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Topic:Veterinary Care
Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
Bicarbonate loading in the thoroughbred: dose, method of administration and acid-base changes. Two studies were undertaken in an attempt to investigate the optimal dose, route and time course required to 'bicarbonate load' the Thoroughbred. During the first study a test solution of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and a control solution of water were administered via a nasogastric tube to six horses. Blood acid-base status was determined immediately prior to and for 24 h following intubation. During the second study a standardised feed was given to four horses, with and without NaHCO3 supplementation. This was followed by a further trial involving the addition of glucose and NaHCO3 to a stan...
Application of a standardised treadmill exercise test for clinical evaluation of fitness in 10 thoroughbred racehorses. Clinical exercise stress testing is an important diagnostic tool for evaluating exercise intolerance and degree of fitness in human athletes. The purpose of this paper was to describe the methodology necessary to perform a clinical exercise test and report the results of performance evaluations on 10 Thoroughbred racehorses using this test. The test utilised an open flow gas analysis system for ease of use with untrained horses and a fast time response lactate analyser for rapid data analysis. Exercise test measurements used to evaluate fitness included peak oxygen consumption (mean VO2peak = ...
Intra-abdominal hemorrhage associated with a granulosa-thecal cell neoplasm in a mare. A 9-year-old American Saddlebred mare was referred because of abdominal distention and signs of abdominal pain. Copious peritoneal fluid obtained by abdominocentesis appeared to be frank blood. Rectal and ultrasonographic evaluation of the abdomen revealed a large mass at the distal tip of the right uterine horn. The mare was euthanatized and necropsied and the mass was determined to be a granulosa-thecal cell neoplasm. The most common clinical sign of granulosa-thecal cell neoplasm is infertility or abnormal sexual behavior. Hemoperitoneum is infrequently associated with neoplasms in horses.
A computer-derived protocol using recursive partitioning to aid in estimating prognosis of horses with abdominal pain in referral hospitals. In order to determine which variables are useful and accurate in estimating prognosis in horses with abdominal pain, data were analyzed from 231 horses presented at a veterinary teaching hospital. Using multiple stepwise discriminant analysis in a recursive partition model, we obtained a decision protocol that identified survivors and nonsurvivors. The prevalence of survivors was 61% in this population. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of this model were 71, 83, 87 and 65%, respectively. This decision protocol was validated by Jackknife classification a...
Some factors influencing plasma AST/CK activities in thoroughbred racehorses. Sixty-six Thoroughbred horses in training (2 or 3 years of age) were studied during one flat racing season, to investigate the relationship between age, sex, time of year, dietary electrolyte imbalances and plasma aspartate aminotransferase/creatine kinase (AST/CK) activities. Management and training variations were minimised. Between February to October, monthly 24 h post exercise samples were collected and analysed for AST and CK activities. Sex and/or age were shown to have a significant effect on the occurrence of high CK (> 100 iu/litre) and AST (> 300 iu/litre) activities. Fillies ...
Evaluation of two applanation tonometers in horses. Comparisons were made of measurements obtained in horses, using 2 applanation tonometers in vivo and in vitro. In vitro comparisons indicated that although neither instrument accurately recorded intraocular pressure (IOP), compared with manometric measurements, results of both instruments indicated linear digression from manometric IOP values that could readily be corrected, thereby accurately estimating IOP in horses. For tonometer 1 (MacKay-Marg), calculated actual IOP = 1.48 - 0.9 mm of Hg; and for tonometer 2 (Tono-Pen), calculated actual IOP = 1.38 + 2.3 mm of Hg. The coefficients of dete...
Accuracy of formulae for calculating left ventricular volumes of the equine heart. Echocardiography may be an accurate method of measuring left ventricular (LV) volumes and mass of the horse's heart. If so, studies of the heart size and hypertrophy would be possible. This study evaluated geometric models of the external and internal LV shapes, to determine which could be applied to echocardiographic measurements. We preserved 30 horses' hearts and measured their dimensions and cross sectional areas. These measurements were entered into seven formulae representing different geometric models of the ventricle and its chamber. We derived a correction factor to estimate the long ...
Further cases of equine sex chromosome abnormalities. Sex chromosome abnormalities have been detected in a further five mares with clinical histories of small ovaries and absent or irregular oestrous cycles. Three mares had 63,XO karyotypes (X monosomy) and two were sex chromosome mosaics with karyotypes of 63,XO/64,XY and 63,XO/64,XX/64,XY respectively. A sex chromosome abnormality (X monosomy) has also been found in a filly where it was suspected because of her short stature.
Changes in lymphocyte blastogenic response of mares during the perinatal period. A fluorometric assay was applied to evaluate blastogenesis of equine lymphocytes. Optimal culture conditions were as follows; concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were 1 microgram/ml, 40 micrograms/ml and 10 micrograms/ml, respectively, when 5 X 10(5) lymphocytes were incubated with culture medium containing 20% pooled horse serum (PHS) for 120 hours. The relative mean stimulation index of healthy non-pregnant mares were 5.107 +/- 0.323 (M +/- SE) with PHA, 4.019 +/- 0.183 with Con A and 3.610 +/- 0.131 with PWM. Sequentially the blas...
Combined treatment of ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a horse, using radiofrequency hyperthermia and interstitial 198Au implants. Unilateral ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a horse was treated effectively with a combination of repeated radiofrequency hyperthermia and interstitial radiotherapy. These 2 modalities of treatment are synergistic. Interstitial irradiation was achieved, using 198Au implants to deliver a total dose of approximately 5,000 rads/implant over an area of 1 cm2. Radio frequency hyperthermia was repeated 3 times, and radiotherapy was used twice. Treatment resulted in complete regression of the tumor, and ocular complications have not been seen.
[Ethological foundations in relation to animal husbandry technics]. Ethological reflections concerning animal management and handling because of efficiency have to consider different factors of influence as for example animal/man-relationship, economy of labor and working conditions for men. Definitions of ethological methods were given, and the complexity between animal behavior and animal management were described. The quantification of men's ability to handle animals is treated. The evaluation of a cattle-keeping facility by the ethological concept of 'meeting of requirements and avoiding of damage' is reviewed.
Ultrasonographic findings in horses with cholelithiasis: eight cases (1985-1987). Cholelithiasis and/or obstructive biliary tract disease was diagnosed ultrasonographically in 8 horses, 5 to 15 years old. Ultrasonographic findings revealed greater than normal amount of hepatic parenchyma in the right side of the abdomen in 8 horses and in the left side in 3 horses. The echogenicity of the liver was greater than normal, and thick distended bile ducts were seen in all horses. Choleliths were imaged ultrasonographically in 6 horses. Subsequently, postmortem findings in 6 horses revealed periportal and intralobular fibrosis, moderate bile duct dilatation, proliferation, and cho...
Endoscopic evaluation of changes in gastric lesions of Thoroughbred foals. Gastroendoscopic examinations were conducted on thirty-two 2- to 60-day-old Thoroughbred foals on 5 breeding farms. Repeat gastroendoscopic examinations were performed 35 to 135 days after the initial examination, with the age of foals ranging from 39 to 190 days. On initial endoscopic examination, lesions consisting of ulcers and/or erosions were most prevalent in the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvature of the stomach (15 of 32 foals), and were observed much less frequently at other sites within the stomach. In addition to ulcers an...
Recurrent torsion of the spermatic cord and scrotal testis in a stallion. A stallion was twice referred for evaluation of scrotal swelling and signs of pain. The first admission followed a 3-year period of recurrent signs of left-sided scrotal pain and swelling. After the removal of the left testis because of testicular torsion, the stallion was returned to service. The conception rate was 82% for the next breeding season. Two years after initial surgery, the stallion again was evaluated because of acute signs of right-sided scrotal pain and swelling. Right-sided testicular torsion was detected and corrected, and the testis was sutured in place. The stallion's conce...
Surgical repair of ruptured trachea in a horse. An Arabian mare was referred with traumatically induced complete transection of the trachea. A temporary airway was established through the open wound at the site of the rupture. Resection of devitalized tissue including 3 tracheal ring segments, and anastomosis of the tracheal ends was subsequently performed under general anesthesia. Wound healing was complicated by a peritracheal abscess, which responded successfully to drainage and antibiotic administration.
Ulcerative duodenitis with luminal constriction in two horses. Proximal enteritis was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs of disease in 2 Standard-bred yearlings from the same farm. Large volumes of fluid were repeatedly obtained during gastric decompression. The horses did not respond to treatment with IV administered fluids, antimicrobial agents, cimetidine, and metoclopramide. Postmortem findings confirmed severe focal chronic active duodenitis with stricture formation. An etiologic agent was not identified.
Ischemic optic neuropathy and blindness after arterial occlusion for treatment of guttural pouch mycosis in two horses. Ischemic optic neuropathy accompanied by blindness was induced in 2 horses after surgical occlusion of the external and internal carotid and greater palatine arteries, performed as part of the management of guttural pouch mycosis. The blindness was acute and unilateral and may have been caused by ischemic retinal damage. Vascular occlusion is a recommended procedure for treatment of guttural pouch mycosis. Retinal damage and blindness are a possible complication if all possible sources of hemorrhage are occluded.
Diarrhoea in adult horses: a survey of clinical cases and an assessment of some prognostic indices. Samples of faeces and blood were obtained from 66 adult horses with diarrhoea. The results of routine bacteriological, parasitological, haematological and biochemical tests were correlated with the outcome of the cases. Twenty-two (33 per cent) of the horses died or were destroyed as a consequence of the diarrhoea. A diagnosis was reached in only 23 cases (35 per cent), and in nine of them only at post mortem examination. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from five cases. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the horses which survived and those which died in their pac...
The effect of postpartum uterine lavage on foal heat pregnancy rate. Mares (n = 37) were treated on Days 2 and 4 post partum with a uterine lavage of 10 l of warm, sterile NaCl (0.9%) solution. Endometrial cytology and culture were performed on Day 7. Mares were bred on the first postpartum estrus by artificial insemination. Pregnancy rates were determined by ultrasound examination at Day 16 post ovulation. No differences were noted in degree of uterine inflammation or presence of uterine bacteria at Day 7 post partum between treated (n = 18) and control (n = 19) mares. Pregnancy rates at the first postpartum estrus for treated mares (55.5%) was not statistical...
Idiopathic atrial fibrillation in a champion Standardbred racehorse. Atrial fibrillation is described in a champion pacer which earlier had been named Australian Harness Horse of the Year as a 3-year-old in 1986-87. Prior to conversion atrial fibrillation had been present for at least 6 weeks, during which the horse had not raced. Successful treatment was achieved with two 10g doses of quinidine sulphate per oesophageal tube, after slow digitalisation with intravenous digoxin over 4d. Four hours after commencement of quinidine therapy the arrhythmia had regressed to atrial flutter and converted to sinus rhythm 10 min later. Considering his age, standard of raci...
A surgical approach to the ramus of the mandible in cattle and horses. Case reports of a bull and a horse. A surgical approach to the ramus of the mandible was developed. Subperiosteal elevation of the masseter muscle from the ramus allowed reduction and plate fixation of ramus fractures in a bull and a horse. Results of follow-up examinations, 2 years after surgery, showed excellent functional and cosmetic results.
Reduced efficacy of anthelmintics in young compared with adult horses. Studies on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in Ohio from 1982 to 1988 demonstrated the value of three anthelmintic pastes (ivermectin, oxibendazole, pyrantel pamoate) in controlling benzimidazole resistant cyathostomes (small strongyles) in adult horses. However, a comparison of drug efficacy in suppressing faecal egg counts for the full period between treatments showed a significant reduction in efficacy of all drugs in yearling horses compared with adults. Mean faecal egg counts of adult horses were generally kept below 100 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces when using oxibendazole or pyrantel pamoat...
Evaluation of a bronchoalveolar lavage technique. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique described produced no detectable gross or histopathological lesions. Airway fluid accumulation was observed for up to 4 h post lavage. There was good qualitative correlation between BAL cytopathological and diffuse pulmonary pathological changes. The technique provided an accurate assessment of the presence and extent of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage.
Effect of intestinal resection on two juvenile horses with granulomatous enteritis. Two horses were presented with lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, and swelling of the limbs and ventral body wall. One horse, a 12-month-old American Paso Fino colt, also had acute abdominal pain. The other horse, a seven-month-old Tennessee Walking Horse (TWH) filly passed diarrheic stools during the initial examination. Each horse had low serum protein, neutropenia, and a normal packed cell volume (3.2 g/dl, 1300 cells/ul, and 38%, respectively, for the colt, and 2.4 g/dl, 696 cells/ul, and 44%, respectively for the filly). After intravenously administering plasma, the colt's PCV dropped to 23...
