Pathology in horses involves the study of diseases and abnormalities affecting equine health, encompassing a range of conditions that can impact various systems within the horse's body. This field examines the causes, mechanisms, and effects of diseases, as well as the structural and functional changes they induce in equine tissues and organs. Common pathological conditions in horses include laminitis, colic, equine infectious anemia, and respiratory disorders. Understanding these diseases involves evaluating clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical implications of pathological conditions in horses.
Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, Meyer JC.Pancytopenia was observed in two 3-year-old geldings and one 11-year-old mare. All horses had a brief history (2 days to 4 weeks) of fever, anorexia, and depression. One of the three horses had blast cells present on a peripheral blood smear. Examination of the bone marrow showed substantial infiltration with neoplastic lymphoid cells. At necropsy, neoplastic cells were restricted to the bone marrow in one horse, present in bone marrow, liver, and spleen in the second horse, and reported in multiple tissues in the third horse, including bone marrow, kidneys, lung, myocardium and lymph nodes. T...
Lopez-Plana C, Sautet JY, Ruberte J.Three adductor muscles of the larynx, the cricoarytenoideus lateralis (CAL), the arytenoideus transversus (AT) and the ventricularis (Ve), from 36 horses were examined histologically. The neurogenic changes seen in each muscle were evaluated qualitatively. In addition, in 6 horses with clinical and subclinical signs of neurogenic atrophy, measurements of muscle fibre area were performed. Neurogenic changes observed in the Ve were less than in CAL and AT. Measurements of muscle fibre area also demonstrated that CAL and AT showed a wider range of pathological changes than did Ve. The results sho...
Giles RC, Donahue JM, Hong CB, Tuttle PA, Petrites-Murphy MB, Poonacha KB, Roberts AW, Tramontin RR, Smith B, Swerczek TW.Pathology case records of 3,514 aborted fetuses, stillborn foals, or foals that died < 24 hours after birth and of 13 placentas from mares whose foals were weak or unthrifty at birth were reviewed to determine the cause of abortion, death, or illness. Fetoplacental infection caused by bacteria (n = 628), equine herpesvirus (143), fungi (61), or placentitis (351), in which an etiologic agent could not be defined, was the most common diagnosis. Complications of birth, including neonatal asphyxia, dystocia, or trauma, were the second most common cause of mortality and were diagnosed in 19% of the...
Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, Snyder JR, White NA, Gardner IA.Effects of intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) and subsequent decompression (60 minutes) on intramural vascular patterns of the small intestine was evaluated in 7 anesthetized horses. Intraluminal distention (25 cm of H2O, 120 minutes) was created in 2 jejunal segments in each horse. Experimental and control segments were removed either immediately after the experimental period or after 60 minutes of decompression. The vascular system of experimental and control jejunal segments was lavaged with NaCl, then was injected with a blue-colored radiopaque medium for microangiography ...
Johnson PJ, Lin TL, Jennings DP.Cholesterinic granulomas, commonly found at necropsy in aged horses, may cause neurologic signs by obstructing the interventricular foramina, resulting in hydrocephalus. Diffuse cerebral disease in horses may not always result in rapid progression of clinical signs. Intermittency of neurologic signs may be associated with intermittent increases in CSF pressure.
Oladosu LA, Olayeye OD, Baba SS, Omilabu SA.An outbreak of African horse sickness involving two horse stables in Lagos, Nigeria, was investigated. Inoculation of blood from infected horses into suckling albino mice resulted in isolation of a virus which was identified as African horse sickness virus by the complement fixation test. The clinical, pathological and epizootiological findings (reported elsewhere) were consistent with African horse sickness. Potential threats of the epidemic to international horse trade are briefly highlighted.
Madigan JE.This article reviews epizootiology, public health considerations, antibody testing, and molecular biology of Lyme borreliosis. Correlation of clinical signs with titer response is discussed.
Traub-Dargatz JL, Jones RL.A review of the literature describing clostridia-associated enterocolitis is presented. The bacteria, their toxins, and possible factors that interact to contribute to the pathogenesis of enterocolitis are described. Clinical signs associated with clostridia-associated enterocolitis, methods of diagnosis, treatments, and preventive strategies are discussed.
Lubczyk B, Nothelfer HB.A case of generalized equine leucosis is presented. The most important clinical signs were cachexia, loss of condition, fever, tachycardia, subcutaneous tumors and severe lameness accompanied by edema of the right thoracic limb. Hematology showed anemia and neutrophilia; clinical biochemistry indicated hypalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia and hyperfibrinogenemia. Necropsy revealed multiple tumors throughout the body which mainly originated from lymph nodes. Histopathologically the tumors consisted of two cell-types: a. uniform lymphocytoid cells with a highly infiltrative growth pattern; b. heter...
Kobluk CN.Lateral luxation of the patella in four femoropatellar joints of three foals was repaired by recession sulcoplasty and medial imbrication of the joint. One foal was euthanatized because of septic arthritis caused by incisional dehiscence, and the other two foals were normal 2 years after surgery. Recession sulcoplasty combined with medial imbrication of the joint capsule resulted in a functional femoropatellar joint and should be considered in foals affected with lateral patellar luxation.
McGorum BC, Dixon PM.Local transendoscopic endobronchial antigen challenge, which has proved to be a valuable clinical and research technique in the study of human pulmonary hypersensitivity, was evaluated in control and asymptomatic COPD--affected horses. Transendoscopic endobronchial challenges with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Micropolyspora faeni extract at 60 and 600 micrograms/ml and mouldy hay extract elicited neutrophilic airway inflammatory responses in control (N = 5-7) and asymptomatic COPD-affected (N = 5-7) horses, as determined by cytological examinations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) ha...
Wisner ER, O'Brien TR, Lakritz J, Pascoe JR, Wilson DW, Tyler WS.Complete thoracic radiographic examinations were performed on 7 horses ranging in age from 24 to 60 months, followed by in-situ lung fixation. Radiographs were examined by 3 radiologists for the presence, degree and distribution of generalised pulmonary patterns within a region of interest in the caudodorsal lung. Pulmonary tissue was obtained from 12 sites within a designated volume of interest in the caudodorsal lung, corresponding to the area of interest evaluated radiographically, and examined for the presence, character and severity of microscopic lesions. Radiographic findings within the...
Scholes SF, Vaillant C, Peacock P, Edwards GB, Kelly DF.The degeneration of enteric neurones has been recorded in grass sickness, but the distribution of the lesions in the gut and their possible relationship with the severity of the clinical signs has not been established. Samples obtained from 11 anatomically defined sites along the gastrointestinal tract of eight control horses without gastrointestinal disease, five horses with acute grass sickness and three horses with chronic grass sickness were examined histologically. The organisation of the enteric ganglia was similar to that in other large mammalian species. Minor exceptions included the p...
Mätz K, Gerhards H, Heider HJ, Drommer W.Bilateral blindness was diagnosed in a 5-year-old Hanoverian gelding presented for evaluation of a corneal opacity in one eye. About 12 months prior to the examination, the gelding had fallen head over, hitting his head and the cornea. Clinical and electroretinographic findings as well as pathohistologic and ultrastructural lesions of both eyes including the optic nerves are presented. Ophthalmoscopically visible pigment disruption of the non-tapetal fundus adjacent to the optic discs correlated morphologically with foci of degeneration and atrophy of the retina, whereas ophthalmoscopically vi...
Mair TS, Brown PJ.Thirty-eight horses with confirmed thoracic neoplasia included 28 (37.7%) with lymphosarcoma, 4 (10.5%) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 2 (5.3%) with primary lung carcinoma, 2 (5.3%) with secondary squamous cell carcinoma from the stomach, 1 (2.6%) with pleural mesothelioma, and 1 (2.6%) with malignant melanoma. The major clinical features included weight loss, inappetence, dyspnoea and coughing, but in cases of lung metastases, they related more to the primary site of tumour formation. Haematological and serum biochemical abnormalities were non-specific. Specific pre-mortem diagnosis wa...
Troedsson MH, deMoraes MJ, Liu IK.The relationship between histologic lesions in endometrial biopsy specimens and susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (CUI) in mares was investigated. Mares were allotted to 4 groups on the basis of degree of endometrial lesions. Mares in group 1 (n = 6) had no pathologic changes, mares in group 2 (n = 5) had only mild pathologic changes, group-3 mares (n = 7) had moderate changes, and group-4 mares (n = 7) had severe inflammatory and fibrotic endometrial changes. Susceptibility to CUI was determined by the inflammatory response to intrauterine inoculation of 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus zooe...
Trostle SS, Markel MD.Incarceration of the large colon through a rent in the gastrosplenic ligament of a horse was surgically corrected via ventral midline celiotomy. Clinical signs were similar to those in other horses with nonstrangulating large colon disorders. Diagnosis of large colon incarceration in the gastrosplenic ligament was determined by surgical abdominal exploration. The findings of medial deviation of the spleen, location of the large colon lateral to the stomach and caudolateral to the spleen, and caudocraniad passage of the large colon through the gastrosplenic ligament are similar to findings in h...
Dyson SJ, Kidd L.Analgesia of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and of the navicular bursa was performed independently in the lame or lamer forelimb of 59 horses, in which lameness was significantly improved by perineural analgesia of either the palmar digital or palmar (abaxial sesamoid) nerves. In 3 horses no improvement was detected. Lameness was improved by analgesia of the DIP joint but there was no response to analgesia of the navicular bursa in 3 horses. In 12 horses, lameness was improved by analgesia of the navicular bursa but intra-articular analgesia resulted in no change. Forty-one horses resp...
Kannegieter NJ, Colgan SA.The arthroscopic findings in 104 intercarpal joints in 76 horses were reviewed to determine the incidence and severity of changes in the medial intercarpal ligament. Damage to the intercarpal ligament was observed in 43 joints in 35 horses, ranging from mild fraying of the edges of the ligament to complete disruption of all fibres. This represented an incidence of 41% of joints being affected. In 9 joints examined arthroscopically primarily as a further diagnostic procedure, ligament damage was evident in all cases. In horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery primarily for the treatment of osteo...
Riggs CM, Vaughan LC, Evans GP, Lanyon LE, Boyde A.Mechanical test specimens were prepared from the cranial and caudal cortices of radii from eight horses. These were subjected to destructive tests in either tension or compression. The ultimate stress, elastic modulus and energy absorbed to failure were calculated in either mode of loading. Analysis was performed on the specimens following mechanical testing to determine their density, mineral content, mineral density distribution and histological type. A novel technique was applied to sections from each specimen to quantify the predominant collagen fibre orientation of the bone near the plane...
Campbell-Beggs CL, Kiper ML, MacAllister C, Henry G, Roszel JF.Esophagoscopy allowed visualization and biopsy of a lesion within a diverticulum of the esophagus in an adult horse. Although the biopsy specimen obtained was small, diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was possible from histologic examination of the esophageal tissue sample retrieved by use of endoscopy.
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.Free radical oxidation products, namely conjugated dienes, ultraviolet fluorescence (excitation 325 nm, emission 395 nm) and visible fluorescence (excitation 360 nm, emission 460 nm) were measured in equine synovial fluid exposed to free radicals in vitro and in the plasma and synovial fluids of horses with synovial effusions. The synovial effusions were induced by intra-articularly administered carrageenin (0.3 ml, 1%), which rarely resulted in clinical lameness. The free radicals were generated in vitro by mixtures of iron and ethylene diamine tetra acetate (Fe/EDTA) or mixtures of hypoxanth...
Votion D, Vandenput S, Duvivier H, Art T, Lekeux P.A method is proposed (1) to create inhalation to perfusion ratio (I/Q) images from equine lung scintiscans and (2) to analyse these I/Q images. This method was applied to five healthy horses in order to establish reference ranges of I/Q distribution pattern. Computed I/Q images were divided in three regions based on the activity due to the inhalation (I) versus perfusion (Q) procedure. For each region a regional mismatching factor (Iri), i.e. the I/Q of the region, and an intraregional mismatching factor (Lri), which expresses the variability of pixels' I/Q within the region, were calculated. ...
Koenig JB, Sawhney S, Cote N, LaMarre J.To determine whether inflammation of the jejunum of horses decreases the number of motilin receptors and amounts of motilin receptor mRNA and alters erythromycin lactobionate binding affinity to the motilin receptor in jejunal tissues. Methods: Jejunal segments in 6 adult horses. Methods: Each horse was anesthetized, and a ventral median celiotomy was performed; 2 segments of jejunum underwent a sham operation, 2 segments underwent ischemic strangulation obstruction (ISO), and 2 segments underwent intraluminal distension (ILD). Treatments were maintained for 120 minutes. From each segment, ful...
Causey RC, Weber JA, Emmans EE, Stephenson LA, Homola AD, Knapp KR, Crowley IF, Pelletier DC, Wooley NA.The purpose of this study was to describe strain-specific immune responses to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) during uterine infection in horses. Five isolates of S. zooepidemicus were differentiated into four strains antigenically by bactericidal testing in blood of 12 horses, and genetically by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Eight healthy mares were then divided into two groups, each inoculated with one strain intrauterinely on three successive oestrous cycles followed by a second strain for three successive cycles, first and second strains being reversed fo...
Pfeiffer CJ, Dabareiner RM.Investigation of the duodenal submucosal glands of Brunner in the horse for the first time at the ultrastructural level has clarified some of the unique features of these equine glands. The horse is one of the very few mammals in which Brunner's glands are comprised of both mucous and serous tubuloacinar glands. Although the ultrastructural differences between the serous and mucous cell types are marked, particularly with respect to secretory granules and rough endoplasmic reticula, these cell types closely correspond to serous and mucous cells in the upper digestive system of other mammals. A...
Morris DD, Whitlock RH, Palmer JE.Fecal samples from 74 horses with diarrhea were examined microscopically for leukocytes and epithelial cells. The diarrhea was categorized as either acute (less than two weeks) or chronic, Salmonella positive or negative, and mild or severe (based on the fecal consistency). A large number of fecal leukocytes was strongly suggestive of salmonellosis; however, approximately 1/3 of the horses with Salmonella-negative diarrhea also shed fecal leukocytes. Fecal leukocytes were more common in horses with acute and/or severe diarrhea regardless of cause. Numbers of fecal colonic mucosal epithelial ce...
Roussel AJ, Becht JL, Adams SB.Choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in a five-year-old gelding on the basis of laboratory results and histopathology. Surgery was performed to relieve the obstruction. The horse responded favorably and at 39 days postoperatively was clinically and clinicopathologically normal.
Kumar P, Timoney JF.The microstructural and ultrastructural features of the equine lingual tonsil were studied in five young horses. Located at the root of the tongue it presented an irregular surface with rounded elevations, numerous folds and crypts. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium lining its outer surface was modified by heavy infiltration of lymphoid cells to form reticular epithelium within the crypt. The latter implies a role in initiating and maintaining immune responses to incoming infectious agents and antigens. Lamellated structures resembling Hassall's corpuscle were observed towards the...
Froydenlund TJ, Meehan LJ, Morrison LR, Labens R.Navicular bursa (NB) centesis is a common diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in equine practice. This case report documents the clinical, diagnostic imaging and histological findings in a horse with a suspected iatrogenic deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) injury following centesis of the NB a modified distal plantar approach (placement of two needles in a weight bearing position). Although it cannot be proven with absolute certainty, the authors believe that this is the first reported case where NB centesis is the likely cause of a DDFT lesion, and with magnetic resonance imaging performed ...
Mair TS, Sherlock CE, Fews D, Harley R, Pearson GR.Histological evidence of fibrosis affecting the outer layer of the large intestinal tunica muscularis was identified in five of 32 horses affected by colic. In three cases, foci of pale eosinophilia and vacuolation of myocytes were observed. These findings are suggestive of a degenerative and fibrotic abnormality in the outer layer of the tunica muscularis of the large intestinal smooth muscle of some horses with colic.
Reilly JD, Collins SN, Cope BC, Hopegood L, Latham RJ.The number of tubules/mm2 (tubule density) of horse hoof horn was quantified in samples taken from the left forefeet of 8 randomly selected slaughterhouse horses in order to establish the normal tubule density characteristics at the midline dead centre (MDC) for the stratum medium of horse hoof. In the past the measurement of tubule distribution within the hoof has lacked objectivity. The horse hoof tubule density results are compared to a recent objective study carried out on pony hoof. A similar 4 zone pattern of tubule density was observed, although the precise zonal boundaries and tubule d...
Saulez MN, Voigt A, Steyl JC, van Wilpe E, Kotzen J, Daniels F.A 10-year-old Hanoverian mare was evaluated for a right buccal swelling that recurred 3 months following surgical resection. Ultrasonographic examination showed a broadly pedunculated subcutaneous mass at the level of 106-109 and 406-409 cheek teeth associated with an erosive mucosal lesion on the inside of the cheek. Histological examination of a biopsy specimen revealed a well-demarcated, malignant, dermal schwannoma. Following subcutaneous placement of platinum coated Ir192 wires under general anaesthesia, low-dose radiation of 5 gray per day was delivered for 14 days. Short-term complicati...
Schmitz DG.Many different substances can induce toxic damage to various structural components of the equine kidney, and most lack pathognomonic signs. Some of these agents have specific treatments, although many do not. Supportive and symptomatic therapy is an important aspect of treatment of most cases of equine nephrotoxicosis. Regardless of cause, if the toxic substance is removed or neutralized before significant renal damage, full recovery of renal function may occur. Many horses already have significant renal damage before a definitive diagnosis is made, and the prognosis for full recovery thus rem...
Markel MD, Madigan JE, Lichtensteiger CA, Large SM, Hornof WJ.Over a 4-year period, vertebral body abscess was diagnosed in 5 young cattle. The laboratory findings in most of these cases did not suggest a diagnosis of vertebral body abscess. The most important basis for diagnosis of this condition was a thorough neurologic examination. In 4 cases, necropsy revealed abscesses in the lungs or thoracic cavity as well, suggesting that a history of pneumonia preceding paresis may favor the diagnosis of vertebral body abscess.
Reef VB, Klumpp S, Maxson AD, Sweeney RW.Two-dimensional real-time echocardiographic examination of a 3-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with pleuropneumonia revealed an intact aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva, which was confirmed at postmortem examination. The horse had no clinical signs associated with the aneurysm.
Sutoh M, Saheki Y, Ishitani R, Inui S, Narita M, Hamazaki H, Yokota T.This is the first report on Eimeria leuckarti infection in foals in Japan. Seven Thoroughbred or Angloarabian foals 2 to 7 months of age raised in the Hidaka district, Hokkaido, were infected with E. leuckarti. They died of severe alterations caused by the larval migration of Strongylus vulgaris, and were examined over a period from 1970 to 1973. Protozoa of this species were observed in the small intestine in all the foals. They were found mostly in vacuoles of the cytoplasm of monoclear cells in the lamina propria at or near the tip of villi. Various stages of gametocytes, oocysts, and micro...
Nolte LC, Rosiak M, Baechlein C, Baumgärtner W, Allnoch L.Idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease (ISGD), also known as equine sarcoidosis is an uncommon disease of horses, manifesting in exfoliative dermatitis and granulomatous inflammation in various organs. The current report presents a case of a 15-year-old Hanoverian mare with a 4-month history of weight loss, recurrent fever, skin lesions, and movement disorders. Pathological examination revealed granulomatous and necrotizing inflammation in the skin, regional lymph nodes, and cerebellum. Based on histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological findings, the diagnosis of ISGD was made....
Saunders LZ, Bistner SI, Rubin LF.An asymptomatic, ophthalmoscopically visible proliferation affected the optic disc and nerve of two aged horses. The lesion consisted of an accumulation of foamy cells, histologically akin to fat cells, which contained an unidentified lipid-like material. The affected area and its environs were permeated by tortuous, thickened blood vessels with heavy deposits of collagen in their walls. The neuropathy is considered to be a storage disease, and although the product stored is unidentified, the lesion is similar to that of human xanthelasma. The neuropathy seems distinct from the exudative optic...
Schnoke AT, Brooks DE, Wilkie DA, Dwyer AE, Matthews AG, Gilger BC, Hendrix DV, Pickett P, Grauwels M, Monroe C, Plummer CE.To describe the clinical findings and prognosis for extraocular lymphoma in the horse. Methods: Retrospective medical records study of horses diagnosed with third eyelid, corneoscleral, conjunctival, and/or eyelid lymphoma from multiple academic and private veterinary institutions. Data collected from the medical records included signalment, clinical descriptions of the extraocular lesions, treatment, and treatment outcomes. Nonparametric statistical analysis was performed with Fischer's exact tests. Results: Extraocular lymphoma involving the eyelid, third eyelid, cornea, sclera, and/...
van der Molen EJ.The causes of neonatal mortality in foals were studied over a period of two years. The total number of foals studied was 121. Bacterial infection was found to be an important factor. Infection caused by A. equuli (1.6%) which previously was the most important one, has been superseded by E. coli infection (56%). E. coli infections particularly occur during the first weeks of life and, depending on the course of the disease, give rise to various pathological changes. Infections running an acute course are mainly marked by pathological changes of the lung and lymphoid organs. Infections running a...
Cho DY, Taylor HW.Blind-end atresia coli was observed in two genetically unrelated foals at about the same time and location. The two foals, one an Appaloosa and the other a Quarterhorse, were born 4 days apart on nearby but separate farms. The Appaloosa foal died after surgical anastomosis of the affected segments of the colon. The Quarterhorse foal was euthanized after the defect was found at laparotomy. Both foals were necropsied and representative tissues were examined histopathologically. Histopathologic results were unremarkable. No cause of the defects could be determined and the timing and geographical ...
Méndez-Angulo JL, Swaab ME, Malone E, Olson EJ, Chalkley MD, Aird B, Ward C.A 12-year-old Quarter horse gelding was presented for evaluation of severe right forelimb lameness, 2 draining tracts over the lateral aspect of the right proximal antebrachium, and weight loss. A presumptive diagnosis of blastomycotic osteomyelitis was established based on radiographs and cytology of the exudate. This diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy. Un hongre Quarter horse âgé de 12 ans a été présenté avec une boiterie grave du membre antérieur droit, 2 faisceaux de drainage sur l’aspect latéral de l’avant-bras droit proximal et une perte de poids. Un diagnostic par infér...
Anderson WI, King JM.Lumbar polyradiculopathy, characterized by ballooning myelin sheaths was diagnosed in multiple aged mammalian species including two horses, a cow, a squirrel, a woodchuck, a rabbit, a guinea pig, a hamster, and a mouse. The lesion was subclinical, and considered an incidental, age-related finding.
Kite GC, Stoneham CA, Veitch NC, Stein BK, Whitwell KE.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of methanol extracts of Oenanthe crocata roots revealed that oenanthotoxin co-eluted with another major polyalkyne, 2,3-dihydro-oenanthotoxin, using the existing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (isocratic elution from C18 with aqueous methanol) for investigating Oenanthe poisoning. Positive ES or APCI gave [(M+H)-H(2)O](+) and its methanol adduct as major ion species for oenanthotoxin, whereas 2,3-dihydro-oenanthotoxin formed [M+H](+) and its methanol adduct. The two polyalkynes could be chromatographically resolved ...
Frazer GS, Robertson JT, Boyce RW.A 5-year-old Appaloosa mare had a history of mild intermittent abdominal discomfort and clinical signs that were suggestive of intestinal obstruction. Palpation per rectum revealed a large mass attached to the left uterine horn, with smaller masses extending dorsally and cranially and causing constriction of the rectum. At necropsy, numerous multilobulated masses were observed in the abdominal cavity and several nodules were seen in the lungs. The left ovary was large and contained both cartilage and hairlike material. Sections from all masses had similar histologic features and confirmed the ...
Williams JW, Meagher DM, Pascoe JR, Hornof WJ.Upper airway pressure was measured during maximal exercise in 10 Thoroughbred racehorses with naturally occurring upper airway obstruction. Left laryngeal hemiplegia and arytenoid chondropathy resulted in substantial increases (30-40 cm H2O) in inspiratory upper airway pressure (Pl), whereas complicated aryepiglottic entrapment and subepiglottic cysts produced only modest increases (15 cm H2O) in Pl. Uncomplicated aryepiglottic entrapment and grade IV pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia produced only slight increases (3-5 cm H2O). In general, surgical procedures restored airway pressures to within...
Wright JA, Hodson NP.Lesions in a wide range of cranial nuclei are described in 11 horses with grass sickness. Similar changes were seen in one horse with laminitis, but not in control animals. It is suggested that such lesions are non-specific in nature.
Blue MG, Wittkopp RW.Enteroliths were obtained by laparotomy or necropsy of 11 horses, and a collection of smaller concretions was found on pasture. Following analysis by energy-dispersion x-ray analysis and x-ray diffraction, they were found to consist primarily of ammonium magnesium phosphate. Several minor elements were detected, including titanium in some concretions. From a farm with a history of enterolith obstructions, the well water contained a high proportion of magnesium in relation to the other cations.
Franken P, Dik KJ, Goedegebuure SA, Linthorst MI.A case of oesophageal diverticulum in a pony is reported. The diagnosis was established by clinical and X-ray examination (following administration of a contrast agent) and verified by post-mortem studies. The cause and pathogenesis are discussed.
Oeding P, Hájek V, Marsálek E.Out of 70 S. aurew strains isolated from the anterior nares of horses, 48 (69 per cent)
belonged to the E biotype. Approximately one third of these isolates were typed with factor
sera, the 6 (35 per cent) that were typable showing 5 different patterns. All strains but one
were non-typable with the basic sets of phages for typing human and bovine staphylococci
even at RTD x 100. Without any exception the equine staphylococci of the E biotype
contained polysaccharide Aa. Sixteen biochemically different strains belonged to the biotype A, B or C. A number of different serological patterns an...
Bockenstedt MM, Fales-Williams A, Haynes JS.The placenta from an embryo transfer-recipient mare and live foal was examined. The placenta was effaced by multifocal masses, which ranged from less than 1 cm to 14 cm in diameter. The foal represented at 52 days for lethargy, ataxia, and urine dribbling; due to a poor prognosis, the foal was euthanized. At necropsy, the liver was effaced by multifocal, pale, irregular nodules. The lumbar vertebrae and other skeletal sites had multifocal lytic lesions. The placenta had 4 populations of neoplastic cells, including a spindle cell population, tall columnar and transitional epithelial cell popula...
