoshihara T, Kaneko M, Yoshikawa T.The morphology of the arteries in the uterine wall was studied in three multiparous aged mares that had suffered repeated pregnancy failure. The uterine wall arteries exhibited elastosis of the intima or adventitia, or both, resembling "physiological pregnancy sclerosis". In areas affected by elastosis, degeneration of the pre-existing elastic fibres and increased glycosaminoglycans were frequently observed. Newly formed elastic fibres were not evident. Delayed resorption due to disordered metabolic turnover of the elastin was thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the arteri...
Baldani CD, Nakaghi AC, Machado RZ.Blood and serum samples from 170 horses raised in the Jaboticabal microregion, São Paulo State, Brazil, were collected and tested by microscopic examination of blood smears, indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) for Theileria equi infections. The association among the test results was verified by the McNemar test. During the examination of thin blood smears, parasites were detected in six (3.52%) horses. Anti-T. equi antibodies were detected in 100% sera samples, with titers ranging between 1:80 and 1:5120. The nPCR based on the T. equi merozoit...
Kumar P, Timoney JF.Light and electron microscope studies were conducted on the nasopharynx and the nasopharyngeal tonsil of 15 young horses. The nasopharynx and nasopharyngeal tonsil was lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium and goblet cells. The lymphoepithelium of the nasopharyngeal tonsil was folded forming crypts, the mucosa of which was modified into follicle associated epithelium characterized by stratified cuboidal epithelium, loss of cilia, absence of goblet cells and infiltration of lymphocytes. The lamina propria mucosae of the nasopharyngeal tonsil contained well-developed lymphoid ...
Back W, van der Lugt JJ, Nikkels PG, van den Belt AJ, van der Kolk JH, Stout TA.An extreme form of abnormal development, dwarfism, is common in man and some animals, but has not been officially reported in horses. Within the Friesian horse breed, congenital dwarfism has been recognised for many years, but no detailed report exists on its phenotype. The most salient feature of the dwarf syndrome is the physeal growth retardation in both limbs and ribs. Affected animals have approximately 25% shorter fore- and hindlimbs and approximately 50% reduced bodyweight. Postnatal growth is still possible in these animals, albeit at a slower rate: the head and back grow faster than t...
Attia MM, Khalifa MM, Mahdy OA. larvae are of veterinary and medical importance caused specific equine intestinal myiasis. (Botfly larvae) had a wide geographical distribution. The present study explores the prevalence rate of 3 stage larvae in Egypt from January- December 2017; besides, in vitro trials to control of this larvae and evaluation of this trial using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and histopathology of treated larvae. In the present study, the 3 larval stage of was found in clusters in the epithelium of the investigated stomach and infested with prevalence rate 97.2%. The highest collected numbers of lar...
McGuire TC, Banks KL, Davis WC.Combined immunodeficiency (CID) is a significant disease in terms of prevalence in Arabian foals and is a useful animal for study of a similar condition in children. Thymuses from all CID foals examined were extremely hypoplastic. Light and electron microscopic examination of thymuses from CID foals, as well as a thymus from an aborted CID fetus, demonstrate that the basic thymic structure is intact, despite a number of dissimilar morphologic appearances. From these data, we inferred that the thymic hypoplasia was caused by a failure of committed lymphocytes from the bone marrow to populate th...
Nürnberger S, Rentenberger C, Thiel K, Schädl B, Grunwald I, Ponomarev I, Marlovits S, Meyer C, Barnewitz D.The present study reports for the first time the presence of giant crystals in mitochondria of equine chondrocytes. These structures show dark contrast in TEM images as well as a granular substructure of regularly aligned 1-2 nm small units. Different zone axes of the crystalline structure were analysed by means of Fourier transformation of lattice-resolution TEM images proving the crystalline nature of the structure. Elemental analysis reveals a high content of nitrogen referring to protein. The outer shape of the crystals is geometrical with an up to hexagonal profile in cross sections. It ...
Schwab U, Caldwell S, Matychak MB, Felippe J.We developed a 3-D equine bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) culture that fully differentiates into ciliary beating and mucus producing cells. Using this system, we evaluated how mucus affects the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Adult horse monocyte-derived macrophages were incubated with Rhodococcus equi for 4h either in the mucus layer of in vitro generated airway epithelium or on collagen coated membranes. Using light and electron microscopy, we noted that the number of macrophages with intracellular bacteria, and the number of intracellular bacteria per macrophage were lower in the presen...
Sommerauer S, Muelling CK, Seeger J, Schusser GF.Anaesthesia of the external ear canal (external acoustic meatus) is usually performed by blocking both the great and internal auricular nerves by regional infiltration. However, exact landmarks for blocking the internal auricular nerve to accomplish effective anaesthesia have not been described yet. In this study, detailed anatomical dissection of the equine external ear canal and its nerve supply was carried out on fifteen cadaver heads. Tissue samples of the dissected nerves were taken from two cadaver heads processed and were evaluated microscopically. Prior to the dissection, the region of...
Brianti E, Giannetto S, Traversa D, Chirgwin SR, Shakya K, Klei TR.A mixed population of equine cyathostomin (Nematoda, Strongyloidea) infective third stage larvae (L3) was cultured in vitro using a cell-free medium. Some L3 were cultured immediately after Baermann collection from fecal cultures, while others were kept in water at 4 degrees C for 7 days before initiating the in vitro cultures. Cultures were examined daily for viability. At days 2, 7, 14 and 21 larvae were collected for identification of developmental stage and morphological changes, using both light and scanning electron microscopy. Larvae were classified as early L3 (EL3), developing L3 (DL3...
Ueda H, Abe M, Takehana K, Iwasa K, Hiraga T.The innervation of the red pulp in the spleen of horse and pig was investigated by electron microscopy. In addition, the neurilemma was studied by immunohistochemistry specific for S-100 protein. In the pig, a large population of smooth-muscle cells extending from the smooth-muscle trabeculae was present in the red pulp. The cytoplasmic processes of reticular cells enwrapped the smooth-muscle cells, and nerve fibres were distributed between the smooth-muscle cells and the reticular cells. The nerve terminals clustered toward the facing of the smooth-muscle cells. Nerve fibres and terminals wer...
Takeda S, Ohta M, Ebina S, Nagayama K.Horse L-ferritin cDNA was cloned from horse liver, and the base sequence was determined. The L-ferritin was expressed using pTZ18U encoding lac promoter, and found to possess an additional 8-amino acid sequence at the N-terminus as compared with commercially obtained horse spleen (natural) ferritin. It was determined that there was Pro at position 94 in both the recombinant and natural L-ferritin, although it was previously reported that Leu was in this position in the natural species. Transmission electron microscopy showed that this recombinant ferritin formed a 24-mer shell.
Atwal OS, Singh B, Staempfli H, Minhas K.The pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) have been described in several species of animals. This study demonstrates for the first time that the equine lung has PIMs as resident phagocytes in its microvasculature. Their salient features such as globular surface coat, structures of the endocytic pathway, and related cell organelles closely resemble those of the calf, goat, and sheep. The exquisite organization of the coat globules in the form of a linear chain was structurally similar to the lipolytic lipase and the heparin-sensitive globular coat from PIMs of calf, goat, and sheep. Monast...
Samuel CA, Allen WR, Steven DH.Ultrastructural studies of the uterine glands at intervals during pregnancy in the mare show that secretory activity continues after formation of the placental exchange units. The nature of the glandular secretion appeared initially to be proteinaceous, but cellular debris was also present during the last third of gestation. These secretions were absorbed by the trophoblast overlying the mouths of the glands. The fate secretions and their significance for the fetus and placenta are unknown.
Rieger J, Hopperdietzel C, Kaessmeyer S, Slosarek I, Diecke S, Richardson K, Plendl J.Human and equine patients are known to frequently develop vascular complications, particularly thrombosis both in veins and arteries as well as in the microvasculature. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the angiogenic response of human and equine endothelial cells to lesions in an in vitro scratch assay. Methods: Endothelial cells from human umbilical vein (HUVEC), abdominal aorta (HAAEC) and dermal microvasculature (HDMEC) as well as equine carotid artery (EACEC) and jugular vein (EVJEC) were cultured and an elongated defect was created (scratch or "wound"...
Masset A, Staszyk C, Gasse H.The micro-vasculature of the equine periodontal ligament (PDL) was investigated using corrosion casts for scanning electron microscopy. Specimens from eight healthy warm-blooded horses were examined. Specific vascular features such as large ampullae with a diameter of up to 300 microm and blind vascular casts were found in the specimens of the equine PDL. The ampullae-shaped venules occurred only in the peripheral layer, where they were formed at the confluence of several vessels. Two types of blind stumps were identified. The first was developed in all three layers, while the second was found...
Bishop AE, Hodson NP, Major JH, Probert L, Yeats J, Edwards GB, Wright JA, Bloom SR, Polak JM.In recent years, distinct changes in regulatory peptides have been found in a number of gastrointestinal diseases. Grass sickness is a fatal disease of horses for which the etiology has yet to be fully ascertained. In this study, the peptide-containing nerves and ganglionic and mucosal endocrine cells of the ileum, colon and rectum were investigated in horses with sub-acute or chronic grass sickness and compared with normal controls using immunocytochemistry, at both the light and electron microscopical levels, and radioimmunoassay. A substantial loss of both peptide-containing cells and nerve...
Miller R, Pott B.A case of subcutaneous phycomycosis of a horse from which Basidiobolus haptosporu was isolated is described. Although some clinical signs were similar to the disease caused by Hyphomyces destruens, the gross and microscopic pathology were different in several respects. Main characteristics of the histopathology were the narrow eosinophilic sleeve around wide, frequently septate hyphae scattered throughout the affected tissue and found commonly at the advancing border of the lesion. A retrospective study of 63 cases of phycomycosis diagnosed at this laboratory since 1970 indicated a further 11 ...
Smith P, Samuelson D, Brooks D.The anterior vasculature of the pony eye was examined by the corrosion cast method. The anterior segment of the pony eye has a vascular pattern which is similar but distinct from that of other mammalian species. Large iridal veins collateralized directly with the anterior vortex venous system. The intrascleral plexus was present but formed a fine, radially oriented, extensive network. This contrasted to the circumferential larger-diameter intrascleral plexus noted in dogs and the canal of Schlemm present in primates. The intrascleral plexus only drained posteriorly in the pony as compared to t...
Sievers H, Hiebl B, Hünigen H, Hirschberg RM.Blood supply is an important factor for the normal function of the equine hoof, but earlier studies present conflicting data on functional characteristics of its angioarchitecture. Objective: Emphasis was laid on demonstration of the microvascularisation in the different hoof wall regions, aiming at assessment of specialised vascular structures, e.g. vascular sphincter mechanisms and arteriovenous anastomoses. Methods: The angioarchitecture of the adult pododerma in the equine hoof wall was examined by scanning electron microscopy of micro-corrosion casts assisted by exemplary histological and...
Young DR, Nunamaker DM, Markel MD.Eight untrained 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses were used in a study of the remodeling response of the proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) to training-related stimuli. Two horses each were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: group 1, untrained, pasture turnout (control); group 2, modified-classically trained, dirt track; group 3, classically trained, dirt track; and group 4, classically trained, wood chip track. Horses were given fluorochromic bone labels every 28 days during training. All horses were euthanatized after 5 months of training, and the proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) were removed. A midsagittal sec...
Fong CK, Hsiung GD.Development of equine herpesvirus strain 82A was studied in cells from primary horse kidney (HOK) cultures and an equine dermis (ED) cell strain. HOK and ED cells are equally susceptible to the 82A virus infection and yield about the same amount of infectious virus. Intranuclear inclusions were present in both cell systems, but a ring-shaped syncytial formation was observed only in infected ED cells. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of dense granules 30 nm in diameter and characteristic star-like clusters of granules in the infected HOK cells, but these granules were rarely seen i...
Else RW, Holmes JR.The normal histology of cardiac tissues has been described by many authors, for example Gross and Kugel (1931), Trautmann and Fiebiger (1952), Gould (1968), Bloom and Fawcett (1969) and Ham (1969). In the horse, a few reports have described microscopic valvular pathology in detail (Ackerknecht 1923, Imre 1933, Ubach and Cler 1944). Experimentally induced lesions have been reported by Wadsworth (1919), Wadsworth and Sickles (1927) and Miller (1944), and endocarditis was described by Winqvist (1945) and Dobin (1959, 1968).
In 1966, Smetzer, Bishop and Smith outlined the valvular pathology ass...
