Surgery for horses encompasses a range of procedures performed to diagnose, treat, or manage various medical conditions. These procedures may involve soft tissue or orthopedic interventions and require specialized techniques to accommodate the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of equines. Common surgical procedures in horses include colic surgery, fracture repair, and arthroscopy. The success of equine surgery depends on numerous factors, including the type of procedure, the horse's overall health, and post-operative care. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore surgical techniques, outcomes, and advancements in equine surgical practices.
Pearson H, Weaver BM.The paper reports 6 cases of priapism with subsequent protrusion and paresis after neuroleptanalgesia and anaesthesia in horses. Five were ultimately treated by amputation of the penis but the sixth horse is responding satisfactorily to conservative treatment at the time of writing. Causative factors, preventive measures and possible methods of treatment are discussed.
Button C, Gross DR, Allert JA, Kitzman JV.An Arabian crossbred foal was examined because of a suspected congenital cardiac anomaly. There was a grade V/V crescendo-decresendo holosystolic murmur and thrill in the left 4th intercostal space. The foal was slightly cyanotic and polycythemic. Electrocardiography suggested left ventricular hypertrophy. Angiography and cardiac and vascular pressure recordings led to a diagnosis of pulmonic stenosis. The foal died after cardiac bypass and corrective surgery. Postmortem examination revealed an enlarged right atrium, atresia of the tricuspid orifice, a large, fenestrated patent foramen ovale, ...
Denny HR.The current trends in equine fracture treatment are reviewed. Surgical approach, method of fixation, the advantages of Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (ASIF) implants and the complications of treatment are discussed with reference to 21 fracture cases. Normal limb function was restored in four horses with fractures of the olecranon and one with a mid shaft fracture of the tibia following stabilisation of the fracture with plates. A horse with a chip fracture of the distal radius and three other animals with fractures of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpal bone were also ...
Cartee RE, Cowles WR.To determine the lines of maximum extensibility of the skin over the equine carpus, round puncture wounds were made 2.0 cm apart over the carpal area of 5 horses (7 carpi). The direction of elongation of the round puncture wound was observed and photographed. Lines of maximum extensibility that occurred over the surfaces of the equine carpus were determined to be proximal to distal, except in a small area over the accessory carpal bone where a state of anisotropism existed. In an immobilized carpus, direction of a surgical incision was not as important as it was in a mobile carpus, in which th...
Stickle RL, Fessler JF.Equine cryptorchidism was examined by a review of the literature and a retrospective study of 350 horses over a 14-year period. The incidence of left vs right testis retention was nearly equal. On the left side, 75.2% of the retained testes were retained abdominally and 24.8% inguinally; on the right side, 41.8% of the retained testes were retained abdominally and 58.2% inguinally. Preoperative diagnosis by rectal palpation of the vaginal rings was considered a valuable technique, with 87.9% accuracy in 190 horses. Invasive and nonivasive surgical techniques for abdominal cryptorchidectomy and...
Freeman DE, Naylor JM.An indwelling stomach tube was placed through a cervical esophagostomy in 5 clinically normal horses and in 3 horses requiring artificial alimentation. In all but one case, surgery was performed on conscious horses following tranquilization and infiltration of the surgical sites with a local anesthetic. Six horses were fed liquid rations through the indwelling tubes, which were left in place from 3 to 26 days. After the tubes were removed, the stomas healed rapidly and with minimal complications. Cervical esophagostomy proved to be a safe, easy, and effective method for the provision of extrao...
Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Hardy AJ.Feces from 1,451 horses entering a veterinary hospital over a 13-month period were cultured for salmonella. A total of 46 horses (3.2%) yielded 1 or more salmonella-positive fecal cultures. Twenty horses were found to be excreting salmonella in the feces on admission, and 5 of these later had severe diarrhea associated with enteric salmonellosis. Abdominal surgery and other severe stresses were associated with all cases of severe enteric salmonellosis. Serotypes of salmonella isolated included Salmonella agona (15), S anatum (14), S typhimurium (7), S typhimurium var copenhagen (4), S infantis...
McIlwraith CW, Fessler JF.The usefulness of inferior check ligament desmotomy as a treatment for acquired tendon contracture in horses was evaluated in 13 cases of deep digital flexor (DDF) contracture and in 3 cases of combined superficial digital flexor (SDF) and DDF contracture. In 8 of 9 cases of DDF contracture in which the dorsal surface of the hoof had not passed beyond being vertical to the ground, the surgical procedure was successful in returning the limb to a normal position and function. Compared with DDF tenotomy, inferior check ligament desmotomy was a superior treatment technique because of decreased pos...
Monin T.Physeal fractures of the tuber olecranon of 4 horses were treated, using the tension band method of compression fracture repair. A cortical bone screw and Steinmann pin were placed through the proximal fragment into the distal parent bone parallel to the palmar border of the olecranon. The tension band was placed dorsal to the Steinmann pin and anchored in a hole through the shaft of the ulna 10 cm distal to the tuber olecranon. Of the 4 foals, 2 became pasture sound, 1 is now being worked under saddle, and the 4th showed no signs of lameness 5 months after surgery.
Smith DF.The pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation and medical management of the horse with intestinal obstruction is outlined. Emphasis is on early and accurate determination of the need for surgery and on providing optimal preoperative medical support.
Firth EC.The findings in 6 experimental and 1 natural case of Horner's Syndrome (HS) are presented. The experimental cases were induced by unilateral surgical section of the cervical sympathetic trunk in the middle third of the neck. The naturally occurring case was seen in a 17 year old gelding with a mediastinal tumour. The signs of HS in these horses included ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, hemilateral sweating and temperature increase of the face and cranial cervical region on the affected side. The intensity of these signs was variable between and within animals. Miosis, enophthalmos and temperature...
Strömberg B, Rejnö S.The clinical and radiologic features of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee and hock joint of horses are described. The material includes 91 horses, of which 43 had the lesion in one or both knee joints, and 48 in one or both hock joints. It was found that osteochondritis dissecans of the knee joint was more common than the one in the hock joint in thoroughbreds and halfbreds, while the lesion in the hock joint was most common in standardbred trotters. In the knee the lesion was most often located to the lateral trochlear ridge. In the hock joint the predilection site was the intermediate ri...
Short CE, Brunson DB.Anesthetic management of the pleasure horse consists of the appropriate selection and administration of pre-anesthetic medications including anticholinergics, tranquilizers and narcotics followed by appropriate techniques of anesthetic induction. The anesthetic induction must vary somewhat for the pleasure horse practice since many of the procedures are completed on farms and ranches. As a result the inducing of anesthesia will frequently be with the same agent which will be used to maintain anesthesia. Noticeably will be the reduction and duration of anesthesia and surgical time. The inductio...
Mills JH, Fretz PB, Clark EG, Ganjam VK.An ovarian neoplasm measuring 10 by 8 by 6 cm was surgically removed from a 14-year-old Appaloosa mare. For 2 years prior to surgery, the mare had manifested marked behavioral changes, becoming aggressive toward other broodmares. Histologically, the tumor was found to be an arrhenoblastoma. Preoperative endocrinologic findings (high serum testosterone and low serum estradiol concentrations) supported the diagnosis.
Bennett D, Campbell JR, Rawlinson JR.Two cases of coxofemoral luxation complicated by upward fixation of the patella are described in the pony. Clinical signs included outward rotation of the stifle and foot and inward rotation of the hock with the stifle and hock joints fixed in extension. One case was treated by performing a medial patellar desmotomy with a resultant significant improvement in locomotion. Other cases of hip luxation reported in the literature, some complicated by upward patellar fixation, are reviewed. Hip luxation is principally seen in ponies and it is suggested that upward fixation of the patella occurring i...
Böhm D, Waibl H.Of 28 fractures of the first phalanx 21 were treated with osteosynthesis; one was treated conservatively. 2 to 4 compression screws have been applied, while the distal part of the limb was immobilized by a light cast bandage for 8 days. The implants were removed 2 to 3 months post operationem. All patients are again used in sports.
Mason TA, Maclean AA.Two cases of osteochondrosis dissecans of the head of the humerus in foals are described. The lesions were gross compared with those seen in dogs. Arthrotomy and curettage of the affected area resulted in marked clinical improvement.
Strömberg B, Tufvesson G.Four autologous tendon grafting techniques, bipedicle, pedicle and free grafts of the deep digital flexor tendon and free grafts from the lateral digital extensor tendon were described. The vascularization and remodelling of the transplant and the reactions in the donor, as well as the recipient tendon, were studied by means of microangiographic and histochemical methods. The results indicated that regardless of the technique used the grafts were revascularized and replaced by a highly orientated and organized tendon. The use of free grafts may therefore be worthwhile in treatment of severe te...
Mason TA.Seven cases of chronic tenosynovitis affecting the extensor carpi radialis or lateral digital extensor tendon and their sheaths are described. All cases were chronic and in 4 of the cases previous treatment by drainage and local corticosteroid injection had been ineffective. Surgical exploration of 6 cases demonstrated a distinct lesion and specific surgical treatment was carried out.
Scott EA, Snoy P, Prasse KW, Hoffman PE, Thrall DE.A yearling Quarter Horse colt was examined because of intermittent esophageal obstruction. A soft tissue mass was palpated in the cervical portion of the esophagus. Plain and contrast radiography and esophagoscopy were utilized to confirm the location of the lesion in the esophageal wall. Surgical exploration and removal of the mass was performed through a ventral midline cervical incision. Histologically, the mass was a keratinizing squamous epithelial inclusion cyst.
Gay CC, Carter J, McCarthy M, Mason TA, Christie BA, Reynolds WT, Smyth B.Indirect arterial blood pressure was determined on 33 horses prior to surgical intervention for the diagnosis and/or correction of acute abdominal disorders and a relationship between low systolic blood pressure and non-survival was established. It is suggested that blood pressure determination should be used to augment other methods of clinical and laboratory examination in cases of equine colic.
Smith JS, Mayhew IG.The sympathetic nervous innervation of the head was surgically transected in the horse, cow, sheep and goat. The site of transection was preganglionic in all 4 species and ganglionic-postganglionic in 2 additional horses. The Horner's syndrome, manifested as a result of the iatrogenic lesion, varied with the species. Ptosis was the most constant sign in all species. Unilateral sweating over the face and proximal neck, particularly at the base of the ear, was the most prominent feature in the horse. The cow revealed distension of vasculature and cutaneous heat of the pinna, and a reduced produc...
Holzhausen L, Nowak M, Junginger J, Puff C.A 15-year-old gelding presented with a progressive lameness of the left forelimb of 2.5 months duration. Clinically, a dilation of the deep flexor tendon sheath with a firm elastic consistency and a pronounced tenderness was noted. Ultrasonically, a marked swelling of the flexor tendon sheath with an irregular density of the mesotendineum was observed. The white, firm material forming a nodular distension of the flexor tendon sheath with a diameter of approximately 1 cm was excised and sent for histopathological examination. Biopsies of the deep flexor tendon and corresponding tendon sheath we...
Palmer SE.Five horses with apical and abaxial fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones were treated arthroscopically. Ipsilateral and contralateral triangulation were used to remove abaxial fragments; apical fragments were removed by ipsilateral triangulation. Excellent visibility of the fracture fragments was obtained with each method. Dissection and removal of fragments was accomplished with standard arthroscopic instruments, tendon-splitting knives, and curved scissors. Excellent functional and cosmetic results were achieved in all cases.
Yarbrough TB, Voss E, Herrgesell EJ, Shaw M.To report the clinical signs and management of 4 foals with persistent frenulum of the epiglottis. Methods: Case report. Methods: Four newborn foals. Methods: Foals were admitted with a complaint of oronasal reflux after nursing. Variable systemic signs of aspiration pneumonia were evident. Nasal endoscopy confirmed persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Persistent frenulum of the epiglottis, confirmed by oral endoscopic examination, was transected. Results: After surgery, all foals had the epiglottis positioned normally, dorsal to the soft palate. Clinical signs of oronasal reflux...
Pala S, Hänninen NE, Mohammadi A, Ebrahimi M, Te Moller NCR, Brommer H, René van Weeren P, Mäkelä JTA, Korhonen RK, Afara IO, Töyräs J....The aim of this study is to assess whether articular cartilage changes in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), induced by surgical creation of standard (blunt) grooves, and very subtle sharp grooves, could be detected with ex vivo T relaxation time mapping utilizing three-dimensional (3D) readout sequence with zero echo time. Grooves were made on the articular surfaces of the middle carpal and radiocarpal joints of nine mature Shetland ponies and osteochondral samples were harvested at 39 weeks after being euthanized under respective ethical permissions. T relaxation times ...
Otcenásek M, Mátl J, Vítovec J, Vladík P, Wohlman J.A case of maduromycotic mycetoma (eumycetoma) in seven years old draught horse is described. The disease was localized in anal region and healed after surgical treatment. Attention is drawn to the necessity of distinguishing three types of mycosis in horses, characterized by the origin of tumor lesions - mycetomas, hyphomycosis and entomophthoromycosis - and information was gathered on their etiology and geographical occurrence. On the basis of the morphology of fungal elements traced in inflammated changed tissues and with regard to the existing findings on the origin of eumycetoma in animals...
Furness JB, Poole DP.The functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is under the control of the most extensive system of peripheral neurons in the body, the enteric nervous system, and the largest endocrine system of the body, the GEP endocrine system. The enteric nervous system in large mammals contains 500 million neurons, and the GEP endocrine system produces more than 30 hormones. Numerous enteric neuropathies affecting both humans and animals have been described and digestive disorders affect commercially important species, such as horses and cattle. The most severe enteric neuropathies (e.g., lethal white syn...
Spurlock GH.This article deals with the diagnosis and treatment of tendon lacerations. Tendon healing, with its implications relative to treatment, is discussed. The various pros and cons of suturing severed tendons are addressed as well as methods of immobilizing the injured limb. The need for prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of tendon sheath injuries is also discussed.
Bartels JE, Beckett SD, Brown BG.Serial arteriography was used to determine the vascular pattern and blood flow in the penis of the pony stallion. Ponies were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, and catheters were surgically introduced into the internal pudendal and obturator arteries. The vascular anatomy was visualized by angiography via image-intensified fluoroscopy and was recorded on 70-mm film at 3 frames/s or by direct radiography. Blood flow into the corpus cavernosum penis (CCP) was limited during quiescence because the blood was immediately shunted into the venous system. After vasodilation with mild stimulation...
Lizarraga I, Panizzi L, Gieseg MA, Riley CB, Chambers JP.To evaluate thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) before and after inducing a standardized radiocarpal bone osteochondral fracture (OCF) in horses. Methods: Prospective, controlled, randomized, masked study. Methods: A group of 10 Thoroughbred fillies aged 2 years. Methods: Skin temperature and TNTs were measured on the skin over the triceps brachii muscle in both the thoracic limbs before (week 0) and weekly (weeks 1-8) after unilateral arthroscopic induction of a radiocarpal OCF (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 6) followed by a standardized exercise programme. The contralateral, non-operated t...
Barker WH, Wright IM.A technique for minimally invasive repair of slab fractures of the third tarsal bone has not previously been reported. Results of third tarsal bone slab fracture repair in Thoroughbred racehorses are lacking. Objective: To report the outcomes of repair of uniplanar frontal slab factures of the third tarsal bone using a single 3.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Case records of horses that had undergone this procedure were reviewed. Results: Seventeen horses underwent surgery. Eighteen percent of cases had wedge shaped third tarsal bones. A point mid...
Hackett ES, Bruemmer J, Hendrickson DA, McCue PM.Description-An 11-year-old Quarter Horse stallion was admitted for intermittent hemospermia of 4 years' duration. Results: A linear vertical defect had been detected endoscopically following multiple episodes of hemospermia on the caudodorsal convex surface of the urethra at the level of the ischial arch. Results: When sexual rest alone did not result in complete healing of the urethral defect, a subischial urethrotomy and buccal mucosal urethroplasty were performed. The surgical site healed without complication. Four months of sexual rest was recommended after surgery. Repeat endoscopy at 4 m...
Warnock WR, Marsh CA, Hand DR.The purpose of this study was to report long-term outcome following arthroscopic debridement of articular cartilage lesions of the distal interphalangeal joint, diagnosed with high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Diagnosis was based on the results of diagnostic anesthesia, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and arthroscopy. Ten horses underwent arthroscopic evaluation for cartilage injury and received various intra-articular therapies after surgery. Three of ten horses had lesions that were surgically inaccessible. Four horses became sound and returned to their preoperative level of athletici...
Kane-Smyth J, Taylor SE, García EC, Reardon RJ.To evaluate the frequency of inadvertent penetration of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) and/or distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) when using a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, and to evaluate an alternate direct approach to the navicular bursa. Methods: Cadaveric study. Methods: Equine cadaver limbs (n = 40 for direct; n = 12 for alternate approach). Methods: Four surgeons performed the direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa on 10 limbs each. Frequencies of inadvertent synovial penetration and iatrogenic damage were compared between surgeons. Use of an alt...
Chesnel MA, Aprea F, Clutton RE.A traumatic pneumothorax and severe hemorrhage were present in a mare with a large thoracic wall defect, lung perforation, and multiple rib fractures. General anesthesia was induced to allow surgical exploration. We describe the anesthetic technique, and discuss the management of the ventilatory, hemodynamic, and metabolic disturbances encountered. Gestion de l’anesthésie générale d’un cheval avec un pneumothorax d’origine traumatique. Nous décrivons le cas d’une jument présentée avec un important déficit de la paroi thoracique d’origine traumatique, une perforation pulmonaire...
Ward DS, Fessler JF, Bottoms GD.Electromagnetic flow transducers were implanted via left thoracotomy in 8 ponies (122.7 to 263.6 kg) around the main pulmonary and left main coronary arteries for continuous measurement of mean and pulsatile blood flow. Flow transducers were calibrated in vitro with a gravity flow system. The mean +/- SE pulmonary flow was 73.1 +/- 5.1 ml/kg of body weight/min. Left coronary flow was 0.95 +/- 0.07 ml/kg/min (1.3% of cardiac output) and was not believed to be an accurate measurement. This was caused by the inability to implant a zero-flow occluder, requiring the use of minimum flow during systo...
Hawkins JF, Andrews-Jones L.To develop a technique for neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser ventriculocordectomy in standing horses and document healing in horses undergoing laser ventriculocordectomy. Methods: 6 horses between 2 and 32 years old. Methods: Under endoscopic guidance, the left laryngeal ventricle was everted with grasping forceps and excised with an Nd:YAG laser, using 60 watts of power in a noncontact fashion (6,403 to 9,197 Joules). Following removal of the ventricle, the vocal cord was photoablated. Horses were examined endoscopically 2, 7, 14, 21, 30, and 47 days after ventriculocordectomy,...
Jackson RK.The structural differences in the spine of the horse and man are compared. These, together with the different uses to which the spine is put, explain the different patterns of disease. Impingement of the spinous processes is discussed in detail including surgical treatment. Comments are also made on sacroiliac strain and manipulation of the spine.
Sullins KE, Stashak TS.Six normal adult horses had large colon resections at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. Stainless steel staples were used to close the stumps of the dorsal and ventral colons in all six. Intestinal continuity was restored with a side-to-side anastomosis of the dorsal and ventral colons. Three of these anastomoses were performed with staples, and three with a double inverting suture pattern. After one month, the horses were surgically reevaluated, and the anastomotic sites were examined. There was no significant difference between the stoma sizes in the two groups. No complications were o...
Savelberg HH, Buchner HH, Becker CK.The recovery process of the equine locomotor system after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT) was investigated by studying the movement patterns and joint moments in 6 horses before and 10 days and 6 months following surgery. Using a modified CODA-3 system the joint angles and angular velocities of the lower limb were assessed in the operated forelimb as before the operation. Simultaneously ground reaction forces were measured and joint moments calculated. At 10 days and 6 months after the operation the carpal joint started to bend earlier in the sta...
O'Brien T, Hunt RJ.In all surgeries with the patient standing under chemical and physical restraint, patient compliance is of the utmost importance. All fractures of the third metacarpal or metatarsal condyles and sagittal fracture of the first phalanx are not amenable to internal fixation with the horse standing, and young unhandled horses may not have a suitable disposition for standing surgical treatment of septic pedal osteitis, or implantation and removal of transphyseal screws. Previous operator experience in performing the procedure or technique under general anesthesia is beneficial. Appreciation of appr...
Smanik LE, Stefanovski D, Reilly PT, Richardson DW.Type II distal phalanx (P3) fractures are a well-described cause of lameness in horses. Reports on outcome following internal fixation of type II P3 fractures are lacking, and with little emphasis on complications. Objective: To describe a technique for internal fixation of type II P3 fractures, and evaluate whether specific variables influenced post-operative complications or a horse's ability to return to work. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records of 51 horses with CT-guided internal fixation of type II P3 fractures were reviewed. Outcome data were acquired from race ...
Pathania VP, Sharma AK, Joshi GR, John JT.India accounts for approximately 10 million orthopaedically handicapped children and adults with limb deformity. Ilizarov ring fixator could treat most of these deformities. Methods: Twenty cases of deformities of lower limb managed with Ilizarov technique during period between March 2001 and February 2003 were studied. Results: 55% were in the age group of 11-30 years. Out of the 20 cases studied, 6 were congenital talipes equino varus, 8 were fixed flexion deformity of knee, 4 were equines deformity of the ankle and 2 were malunited fracture shaft of tibia.4 patients who had recurrence were ...
Tuska P, Tóth B, Vásárhelyi G, Hangody L, Papp M, Bodó G.The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in biomarker and synovial parameters following autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) in the equine stifle joint, to test the hypothesis whether synovial parameters would show significant differences at selected time points following the surgery (at days 3, 14, 60 and 180) compared to baseline level (at day 0). Surgical intervention was performed in both stifles of nine horses (n = 18). The joints were randomly assigned to operated and sham-operated groups. Grafts 8.5 mm in diameter were harvested from the femoropatellar (FP) joint unde...
Pezzanite LM, Hackett ES.To compare survival and complications in horses undergoing large colon resection with either sutured end-to-end or stapled functional end-to-end anastomoses. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Twenty-six client-owned horses with gastrointestinal disease. Methods: Retrospective data were retrieved from the medical records of 26 horses undergoing colectomy, including 14 horses with sutured end-to-end and 12 horses with stapled functional end-to-end anastomoses, between 2003 and 2016. Records were evaluated for signalment, medical and surgical treatments, and survival to hospital disch...
Cramp P, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, de Feijter-Rupp H, Elvin NG, Hauptman J, Robinson NE.The nerve-muscle pedicle graft technique is a treatment for recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN), but the optimal placement of the pedicles within the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (CAD) muscle is unknown. Objective: The magnitude and direction of force placed on the muscular process of the left arytenoid cartilage affects the magnitude of laryngeal abduction. Methods: Five larynges were harvested from cadavers. Using increments of 0.98 N, a dead-weight force generator applied a force of 0-14.7 N for 1 min each to the left muscular process at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 degrees angles. The r...
Becker CK, Savelberg HH, Buchner HH, Barneveld A.To evaluate clinical and biomechanical consequences of desmotomy of the accessory ligament (AL) of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of equine forelimbs and determine whether this procedure is a viable treatment for chronic desmitis of the AL-DDFT. Methods: 6 adult Standardbred trotters. Methods: Biomechanical recordings obtained before and 6 months after desmotomy were compared. Walk and trot joint angles, ground reaction forces, peak joint moments, and tendon forces were assessed. Results: Within 10 days after surgery, all horses were sound at a trot. Swelling, increased carpal flexion i...
Trotter GW.Numerous conditions, including trauma, infection, neoplasia, and developmental problems, can affect the paranasal sinuses. Successful resolution of these problems is predicated upon a thorough diagnostic workup to ensure the most accurate presumptive diagnosis. Surgical intervention is enhanced by using approaches that allow wide access to sinus compartments. Rigorous postoperative management is also important to a successful outcome.
Young N, Corletto F, Wright I.To identify prognostic factors for return to racing after lag screw repair of condylar fractures and develop a predictive model for return to racing. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: A total of 356 horses referred to a single referral hospital in the UK with a third metacarpal/metatarsal condylar fracture between January 1999 and December 2018. Methods: Age, sex, fracture site, fracture characteristics, surgery related variables and complications were retrieved from case records. Data were divided into two sets for model training and model validation. Univariable analyses were per...
Hall NP, Heaton KT, Farnsworth KD, Ragle CA.This report evaluates the use of 4.5- and 5.5-mm cannulated drill bits for articular cartilage removal from the proximal interphalangeal joints of equine cadaver limbs. Limbs from 8 equine cadavers, all with normal proximal interphalangeal joints. Proximal interphalangeal joints of 32 limbs from 8 equine cadavers were drilled using either 4.5- or 5.5-mm cannulated drill bits. Pastern joints were then disarticulated, and intra-articular drilling was evaluated by visual inspection. Post-drilling evaluation revealed complete intra-articular drilling occurred in all 32 joints. Canulated 4.5- and 5...
Ross MW, Stephens PR, Reimer JM.A 9-year-old pregnant Standardbred broodmare was evaluated for signs of mild abdominal pain, failure to defecate, and mild abdominal distention. Rectal examination revealed the leading edge of a small colon intussusception, and peritoneal fluid analysis indicated suppurative peritonitis. Surgical management, including reduction of the intussusception and small colon resection with end-to-end anastomosis, resulted in successful outcome (1-year follow-up evaluation). Postoperative complications including dehiscence of the ventral midline surgical incision and simple obstruction at the anastomosi...
