Topic:Pharmacology

Pharmacology in horses involves the study and application of drugs and medications to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases and conditions in equine species. This field encompasses the understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics specific to horses, including how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the equine body. Commonly studied pharmacological agents in horses include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics, sedatives, and anthelmintics. Research in equine pharmacology focuses on determining appropriate dosages, understanding drug interactions, and minimizing adverse effects. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the efficacy, safety, and regulatory aspects of pharmacological interventions in equine veterinary practice.

Unfractionated and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and the Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors, IBMX and Cilostazol, Block Ex Vivo Equid Herpesvirus Type-1-Induced Platelet Activation.

Frontiers in veterinary science November 17, 2016 Volume 3 99 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00099

Stokol T, Serpa PBS, Zahid MN, Brooks MB.Equid herpes virus type-1 (EHV-1) is a major pathogen of horses, causing abortion storms and outbreaks of herpes virus myeloencephalopathy. These clinical syndromes are partly attributed to ischemic injury from thrombosis in placental and spinal vessels. The mechanism of thrombosis in affected horses is unknown. We have previously shown that EHV-1 activates platelets through virus-associated tissue factor-initiated thrombin generation. Activated platelets participate in thrombus formation by providing a surface to localize coagulation factor complexes that amplify and propagate thrombin genera...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 106 doi: 10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31356-3

Matthews NS, Carroll GL, Hartsfield SM, Martinez EA.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 108 doi: 10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31362-9

Hellyer PW, Sheehy JG, Sammonds GE, Magnusson KR, Hendrickson DA, Mama KR, Gaynor JS.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 109 doi: 10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31364-2

Natalini CC, Robinson EP.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 113 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2000.00018.x

Murrell JC, Johnson CB, Waterman-Pearson AE, Jones A.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 108 doi: 10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31361-7

Hatfield C, McDonell W, Black W.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 106-107 doi: 10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31358-7

Steffey EP, Woliner MJ.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 16, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 2 82-88 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2000.00022.x

Johnson CB, Bloomfield M, Taylor PM.To characterise the effects of thiopentone on the equine electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia. Methods: Prospective controlled study. Methods: Eight healthy Welsh mountain pony geldings between 5 and 9 years old and weighing between 270 and 330 kg (mean 301 kg). Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained using halothane in oxygen. End tidal halothane was maintained above 0.75 and below 0.85%. EEG was recorded continuously and a binaural broad band click stimulus was provided throughout the experiment at 6.1224 Hz. An infusion of 500 mg thiopentone was given o...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 1 55-56 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2000.00008-3.x

Steffey EP, Galey F, Mama KR, Puschner B.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 90 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00701.x

Murrell JC, White KL, Johnson CB, Taylor PM, Waterman-Pearson AE.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 90-91 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00702.x

Steffey EP, Brosnan RA, Imai A, Mama KR.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 28, Issue 2 107 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2987.2001.temp.doc.x-i17

Teixeira Neto FJ, McDonell W, Pearce S, Kerr C, Hurtig M, Durongphongtorn S.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 28, Issue 2 106 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2987.2001.40-21.x

Bailey J, Robertson S, Pablo L, Cantwell S, Davis W.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 1 54-55 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2000.00008-1.x

Spadavecchia C, Stucki F, Schatzmann U.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 92-93 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00705.x

Bouts T, Gasthuys F, Vlaminck L, Van Branteghem L.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 30, Issue 2 94-95 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00132_11.x

Murison PJ, Clutton RE, Blissitt KJ, Funnell OD.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 106 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_22.x

Garcia Lascurain AA, Sumano Lopez H, Steffey EP, Santillan Doherty P, Nuñez Hernandez E.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 104 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_17.x

Brosnan RJ, Imai A, Steffey EP.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 94-95 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00708.x

Robertson SA, Bailey J, Pablo L, Cantwell S, Davies WL.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 30, Issue 2 95-96 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00132_13.x

McMurphy RM, Egger CM, Lillich JD.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 107 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_25.x

Watson ZE, Steffey EP, Van Hoogmoed LM, Snyder JR.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 28, Issue 2 105-106 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2987.2001.40-20.x

Keegan RD, Greene SA, Taylor EA, Sides RH, Bayly WM.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 109 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_29.x

Natalini CC, Alves S, Robinson EP.To evaluate the analgesic, physiologic, and behavioral effects of the epidural administration of tiletamine/zolazepam in horses. Prospective, double-blind, randomized experimental study. Five adult, healthy horses aged 10-16 years and weighing (mean +/- SD) 400 +/- 98 kg. The horses were sedated with 1.0 mg kg(-1) intravenous (IV) xylazine, and an epidural catheter was placed into the first intercoccygeal intervertebral space. After a 48-hour resting period, epidural tiletamine/zolazepam, 0.5 mg kg(-1) (treatment I) or 1.0 mg kg(-1) (treatment II), diluted up to 5 mL in sterile water, was a...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 2 107 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00078_24.x

Nuñez Hernandez E, Steffey EP, Ocampo Camberos L, Rodriguez Monterde A, Garcia Lascurain AA.No abstract available

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 4 171-181 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00095.x

Lee YL, Clarke KW, Alibhai HI, Song DY.To evaluate the effect of ephedrine on intramuscular blood flow and hemodynamic parameters during equine anesthesia. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Six healthy adult Welsh Mountain ponies (five males, one female, mean weight: 267 kg, range: 213-347 kg). Methods: Halothane-anesthetized ponies received an IV bolus of ephedrine (0.1 mg kg), followed 30 minutes later by a second IV ephedrine injection (0.2 mg kg). Changes in intramuscular blood flows (IMBF) in upper and lower triceps brachii were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Cardiopulmonary measurements were made at inte...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 4 212-218 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00100.x

Robertson SA, Bailey JE.To compare the arterial pH and blood gas values, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure, in hypoxaemic anaesthetized horses, before and after treatment, with a salbutamol (albuterol) aerosol. Methods: Eighty-one client-owned horses weighing between 114 and 925 kg. Fifty-seven underwent emergency abdominal surgery and 24 were anaesthetized for elective procedures. Methods: Pre-anaesthetic medication included xylazine, detomidine, butorphanol and morphine, alone or in various combinations. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with guaifenesin and ketamine, diazepam and ketamine, or guaifen...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 4 223-227 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00107.x

Steffey EP, Pascoe PJ.To quantitate the dose- and time-related magnitude of the anesthetic sparing effect of, and selected physiological responses to detomidine during isoflurane anesthesia in horses. Methods: Randomized cross-over study. Methods: Three, healthy, young adult horses weighing 485 ± 14 kg. Methods: Horses were anesthetized on two occasions to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in O and then to measure the anesthetic sparing effect (time-related MAC reduction) following IV detomidine (0.03 and 0.06 mg kg). Selected common measures of cardiopulmonary function, blood glucos...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 27, Issue 1 6-12 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2000.00011.x

Johnson CB, Bloomfield M, Taylor PM.To identify and characterize the effects of guaiphenesin (GGE) on the electroencephalogram during halothane anaesthesia. Methods: Prospective controlled study. Methods: Eight healthy Welsh mountain pony geldings between 5 and 9 years old and weighing between 270 and 330 kg (mean 301 kg). Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained using halothane in oxygen. End tidal halothane was maintained above 0.75 and below 0.85%. The EEG was recorded continuously and a binaural broad band click stimulus was provided throughout the experiment at 6.1224 Hz. An infusion of 1500 mg GGE w...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 29, Issue 4 207-211 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2995.2002.00093.x

Wagner AE, Mama KR, Steffey EP, Brevard LF, Hellyer PW.To compare behavioral characteristics of induction and recovery in horses anesthetized with eight anesthetic drug protocols. Methods: Randomized prospective experimental study. Methods: Eight horses, 5.5 ± 2.4 years (mean ± SD) of age, and weighing 505 ± 31 kg. Methods: After xylazine pre-medication, each of eight horses was anesthetized on four occasions using one of eight different anesthetic induction protocols which incorporated various combinations of ketamine (KET), propofol (PRO), and thiopental (THIO): THIO 8 mg kg; THIO 6 mg kg + PRO 0.5 mg kg; THIO 4 mg kg + PRO 1 mg kg; THIO 2 mg...

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia November 15, 2016 Volume 28, Issue 1 3-11 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2987.2000.00035.x

Heinonen E, Hedenstierna G, Meriläinen P, Högman M, Nyman G.To study the effect of the pulsed delivery of nitric oxide (NO) on pulmonary gas exchange in the anaesthetized horses. Design Prospective, controlled randomized. Methods: Five healthy Standardbred trotters, three geldings and two mares. Methods: The horses were anaesthetized with thiopentone and isoflurane and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Nitric oxide was added as a pulse to the inspired gas during the first half of each inspiration. In three horses the effect of NO on the ventilation-perfusion distribution was also investigated using the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Data w...