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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Small intestine and small colon neuropathy in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness). The number of neurons in the coeliacomesenteric ganglia and the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the jejunum, ileum and small colon, and the pathological changes induced in them, were studied in various types of equine dysautonomia. In all forms of dysautonomia, severe and extensive neuron loss and damage occurred in the ileum. In acute and subacute dysautonomia, jejunal neuron loss and damage were severe, but in chronic cases significantly less loss or damage occurred. The damage followed the same pattern in the small colon but it was always less obvious than in the jejunum. The distribut...
Arthroscopic removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses: 119 cases (1988-1992). Medical records from 119 horses that had undergone arthroscopic surgery for removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx were reviewed. Standardbred racehorses represented 109 (92%) of those affected. Ninety-three (78%) of the horses were < 3 years old. Gender distribution was consistent with that of the equine hospital population. Fragments most commonly were observed in the hind limbs (155/164; 95%), specifically, on the medial aspect of the left hind limb (72/164; 44%). Bilateral fragmentation occurred in 21 of 119 (18%) horses, a...
Fibrosing granulomas in the equine liver and peritoneum: a retrospective morphologic study. Fibrosing granulomas were found in the liver and occasionally on the intestinal and diaphragmatic serosae and in the lung of 11 horses submitted for necropsy. Although these granulomas were considered incidental findings in most of the horses, they had caused liver failure in 1 horse. The granulomas typically were characterized by a dense collagenous core that frequently was mineralized. The periphery contained a rim of inflammatory cells. Only in 1 of the 11 horses was there evidence of an egg shell suggestive of schistosomes. Schistosomal eggs were not detected in the feces of the horses. Th...
The hemostatic profile of equine ovarian follicular fluid. The coagulation factors VII and X and fibrinogen were detected in equine ovarian follicular fluid. The amounts of fibrinogen and factor X were approximately 40 percent of that found in normal equine plasma while the level of factor VII was lower, at approximately 14 percent. The addition of human recombinant tissue factor caused fibrin formation in the follicular fluid. The thrombin generating activity appears to be confined to the tissue factor pathway since no activity associated with factors VIII:C, IX or IX was detected. Fibrinolytic activity, at higher levels than that found in plasma, wa...
Insulin-like growth factor II gene expression in the fetus and placenta of the horse during the first half of gestation. Placentation in equids involves two types of trophoblast: a minor invasive component, the chorionic girdle, that gives rise to transient endocrine structures known as endometrial cups, and a major non-invasive component, the allantochorion, that forms the diffuse, microcotyledonary placenta. Growth factors are likely to be important in controlling these complex events at implantation and this study describes the use of in situ hybridization and northern blotting techniques to monitor expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) in the fetus and placenta of the horse (Equus caballus), u...
Allometry of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the muscle relaxant metocurine in mammals. We investigated the effects of body size on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the renally cleared muscle relaxant metocurine. We hypothesized that pharmacokinetics of the drug would change allometrically in proportion to physiological time [infinity Mb0.25, where Mb is body mass] and that pharmacodynamics would be independent of size because of the highly conserved structure of the acetylcholine receptor. Metocurine effects during general anesthesia were examined in 17 rats, 8 cats, 6 dogs, 5 pigs, 7 sheep, and 12 horses. Allometric analysis demonstrated size dependence for pharmaco...
He-Ne laser therapy by fibroendoscopy in the mucosa of the equine upper airway. A study was made of the effects of low-level laser irradiation on the cicatrization of superficial wounds in the pharyngeal mucosa of the horse. Methods: Duplicate pharyngeal mucosal ulcers were induced in 12 Spanish horses with submucosal injection of sulfuric acid. A fibroendoscope and an He-Ne laser were used to treat one of the ulcers and the second ulcer in each animal was left untreated, serving as a control. Biopsy samples for the histological study were taken after the seventh laser therapy session from the two animals. Results: Irradiated lesions cicatrized at 10.5 days and nonirradia...
Fumonisins: their implications for human and animal health. Fusarium moniliforme is one of the predominant fungi associated with corn intended for human and animal consumption world-wide. Fumonisins, food-borne carcinogens that occur naturally in corn, were first isolated and chemically characterized in South Africa in 1988. The major metabolite, fumonisin B1 (FB1), was subsequently shown to cause leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in horses, pulmonary edema syndrome (PES) in pigs, and liver cancer in rats. FB1 is also a cancer promoter and initiator in rat liver; hepatotoxic to horses, pigs, rats, and vervet monkeys; cytotoxic to mammalian cell cultures; and...
Absorption and dosage of theophylline in the horse after single and repeated administration of a microencapsulated preparation. The kinetics of 2 formulations of theophylline were studied in horses. In an initial cross-over study (Phase I) serum concentration-time curves were determined for granulated and microencapsulated theophylline after a single oral administration (5 mg/kg bwt). In Phase II microencapsulated theophylline was administered at 5 mg/kg bwt/12 h for 10 days at feeding time, as in normal clinical practice. Although no significant differences between the 2 preparations were found with respect to the main kinetic parameters, the microencapsulated form was more evenly and completely absorbed from the dige...
Postoperative myositis in a neonatal foal: a case report. A foal with azotemia, acidemia, and electrolyte abnormalities was diagnosed with uroperitoneum. The foal was anesthetized with isoflurane, and throughout the 4 hours of anesthesia and abdominal surgery, its mean arterial pressure ranged between 45 and 65 mm Hg. The foal developed a myopathy postoperatively and died 24 hours after surgery.
Fetal and maternal plasma lipids in chronically catheterized mares in late gestation: effects of different nutritional states. The effects of different nutritional states on plasma lipid concentrations have been examined in pregnant mares and their fetuses. Maternal and fetal arterial catheters were inserted into 12 pony mares between 244-303 days' gestation (term 320-360 days) and observations made from 5 days following the insertion of catheters. After recovery from surgery maternal and fetal arterial samples were withdrawn from 7 mares with normal feeding patterns (Group IA), from four of these mares at the end of a 30 h fast and 3 h later following refeeding (Group IB) and six mares who failed to re-establish norm...
Isolation of a compound from Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] causing hepatotoxicity in mice. Regular ingestion of Eupatorium adenophorum [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] or Crofton weed causes chronic pulmonary disease in horses mainly in Australia, New Zealand, and the Himalayas. The disease is characterized by pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, emphysema, alveolar epithelisation and reduced tolerance to exercise. Horses apparently are the only animals affected and there are numerous reports of farms losing all their horses. The disorder was produced experimentally in horse feeding trials, and it was shown that characteristic lesions occurred in the lungs. In studies with laboratory an...
Different fibrillar architectures coexisting in Haversian bone. Samples of compact bone were deproteinated by heat treatment and analysed by SEM. This technique removes very effectively cells and vascular structures and brings into full view the mineralization front along the wall of the Havers canal. The present study was confined to samples of equine bone that are known to be subjected to different functional requirements. Bone subjected to high tensile stress exhibited collagen fibrils substantially aligned with the stress direction, and the vast majority of its osteons appeared made of almost parallel fibrils crossing at very narrow angles. On the cont...
Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in horses infected with equine herpesvirus 1. An experimental system that permits sensitive and reproducible detection of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in the horse was developed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from immune horses were restimulated in vitro by culture with live EHV-1. Cytotoxic activity against virus-infected, pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphoblast targets was assessed in a 4-h 51Cr release assay. The optimal conditions for in vitro stimulation of equine memory CTLs and for preparation of EHV-1-infected target cells expressing viral antigens were systemati...
Prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite levels following an embryo transfer procedure in the mare. Hormonal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli can activate the arachidonic acid cascade and result in formation of prostaglandins and related substances. These compounds can have a profound role in the initiation of the inflammatory process (Higgins & Lees 1984). Prostaglandin (PG) F2α is the key hormone in reproductive physiology with well-known effects on reproductive performance e.g. luteolysis and abortion. An activation of the arachidonic acid cascade, caused by mechanical manipulation during an embryo transfer procedure, might be one explanation for early embryonic loss.
Endothelial lipopigment as an indicator of alpha-tocopherol deficiency in two equine neurodegenerative diseases. Two spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases of the horse, equine motor neuron disease (EMND) and equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), have been associated with alpha-tocopherol deficiency, and both were characterized by prominent accumulations of endothelial lipopigment in the small vessels of the spinal cord. These endothelial pigment deposits appear to be reversible. In EMND horses pasture-supplemented for 9 months or more after the progression of weakness and wasting had arrested, there was very little endothelial lipopigment. The origin and the potential effects of these endotheli...
Use of sodium monoiodoacetate to fuse the distal hock joints in horses. Intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) was investigated as an agent for chemical arthrodesis of the distal hock joints in the horse. Five horses diagnosed with either spavin (three horses), a small tarsal bone fracture or a failed surgical arthrodesis, had 150 mg of MIA injected into the tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint of the affected hock(s). Eight joints were treated in the five horses. Follow-up evaluation by clinical and radiological examination took place over 9 to 14 months. Two of the five horses were sound at the conclusion of the study and one horse, although lame after...
Diagnosis of equine gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 infections by polymerase chain reaction. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed for the detection of equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2) and equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV5) using the nucleotide sequences from the glycoprotein B (gB) gene of EHV2 and the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of EHV5. The simultaneous use of EHV2 specific and EHV5 specific primers in one nested amplification assay (multiplex PCR) enabled a rapid, specific and sensitive diagnosis for each virus. PCR was found to be 10(3) times more sensitive than virus isolation by cell culture for EHV2 and 10(6) for EHV5. In separate PCR assays, the routine detection li...
Response of ponies to adjuvanted EHV-1 whole virus vaccine and challenge with virus of the homologous strain. Five yearling ponies were vaccinated with inactivated Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in Freund's complete adjuvant as a double emulsion and revaccinated 6 weeks later with EHV-1 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. These ponies and three age-matched controls were challenged intra-nasally after a further 6 weeks with homologous live virus and monitored clinically, biologically and serologically. After challenge, clinical signs were mild in both groups. No cell-associated viraemias were detected in vaccinated ponies. Vaccination induced high levels of complement-fixing (CF) and virus-neutralizing ...
Crystalline composition of equine urinary sabulous deposits. The composition and crystal morphology of 141 equine sabulous deposits were determined by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The IR analysis revealed that all investigated deposits contained calcium carbonates (calcite, CaCO3, and/or vaterite, CaCO3) as major constituents; 42 samples were composed of calcite and vaterite, 33 of calcite, 18 of calcite/vaterite and calcium oxalate, and 17 of vaterite. The remaining specimens contained calcite/vaterite and other compounds (calcium phosphates, sulphate and/or oxalates and/or s...
Capacitation in vitro of stallion spermatozoa: comparison of progesterone-induced acrosome reactions in fertile and subfertile males. Mammalian sperm that have completed capacitation are capable of undergoing the acrosome reaction in response to a number of biological and chemical stimuli. In the present report, we have investigated the ability of progesterone to stimulate acrosome reactions of stallion sperm capacitated in vitro. Motile sperm were selected by a two-layer Percoll gradient centrifugation and were incubated in TALP medium modified by the 1:1 (v/v) addition of TEST-yolk medium for 5 hours at 39 degrees C, under 5% CO2 in humidified air. Sperm incubated in vitro in TALP-TEST medium had a higher percentage of acr...
The identification of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the horse and their use in thoroughbred parentage testing. Six new horse microsatellite loci were identified by sequencing M13 clones containing horse genomic inserts which gave positive signals when probed with a CA/GT repeat probe. Oligonucleotide primer pairs were synthesized for these loci and for two previously described horse microsatellites, HTG4 and HTG6. Polymerase chain reaction assays were then carried out on a panel of 20 different unrelated Thoroughbred horse DNAs. DNAs from eight cases of double covering which could not be solved by conventional blood typing were also examined. Several of the loci amplified were found to be polymorphic a...
