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Topic:Urine Analysis
Urine analysis in horses involves the examination of urine to assess the health and physiological status of the animal. This diagnostic tool provides insights into the renal function, hydration status, and potential presence of systemic diseases. Key parameters evaluated in equine urine analysis include pH, specific gravity, protein levels, glucose, ketones, and the presence of blood or sediment. Variations in these parameters can indicate metabolic disorders, infections, or other health issues. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, findings, and clinical implications of urine analysis in equine veterinary practice.
Experimental induction of Proteus mirabilis cystitis in the pony and evaluation of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. Proteus mirabilis cystitis was induced in 9 ponies by chemically eroding the bladder mucosa before the organism was inoculated. Comparisons were made in the treatment of P mirabilis cystitis between ponies treated daily for 13 days with a trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMP-SDZ) paste and both positive and negative controls. Urine cultures from ponies treated with TMP-SDZ became negative for P mirabilis between days 3 and 9 after the start of the treatment, whereas positive controls remained infected until day 13. Urine cultures from all ponies were negative for P mirabilis on day 28. Urine concent...
Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: the identification of some 16-oxygenated metabolites of testosterone and a study of the phase II metabolism. 1. Isomers of 3,17-dihydroxyandrostan-16-one, 3,16-dihydroxyandrostan-17-one and androstane-3,16,17-triol have been identified as urinary metabolites of testosterone in the horse. 2. Following XAD-2 extraction of urine samples, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography was used to separate the extract into conjugate groups. Metabolites obtained after hydrolysis of the conjugates have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. Testosterone, 3,17-dihydroxyandrostan-16-one and 3,16-dihydroxyandrostan-17-one were found only in the sulphate fraction. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol, and two isome...
Aqueous procaine penicillin G in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intramuscular administration. Six adult mares were given a single dose of aqueous suspension procaine penicillin G (300,000 IU/ml) IM at a dosage of 22,000 IU/kg of body weight (15.4 mg of penicillin G/kg). Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine penicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum penicillin concentration was 1.42 microgram/ml at 3 hours. Penicillin was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak penicillin concentrations of 0.62 microgram/ml and 0.58 microgram/ml, at 4 hours and 3 hours, respectively. These concentrations ste...
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal and urine concentrations after single dose intravenous administration. Six adult mares were given a single intravenous injection of oxytetracycline HCl (50 mg/ml) at a dosage of 5 mg/kg. Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine oxytetracycline concentrations were measured serially over a 48-h period. The highest measured serum oxytetracycline concentration was 8.01 mcg/ml at 1/2 h. Oxytetracycline was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak oxytetracycline concentrations of 4.43 mcg/ml and 4.20 mcg/ml, at 1/2 h and 1 h, respectively. These concentrations steadily declined in parallel with serum concentrations and were n...
Influence of dietary molybdenum on copper metabolism in ponies. The effects of molybdenum ingestion on copper metabolism were investigated in bile duct-cannulated ponies fed diets containing 1.01, 27.4 and 107.3 ppm molybdenum. Copper metabolism was assessed by examination of 64Cu and stable copper excretion in feces, bile and urine. The addition of molybdenum to the diet decreased copper absorption and retention as a consequence of increased excretion of dietary copper in feces and increased excretion of absorbed copper in bile. Only 5% or less of the absorbed copper was excreted in urine regardless of dietary treatment. Biliary molybdenum excretion was o...
In vivo metabolism of [3H]equilin in the pregnant mare. [3H]Equilin [3H-labeled 3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10), 7-estratetraen-17-one] was administered iv to a pregnant mare in the 10th month of gestation. Maternal urine was collected for 3 days, and blood samples were taken 35 min and 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after the injection. The half-life of the disappearance of radioactivity from the blood was approximately 2.5 h. Over 90% of the administered dose was excreted in the first 24 h. The urine was extracted, hydrolyzed, and fractionated. The bulk of the radioactive material (75%) was present in the phenolic sulfate fraction from which radiochemically pure equilin...
The metabolism of promazine and acetylpromazine in the horse. Promazine hydrochloride and acetylpromazine maleate were administered intravenously at clinical dose levels to horses. In urine from horses given promazine hydrochloride, the parent drug and four metabolites were detected. The two major metabolites, present as conjugates were identified after hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase as 3-hydroxypromazine and 3-hydroxydesmonomethyl-promazine. Conjugated 3-hydroxypromazine has been previously identified as a major metabolite in the horse. Two minor metabolites isolated in this study were primaizine N-oxide and promazine N-oxide sulfoxide. ...
Copper metabolism and requirement in mature ponies. The effects of copper intake on stable copper and 64Cu metabolism and on the excretory pathways of absorbed copper were examined in ponies. Bile and feces collected from two bile duct-cannulated ponies following an intravenous dose of 64Cu showed that bile was the main route of endogenous copper excretion. Stable copper and 64Cu metabolism were examined in three intact ponies fed dietary copper to provide 5.6, 16.6 and 25.7 mg Cu/100 kg body weight/day. The amount of copper excreted in urine was not influenced by dietary treatment. Stable copper absorption and 64Cu retention significantly incr...
The major metabolite of fentanyl in the horse. Fentanyl, a potent, synthetic narcotic analgesic, has reportedly been used to "dope" racehorses. Urine was collected from a horse dosed with 70 mg of [3H]fentanyl, and the primary metabolite, a water-soluble, amphoteric compound, was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and identified by spectroscopic analysis. This metabolite was found to be N-[1-(2-phenethyl-4-piperidinyl)] malonanilinic acid.
Selected ion monitoring assay for bromhexine in biological fluids. A method has been developed for quantification of bromhexine in plasma using gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. A deuterium labelled analogue was synthesized and used as the internal standard. To evaluate the gas chromatographic electron capture detection method described earlier, 23 plasma samples have been analysed by both techniques. Although a good correlation was shown, selected ion monitoring was superior to the electron capture detection method for levels below 3 ng ml-1. The mass spectrometric method has also been used to set up a pharmacokinetic study o...
The disposition and metabolism of the synthetic prostaglandin fluprostenol (ICI 81,008) in the horse. 1. Following single intramuscular doses of [14C]fluprostenol (0.5--2.4 micrograms/kg) to three female horses and to three gelded male horses, radioactivity was present in the plasma within 5 min; peak concn. (0.32--1.30 ng/ml fluprostenol equiv.) occurred 5 to 90 min after injection. Radioactivity was still present in the plasma of the females after three days. About 88% of fluprostenol is bound to plasma proteins. 2. Radioactivity was present in the parotid saliva of the gelded male horses within 10 min. Peak concn. (45--91 pg/ml fluprostenol equiv.) occurred from 5 min to 1 h after injection...
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive, quantitative method has been developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine. Thin-layer chromatography is used to screen for the presence of the drug in unknown samples. The TLC screening methods described provide minimum detection limits of 50 ng/mL in plasma and 25 ng/mL in urine. A silica micro chromatography column is used to clean up ethyl acetate extracts for HPLC analysis and mass spectral confirmation. An internal standard, trichloromethiazide, is used to derive quantitative data at concentrations as low as 25 ng/mL for plasma disappearan...
Evaluation of an analytical method for the diagnosis of cantharidin toxicosis due to ingestion of blister beetles (Epicauta lemniscata) by horses and sheep. An analytical method for cantharidin, using high performance liquid chromatography, was applied to field specimens from horses and sheep with blister beetle (Epicauta lemniscata) poisoning. Stomach content and urine proved to be valuable aids in diagnosis. One incident of cantharidin toxicosis in ruminants (sheep) was confirmed.
Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: the identification of some 16-oxygenated metabolites of 19-nortestosterone. 1. The metabolism of 19-nor[4-14C]testosterone in a thoroughbred horse has been studied and neutral urinary metabolites obtained after enzyme hydrolysis have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. 3-Hydroxyestran-17-one, 17 alpha- and 17 beta-nortestosterone, estrane-3,17-diol (two isomers), 3,16-dihydroxyestran-17-one (two isomers), 3,17-dihydroxyestran-16-one (two isomers) and estrane-3,16,17-triol were identified in the neutral urinary extracts.
A technique for the conduct of nutritional balance experiments in horses. Standardbred geldings were used in a number of nutritional balance experiments. These consisted of 28-day cycles each of an 18-day equilibration period in yards and a 10-day settling and collection period in metabolism crates. The crates were made of galvanised metal tubing over wooden flooring covered by rubber matting and rubber sheets. Total faeces were collected in trays at the rear of crates and total urine by canvas funnels slung beneath the sheath of each horse.
A gas chromatographic screening procedure for the detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in horse urine. A gas chromatographic screening procedure for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory group of drugs is described. The method invovles on-column methylation of the carboxylic acid group using trimethylanilinium hydroxide as the methylating reagent. Fifteen such drugs were studied. Eight of these were detected in urine collected from horses that had received these compounds orally and for these drugs, rates of urinary excretion are recorded. Seven other members of this group of drugs were shown to be detectable by this procedure but in these cases the drug was added to urine and not administered to...
Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: testosterone. 1. After intramuscular administration of [4-14C]testosterone to two cross-bred gelded horses, 45% of the radioactivity was excreted in urine in 96 h. Small amounts of urinary activity could still be detected at 200 h. 2. Neutral metabolites obtained after both enzyme and acid hydrolysis of urine samples have been investigated by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 3. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta, 17 alpha-diol was found only in the enzyme-hydrolysable extract and testosterone only in the acid-hydrolysable extract. 5 alpha-Androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstan-17-one were foun...
Chronic nephritis in a pony. The clinical and pathological features of a case of chronic nephritis in a 17-year-old pony was described. Measurement of fluid intake and laboratory analysis of sequential blood and urine samples helped in establishing an accurate diagnosis. The case demonstrates that although chronic renal disease is not well documented in the horse it should nevertheless be considered in the differential diagnosis of conditions characterised by progressive loss of weight.
Formation of steroids by the pregnant mare. VI. Metabolism of [14C]farnesyl pyrophosphate and [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone injected into the fetus. A mixture of [4,8,12-14C]farnesyl pyrophosphate and [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone was injected into a horse fetus im during laparotomy, after which maternal urine was collected for 6 days. Steroid conjugates in the urine were extracted with Amberlite XAD-2 resin, hydrolyzed, and separated into phenolic and neutral fractions. Estrone, 17 alpha-estradiol, equilin [3-hydroxy-1,3,5(10),7-estratetraen-17-one], and 17 alpha-dihydroequilin [1,3,4(10),7-estratetraene-3,17 alpha-diol] were isolated from the phenolic fraction and their radiochemical purities were established. Only estrone and 17 alpha-estr...
Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in a mare with renal insufficiency. An 11-year-old mare with polyuria, polydipsia, and azotemia was found to be hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic. The concentration of calcium in a single collection of urine was within normal limits, although urinary inorganic phosphate concentration was lower than normal. After a brief period of supportive treatment, the mare died. At necropsy, the kidneys were found to be shrunken and fibrous. Histologically, the lesions were those of glomerulonephritis.
Observations on thyroid hormones in the blood of thoroughbreds. During an investigation of a group of clinically well thoroughbreds housed in the same stable, it was noted that seven of the 14 had no detectable thyroxine in the plasma (less than 5 nmol/litre). An investigation of thoroughbreds in this stable over a five month period suggested that the thyroids were functioning normally and that the thyroxine was excreted in the urine. Thyroxine binding studies on the blood of these horses suggested that the major part of the circulating thyroxine was bound to albumin. The thyroxine had been displaced resulting in an apparent absence of plasma thyroxine sin...
Blister beetle poisoning in horses. Case records of 21 horses with acute illness following ingestion of hay containing dead striped blister beetles (Epicauta spp) were selected for review. Abdominal pain, fever, depression, frequent urination, shock, and, occasionally, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter characterized clinical illness. Hematologic findings included hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leukocytosis, and hypocalcemia. Hematuria and low urine specific gravity were abnormal urinalysis results. Sloughing of the epithelium of the esophageal part of the stomach, hemorrhagic and ulcerative cystitis, enterocolitis, and myocardi...
Radioimmunoassay technique for detecting urinary excretion products after administration of synthetic anabolic steroids to the horse. 1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather tha...
Studies related to the metabolism of anabolic steroids in the horse: a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric method to confirm the administration of 19-nortestosterone or its esters to horses. A method is described to confirm the presence of 19-nortestosterone metabolites in urine after the administration of veterinary preparations of this anabolic steroid to horses. The method is based upon the detection, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry or selected ion monitoring, of an isomer of estrane-3,17-diol in the urine.
The effect of diuretics on the faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in horses. 1. The effect on plasma, urinary and faecal electrolytes of frusemide and hydrochlorthiazide was measured in ponies, mean weight 180 kg. 2. The rapid loss in urine of large quantities of sodium had only a small effect on plasma sodium concentration. 3. Faecal sodium excretion was increased substantially after the administration of frusemide. 4. Frusemide increased faecal potassium during the 48 h following administration and faecal water in the 24/48 h period. It also produced a hypopotassaemia. 5. Hydrochlorthiazide increased faecal chloride during the 24 h after administration. 6. Frusemide ...
