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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity in anesthetized horses, maintained at 1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane. Dynamic baroreflex sensitivity for increasing arterial pressure (DBSI) was used to quantitatively assess the effects of anesthesia on the heart rate/arterial pressure relationship during rapid (less than or equal to 2 minutes) pressure changes in the horse. Anesthesia was induced with IV administration of xylazine and ketamine and maintained with halothane at a constant end-tidal concentration of 1.1 to 1.2% (1.25 to 1.3 minimal alveolar concentration). Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was increased a minimum of 30 mm of Hg in response to an IV bolus injection of phenylephrine HCl. Linear regr...
Comparative growth of different rotavirus strains in differentiated cells (MA104, HepG2, and CaCo-2). The production of viral antigen after infection of MA104, HepG2 (derived from human liver), and CaCo-2 (derived from human colon) cells with various cultivatable human and animal rotavirus strains was compared using immunofluorescence tests. All rotavirus strains examined expressed antigen in CaCo-2 cells and MA104 cells, but only some virus strains, namely, SA11-Cl3 (simian), RRV (simian), CU-1 (canine), and Ty1 (turkey), produced antigen in numbers of infected HepG2 cells comparable to infections in MA104 and CaCo-2 cells. Fl-14 (equine), OSU (porcine), NCDV (bovine), and Ch2 (chicken) strai...
Prostaglandin E2 hastens oviductal transport of equine embryos. The hypothesis that treatment of pregnant mares with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hastens the oviductal transport of equine embryos was tested by treating bred mares with PGE2 on Day 3 after ovulation and subsequently measuring the rate of hastened oviductal transport (estimated by the uterine embryo recovery rate on Day 4 after ovulation). In a preliminary, noncontrolled experiment, oviductal transport was apparently not hastened after intramuscular, intrauterine, or intraperitoneal PGE2 administration to bred mares (0/6, 0/3, and 0/3 mares, respectively). Oviductal transport appeared to be hasten...
The Tat protein of equine infectious anemia virus is encoded by at least three types of transcripts. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a cDNA library of EIAV-infected canine cells established a complex pattern of gene expression, characterized by alternatively spliced polycistronic transcripts. The EIAV tat gene product was shown to be encoded by at least three species of mRNA which differed in their ability to trans-activate the EIAV LTR upon expression in canine cells. The most active cDNA was monocistronic, consisting of three exons. The most abundant cDNA in the library contained four exons and was identical to a polycistronic transcript previously described (Noiman et al., 1990b) which con...
[The effect of the sedative and analgesic detomidine for laryngoscopy of adult horses and foals]. Detomidine was used in this field trial effectively as a sedative and analgesic for laryngoscopic examinations in a total of 193 foals and 806 mature horses (Hanoverians). Detomidine was given either i.v. in foals 3 to 11 months old (20 micrograms/kg) and in mature horses (15 micrograms/kg), or i.m. in foals below 6 months of age (35 micrograms/kg). After i.v. administration, laryngoscopy was tolerated in more than 90% of all animals without additional use of a twitch, while in foals treated i.m. more than 70% required a twitch in order to enable this procedure. The effectiveness of detomidine...
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins modulate desmethoxyverapamil binding to calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Specific binding of the Ca++ antagonist desmethoxyverapamil, (-)-[3H]D888, to cell membranes of equine portal vein smooth muscle was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by guanosine 5'-O-(gamma-thio)triphosphate and ATP but was little affected by guanosine 5'-O-(beta-thio)diphosphate, noradrenaline or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ester. Inhibition constants for GTP and ATP were in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mM. From Scatchard plots and dissociation kinetic experiments, it is proposed that D888 high affinity binding sites are transferred into low affinity sites. In intact strips of ra...
Participation of H1-receptors in histamine-induced contraction and relaxation of horse coronary artery in vitro. The mechanisms of histamine-induced contraction and relaxation were investigated in rings isolated from a middle part of the left descending coronary arteries of horses. Intact and endothelium-denuded preparations were compared. Rings of horse coronary arteries contracted in response to histamine in a concentration dependent manner, but some of them relaxed with lower concentrations and contracted with higher concentrations. Removal of the endothelium abolished the relaxation and potentiated the contraction. The pD2 values were 4.70 +/- 0.08 in the rings with intact endothelium and 4.95 +/- 0....
Relationships between lymphoid nodules and lymph sinuses in lymph nodes: a study in horses. Secondary lymphoid nodules in lymph nodes of the horse are surrounded by a network of lymph sinuses, including the subcapsular sinus and its extensions around tabeculae, tubular and tubule-like sinuses deeper in the cortex, and sinuses between cord-like projections of cortical tissue. The precise role of this close association between sinuses and nodules in the transport of immune complexes, cells and cytokines is not known.
Chronic cervical compressive myelopathy in horses: clinical correlations with spinal cord alterations. Histological examination was performed on the cervical spinal cord from 13 horses with chronic cervical compressive myelopathy of 4 to 29 months duration. Structural alterations were correlated with clinical features. At the level of compression, the spinal cord was grossly deformed. Histological alterations included nerve fibre swelling and degeneration, occasional spheroids, astrocytic gliosis, increased macrophage activity and increased perivascular collagen. Myelin degeneration or loss at the level of the compressive lesion was greatest in the ventral and lateral funiculi and less consiste...
Use of scintigraphy for the determination of mucociliary clearance rates in normal, sedated, diseased and exercised horses. Mucociliary clearance rates from the trachea were determined in normal, sedated, diseased and exercised horses from scintigraphs obtained after an injection of technetium-99m sulphide colloid into the tracheal lumen. The group mean tracheal clearance rate of eight clinically normal horses during 42 trials was 2.06 +/- 0.38 cm/min. Significant between horse differences were found (p less than 0.05). When six and seven of these horses were given xylazine and detomidine hydrochloride, respectively, mean group tracheal clearance rates dropped significantly (p less than 0.05). The decreases from ea...
Diagnostic application of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia risticii in equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). Genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify a unique genomic sequence of Ehrlichia risticii directly in DNA isolated from peripheral-blood buffy coat cells of E. risticii-infected horses (Potomac horse fever) and from infected cell cultures. A specific primer pair, selected from a cloned, species-specific, 1-kb DNA fragment of the E. risticii genome as a template, was used for the amplification of the target DNA of 247 bp. The optimal number of 40 PCR cycles, determined by analyzing an amplification profile obtained with a constant Taq polymerase concentra...
Coprophagy in animals: a review. Coprophagy is performed by rodents and lagomorphs and to a lesser degree by piglets, foals, dogs and nonhuman primates. Due to the construction of the digestive system of rodents and rabbits, coprophagy is necessary to supply many essential nutrients. Bacterial synthesis of nutrients occurs in the lower gastrointestinal tract in these animals where little absorption is realized. The eating of their feces provides a method for obtaining these nutrients.
[Radiographic studies of ossification of the hoof cartilage of horses and its clinical evaluation]. Radiographic examination is a valuable means for the identification of ossified lateral cartilage. The extent and stages of development of the ossification can be determined. The active stage of development of ossified lateral cartilage, which by itself can provoke lameness, can be defined. By means of the X-ray it is tried to differentiate the three kinds of ossification: the enchondral, the peri- and parachondral ossification of the lateral cartilage. Centres of ossification and fractures of the ossified lateral cartilage are described.
Use of nonimaging nuclear medicine techniques to assess the effect of flunixin meglumine on effective renal plasma flow and effective renal blood flow in healthy horses. The effect of flunixin meglumine on renal function was studied in 6 healthy horses by use of nonimaging nuclear medicine techniques. Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and effective renal blood flow (ERBF) were determined by plasma clearance of 131I-orthoiodohippuric acid before and after administration of flunixin meglumine. Mean ERPF and ERBF was 6.03 ml/min/kg and 10.7 ml/min/kg, respectively, before treatment and was 5.7 ml/min/kg and 9.7 ml/min/kg, respectively, after treatment. Although ERPF and ERBF decreased after flunixin meglumine administration, the difference was not statistically ...
[Estimation of the occupational radiation exposure during radiographic studies of horses]. Radiography of horses in veterinary practice is done normally with quite simple equipment. Thereby radiation protection is easily neglected. In this investigation sources of mistakes are demonstrated. The possible exposure of staff is evaluated by dose measuring over a long period of time. It can be stated that following the most simple radiation protection there will never be a significant exposure of staff.
Persistent cryptosporidiosis in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency. Cryptosporidial infections were established in five young foals with severe combined immunodeficiency following oral administration of 10(8) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. All foals shed oocysts (average of 8 x 10(6) to 2 x 10(8)/g of feces) until death. Inflammation and C. parvum organisms were observed in the common bile duct, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Since foals with severe combined immunodeficiency lack functional T and B lymphocytes and are incapable of antigen-specific immune responses, they are well suited for evaluating the pathogenesis and treatment of persistent cryptosporidios...
The equine major plasma serpin multigene family: partial characterization including sequence of the reactive-site regions. The equine Pi system, which is highly polymorphic and was considered to be controlled by a single locus, has been shown to be controlled by four loci (named Spi 1-4). This system is the equine equivalent of the major human plasma serpin (serine protease inhibitor), human alpha 1 PI. Twenty-two haplotypes of the equine Pi system have been characterized by two-dimensional electrophoresis, resulting in the assignment of pI, Mr, and bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition characteristics to 109 proteins. These proteins have been analyzed further to determine their relatedness to each other as w...
[Monitoring of the oxygen saturation of horses during halothane anesthesia using pulse oximetry in the nasal septum]. The use of pulse oximetry for on-line monitoring of oxygen saturation of arterial blood using a probe on the nasal septum is described in the horse. When compared to the results of blood gas analysis an excellent correlation between the two methods for measuring oxygen saturation is found. Nevertheless a discrepancy between the values for oxygen saturation provided by either method is found. This can lead to misinterpretation of oxygen saturation values generated by the pulse oximeter. The cause of this discrepancy is not clear but differences in measuring principle, presence of dyshemoglobins...
Xanthine oxidase formation during experimental ischemia of the equine small intestine. We hypothesized that xanthine oxidase plays a role in the postischemic reperfusion injury in the equine small intestine. Under anesthesia, four horses and two ponies underwent ischemic strangulating obstructions of segments of the proximal jejunum, mid-jejunum and ileum. Prior to vascular occlusion, and at 1 h and 2 h of ischemia, full-thickness intestinal biopsies were collected for histopathological evaluation and for determination of combined xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) plus xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, and XO activity alone. The level of XO activity was expressed in percentage accordin...
Influence of digoxin followed by dopamine on the cardiovascular depression during a standard halothane anaesthesia in dorsally recumbent, ventilated ponies. The influence of digoxin (0.01 mg/kg) given as an intravenous bolus followed by dopamine at different infusion rates (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms/kg/min) on the cardiovascular depression during a standard halothane anaesthesia was studied in dorsally recumbent ventilated ponies. Preanaesthetic digitalization induced no clear positive cardiovascular effects over 30 minutes, except for non-significant increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure and total pulmonary resistance. These changes were probably time-related. No specific side-effects related to the fast intravenous digitalization were n...
[Postanesthetic complications in the horse. Evaluation of anesthesia in the last 28 years (1962-1989)]. The anesthesia routine in the horse is briefly explained. 35 postanesthetic complications resulted from the total of 4364 cases of anesthesia. They are evaluated by means of the duration of anesthesia, the time of paresis, the exemplary courses of enzymes as well as the distribution of race and sex and their ratio towards all cases of anesthesia. Finally a list of demands concerning the operative and postoperative phases is compiled to minimize postoperative myositis (PAM) and lameness (PAL).
Evaluation of a guarded bronchoscopic method for microbial sampling of the lower airways in foals. A novel method to reduce contamination of the bronchoscope during microbial sampling of the lower airways of foals was evaluated. Methylene blue (MB) was used as a nasopharyngeal dye marker to assess the relative contamination from the upper airways of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens obtained by standard bronchoscopy (SB) and a "guarded" bronchoscopic method (GB). For GB, a clear sterile cellulose sheath was fitted over the bronchoscope in an effort to protect the endoscope tip and channel from contamination. Methylene blue was detected visually in seven of eight BAL samples from foals ...
Serum tumor necrosis factor activity in horses with colic attributable to gastrointestinal tract disease. Over a 24-month period, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity was determined in 289 horses with colic attributable to gastrointestinal tract disease. Serum TNF activity was quantitated by use of a modified in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay, using WEHI 164 clone-13 murine fibrosarcoma cells. Causes for colic, determined by clinical and laboratory evaluation, exploratory celiotomy, or necropsy included: gastrointestinal tract rupture (GTR); ileal impaction; small intestinal strangulating obstruction (SIO); proximal enteritis (PE); transient small intestinal distention; large-colon displacement...
Identification and comparative sequence analysis of a gene in equine herpesvirus 1 with homology to the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D gene. A homologue of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D gene has been identified in the genome of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1, equine abortion virus). An open reading frame in the middle of the short unique (US) region is capable of encoding a polypeptide of 402 amino acids that has 26% and 20% of its residues matching pseudorabies virus (PRV) gp50 and HSV-1 gD, respectively. Despite this low level of similarity, the positional identity of six cysteine residues and certain motifs, and the location of the EHV-1 gene, clearly define the EHV-1 polypeptide as one of a family of "gD-like" prot...
[Neonatal isoerythrolysis in newborn foals]. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals are presented. Neonatal isoerythrolysis is caused by isoimmunisation of a brood mare to the Aa and Qa erythrocyte antigens of the foal. The disease can develop, when the mare does not possess Aa resp. Qa blood group antigens, is sensitized to the Aa or Qa erythrocyte antigens--i.e. through pregnancy, parturition, blood resp. plasma transfusions, etc.--and the foal suckles colostral antibodies to its own blood cells. Aa and Qa antibodies can cause haemagglutination and haemolysis ...
Influence of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on equine articular cartilage in explant culture. Articular cartilage explants from 3 horses were maintained in tissue culture to test the effects of a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on proteoglycan biosynthesis. Cultures were exposed to concentrations of 0, 50, or 200 micrograms of the drug/ml for either 2 days or 6 days, and labeled with 35S, before measuring the content of sulfated proteoglycan in the culture media and in extracts of cartilage. In a second experiment, the explants were incubated with the isotope and subsequently exposed to the same concentrations of the polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for 4 days. Subsequently, the amount of...
Prostaglandin E2 secretion by oviductal transport-stage equine embryos. This study was conducted to identify embryonic products whose secretion was temporally associated with the oviductal transport period of the mare. Chemicals secreted by oviductal-transport-stage equine embryos were identified by incubating Day 6 or Day 7 early uterine embryos with 35S-methionine/cysteine, 3H-progesterone, or 3H-arachidonic acid for 24 h, and subsequently identifying radioactively labeled proteins (SDS-PAGE; n = 3 embryos), steroids (HPLC; n = 3 embryos), or prostaglandins (HPLC; n = 3 embryos) in the culture medium. Early uterine embryos secreted 116.1 +/- 45.5 pg of prostagla...
Changes of plasma concentrations of steroid hormones, prostaglandin F2 alpha-metabolite and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin during pregnancy in thoroughbred mares. Plasma concentrations of estrogens, gestagens, cortisol (F), 13, 14-dihydro, 15-keto PGF2 alpha (PGFM) and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in 10 Thoroughbred mares were measured for a 11-month pregnancy period. Estrone (E1) and estradiol-17 beta (E2) levels gradually increased as the pregnancy advanced, showing a peak around Month 8 and decreased thereafter. Progesterone (P) levels increased on Months 3 and 11, and 17 alpha-OH-progesterone (17 alpha-OHP) levels peaked on Month 3, whereas 20 alpha-OH-progesterone (20 alpha-OHP) levels increased sharply after Month 6. PGFM indicated peak...
Hepatic disease in Alberta horses: A retrospective study of ‘alsike clover poisoning’ (1973-1988). Over sixteen years, 49 horses were diagnosed by Alberta Agriculture Animal Health laboratories as having "alsike clover poisoning". There was a distinct northwestern distribution of cases, the majority coming from the Peace River district. This distribution is opposite to that of the Alberta horse population, but coincides with areas of alsike clover cultivation. Cases could be divided into chronic or nervous clinical presentations, as described by Schofield. Tissues from 45 animals were retrieved and examined microscopically. Significant histological lesions were confined to the liver and con...
