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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Prolonged wireless measurement of intragastric pH and pharmacodynamics of extended-release injectable omeprazole in horses. Adaptation of wireless capsules for intragastric pH measurement in horses has a short, variable attachment duration. Prolonged measurement is important for pharmacodynamic studies. Extended-release injectable omeprazole (ERIO) induces acid suppression for ≤ 7 days. Five-day dosing intervals are now recommended for improved healing rates. Objective: To (1) optimize the methodology to achieve 5-7 days of capsule attachment; (2) determine whether capsules can detect a treatment effect of ERIO; and (3) describe the pharmacodynamics of ERIO. Methods: Twelve healthy adult horses. Methods: Caps...
Commercially available objective gait evaluation systems show good to excellent reliability in horses across hard-surface types and multiple operators. To evaluate the intrasystem reliability of an AI-based smartphone application Sleip (AI-SPA), the inertial measurement unit (IMU) system Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL), and the IMU system Equisym (ES) across 2 different hard surfaces and to assess the interoperator reliability for the 2 IMU systems. Unassigned: 8 mixed-breed research horses, aged 4 to 12 years, with varying degrees of gait asymmetries were utilized. To assess intrasystem reliability, horses were in-hand, straight-line trotted on either epoxy-coated concrete or rubber-coated concrete. Three trials were performed for LL and E...
Subcutaneous abscessation: An atypical presentation of Rhodococcus equi infection in a group of foals. Integumentary manifestations of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals are infrequently reported in the literature. Subcutaneous abscessation as the primary clinical presentation in temporally clustered cases of foal rhodococcosis in an equine farm has not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously described. Objective: To describe an outbreak of R. equi infection where foals presented with subcutaneous abscessation as the primary clinical sign. Methods: Clinical case series. Conclusions: Three Thoroughbred foals aged 6-11 weeks developed subcutaneous abscesses over a 3-week period in July 202...
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds of the foot do not change following anaesthesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses. The selectivity of diagnostic analgesia of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) in horses remains debated. This study aimed to determine whether intrasynovial administration of 2% lidocaine into the DFTS increases the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) of the dorsal lamellar stratum, sole, coronary band and heel bulbs, with correct placement confirmed by contrast tenography. Unassigned: Six healthy horses with no clinical or radiographic distal limb abnormalities were used. Forelimbs were randomly assigned, with one limb receiving 2% lidocaine and the contralateral limb receiving lactat...
In Vivo Metabolic Profiling of Suzetrigine in Thoroughbred Horses Following Oral Administration: Implications for Equine Anti-Doping Control. Suzetrigine (VX-548), a selective NaV1.8 sodium channel blocker recently approved for pain management, was investigated for its metabolic fate in Thoroughbred horses using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Equine urine and plasma samples were collected following administration and processed prior to analysis. Combining the present in vivo data with earlier reported in vitro liver incubations, a total of 12 metabolites (M1-M12) were identified and characterised, comprising nine Phase I and three Phase II biotransformation products. Five Phase I meta...
A dietary nutraceutical “Succeed Digestive Conditioning ProgramTM” is more effective than omeprazole for managing equine glandular gastric disease. Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) responds poorly to proton pump inhibitor therapy, highlighting the need for alternative treatments. Succeed Digestive Conditioning Program (SUC) contains oat-derived ingredients, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L-glutamine, and L-threonine that may support gastric health. Objective: To compare effects of SUC and omeprazole (OME) on squamous and glandular gastric ulcers in horses. Methods: Fifty-nine horses with squamous gastric lesions (score ≥2/4) completed a 90-day trial. Horses received either OME (4 mg/kg BW/day; n=30) or SUC (27 g/day; n=29). Forty-four...
Blood serotonin, ionized magnesium, cardiac troponin I, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations, and mitral valve billowing in horses with mitral valve regurgitation. Serotonin, ionized magnesium (iMg), cardiac biomarkers, and mitral valve prolapse are extensively investigated in humans and dogs with mitral valve regurgitation (MR), but not in horses. Objective: To investigate serotonin, iMg, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations and degree of mitral valve billowing (MVB) in horses with MR. Methods: Eighty controls (no/trivial MR), 122 horses with MR (92 mild, 24 moderate, 6 severe). Methods: Prospective cross-sectional observational study. All horses underwent echocardiography with MVB distance a...
Investigating horse owners’ confidence, ability and knowledge-seeking behaviour in recognising equine lameness. Undiagnosed lameness is common in horses, but little is known about which aspects of lameness identification owners find difficult. Objective: To explore horse owners' confidence and ability to identify equine lameness, and their knowledge-seeking behaviour. Methods: In this cross-sectional online survey, 509 UK horse/pony owners identified lameness from videos of sound, forelimb, hindlimb and bilaterally lame horses, reported their knowledge of clinical signs and knowledge-seeking behaviour, and rated their confidence (1, not confident at all, to 5, very confident). Mixed-effects logistic reg...
Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Tendon-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Equine Tendon and Ligament Injuries. Equine tendinopathies and desmopathies are common musculoskeletal disorders characterized by a limited regenerative capacity and a high risk of recurrence. Tendon-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TDSCs) represent a promising regenerative therapy due to their immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative properties. Objective: This preliminary prospective clinical study aimed to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of allogeneic post-mortem TDSCs, for the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) and suspensory ligament (SL) injuries in horses. Methods: Nine horses were monitored longi...
Treatment of a concealed accessory pathway by radiofrequency catheter ablation in a horse. Accessory pathways (APs) are myocardial bundles directly connecting the atria and the ventricles, bypassing the atrioventricular node-His-Purkinje system. Retrograde AP conduction in horses can result in orthodromic atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia or bradycardia. Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) can provide a permanent treatment by eliminating the retrograde conducting AP, but was previously unsuccessful in one case. Objective: To report the use of three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping (3D EAM) to identify a concealed AP and treatment by RFCA in a horse. Methods: Retrospect...
Inter-week Variation in Movement Asymmetry at Trot in Cavalry Horses in Training. The widespread use of objective motion analysis in lameness investigations has raised questions about whether movement asymmetries are caused by pain and when they are indicative of orthopaedic disease. The prevalence of motion asymmetries in horse populations in training is high, but longitudinal studies on variation in movement asymmetry are scarce. Objective: To investigate inter-week variation in movement symmetry during straight-line trot in horses in training over three weeks. Methods: Forty-nine cavalry horses in training were included in a longitudinal study. Horses were equipped with ...
Impact of Suspensory Ligament Desmitis on Athletic Performance of Trotting Horses: A Retrospective Study. Suspensory ligament (SL) desmitis is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries affecting trotting horses being frequently associated with reduced athletic performance and premature retirement. However, the prognostic value of clinical and ultrasonographic findings remains incompletely understood. Objective: To evaluate the impact of proximal and/or body SL desmitis on athletic performance of French Trotters and determine whether horse related characteristics, ultrasonographic lesion severity, lesion location, or treatment modality influence prognosis. Methods: Medical records of 36 Frenc...
Research into Vitamin E Supplementation to Combat Oxidative Stress in Equines: A Mini-Review. Oxidative stress is a concern in performance horses because intense and prolonged exercise increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in contracting skeletal muscle. Low ROS concentrations support normal muscle function and adaptation, but excess ROS can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. Vitamin E, particularly alpha tocopherol, is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that interrupts lipid peroxidation by donating a hydrogen atom to lipid peroxyl radicals. This mini-review summarizes recent equine research on vitamin E supplementation and exercise-induced oxidative stress. Results are variab...
Association of facial expression, biochemistry, and microRNAs with lameness in endurance horses. Lameness is common in endurance horses. Conventional gait-based assessment may not fully capture its various aspects. Facial expression scales can provide complementary, non-locomotor indicators of lameness-related pain. Objective: To evaluate the performance of facial expression scales Horse Grimace Scale (HGS) and Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain (EQUUS-FAP) for assessing pain-related lameness in endurance horses and their associations with the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) lameness grading system, biochemical, and molecular markers. Methods...
Colonic adenocarcinoma with osseous metaplasia and systemic metastasis in a horse. A 12-year-old thoroughbred mare was presented with colic and diarrhea. Clinical examination revealed mild tachycardia with injected mucous membranes. Abdominal ultrasonography identified thickened colon walls, an irregular, mottled liver, and free fluid. The mare had elevated liver enzymes and electrolyte abnormalities that continued to worsen during hospitalization and included hypoalbuminemia. Despite intensive and varied medical treatments, the mare's condition deteriorated and she was humanely euthanized. Postmortem examination revealed a large adenocarcinoma with osseous metaplasia in the...
Effect of canagliflozin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-dysregulated horses as assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Insulin resistance, enhanced β-cell responsiveness, and lower insulin clearance contribute to hyperinsulinemia in horses with insulin dysregulation. Canagliflozin (CAN) reduces hyperinsulinemia in horses, but its effect on insulin sensitivity (IS) remains unclear. Objective: Evaluate the effects of CAN on IS and insulin clearance using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC) and on β-cell responsiveness using a graded glucose infusion test (GGI) in insulin-dysregulated (ID) horses. Methods: Twenty privately owned ID mares. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study...
Inter- and intra-rater reliability of two grading systems for equine gastric glandular disease. The recommended combined descriptive terminology scoring system for equine gastric glandular disease has poor reliability whereas a published numerical scoring system has substantial reliability. Descriptive terminology appears more affected by clinical experience than numerical scoring. Individual descriptive terminologies have previously correlated with descriptions of severity. Objective: To compare the reliability of two scoring systems across varied clinical experience and between numerical scores and descriptive terms. The hypothesis was that the numerical scoring system would have bette...
Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy incidence and case fatality rates in the USA. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has substantial animal welfare and economic consequences. Despite extensive research, population-level estimates of EHM incidence and case fatality rates remain poorly characterized. Objective: Describe the burden of EHM and estimate EHM attack and case fatality rates in the United States. Methods: None. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using surveillance data collected by the Equine Disease Communication Center (EDCC) in the United States during 2019-2023. Regression models were used to estimate the mean annual E...
Case Report: Incidental finding of a perforating wooden foreign body in the jejunum during surgical treatment of colic in a horse: use of intraoperative infrared thermography. Equine gastrointestinal tract perforation by a foreign body is a rare cause of colic. Assessment of intestinal viability during exploratory laparotomy is crucial and is usually performed using subjective parameters (color, motility, pulse). Infrared thermography (IRT) offers an objective, noninvasive method for assessing tissue surface temperature in real time, as it correlates with local blood perfusion. Unassigned: In this case, a 13-year-old Italian Saddle mare was admitted with a 24-h history of acute, progressive abdominal pain unresponsive to medical therapy. Clinical examination reveale...
Feasibility of Enucleation in Standing Sedated Horses With Retrobulbar Anesthesia and Auriculopalpebral Nerve Block: Impact of Ultrasound Guidance in a Case Series. Examining the feasibility of enucleation in standing sedated horses with dorsal retrobulbar anesthesia (RBA) and auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve block and the impact of ultrasound (US) guidance on RBA success. Methods: Thirty horses. Methods: In a prospective clinical case series, horses (n = 15/group) received standardized sedation, dorsal RBA (12 mL mepivacaine) and AP nerve block (4 mL lidocaine). Group 1 received US-assisted RBA (10 MHz linear probe), Group 2 underwent blind RBA subsequently. Needle positioning time was recorded. Eyelid sensitivity was measured before (t) and 20 m...
Effects of acute dopamine infusion on metabolic and endocrine responses in horses with different endocrine phenotypes: an exploratory fixed-sequence study. Dopamine modulates insulin secretion and sensitivity in other species, but its peripheral metabolic effects in horses remain unclear. We evaluated whether continuous dopamine hydrochloride (DA HCl) infusion alters oral carbohydrate-stimulated insulin responses or peripheral insulin sensitivity in horses with different metabolic classifications. Seven horses completed oral sugar tests (OST) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (EHC) under control conditions and during DA HCl infusion (2.5 µg/kg/min), with each horse serving as its own control. Horses were classified separately as normoinsu...
Evaluation of the sterility and clinical use of a disposable spray cap for ophthalmic medication delivery in equine patients. To evaluate the sterility of a commercially available disposable spray cap in an equine barn environment and assess its clinical use. Unassigned: This pilot study included an ex vivo microbiological study and an in vivo usability study. Ex vivo study: diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solution and neomycin-polymyxin B-dexamethasone 0.1% ophthalmic suspension were evaluated using either a traditional dropper or spray cap treatment method. Bottles were stored in an equine veterinary hospital barn and dispensed every 12 hours. Samples collected on day 0 and the final study day were analyzed for microbia...
Transrectal ultrasonographic assessment of the equine fetal distal limb beyond the first phalanx for predicting fetal age and bone development in Quarter Horses. In Quarter Horses (QH), fetal age can be predicted within 2 weeks prior to 200- days of gestation ultrasonographically; however, as pregnancy advances, accuracy decreases. Recently, fetal ultrasonographic measurement of the first phalanx length (P1L) was introduced as a novel biometric parameter during late gestation, and the timing of appearance and closure of P1 epiphyses has been identified as potential markers of bone development. The overall aim of this study is to describe distal limb bone development beyond the first phalanx. Ten healthy pregnant mares (9 QH and 1 Thoroughbred carrying ...
Thirteen years of environmental surveillance of ESKAPE organisms and Escherichia coli in an equine hospital: Informing infection control. Bacteria from the ESKAPE group (i.e., Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) and Escherichia coli are frequently multidrug-resistant and can be associated with healthcare-associated infections, an increasing concern for veterinary settings. Objective: To determine the environmental prevalence of ESKAPE and E. coli on surfaces which can act as reservoirs of infection in clinical areas in equine hospitals. Methods: Observational study. Methods: Routine environmental sampling was performed in on...
Trazodone administration does not affect platelet concentration or function in horses. To determine the effect of a clinically relevant dose of trazodone on platelet count and function in healthy horses. Methods: Prospective, controlled, cross-over study. Methods: Ten healthy horses. Methods: Horses were administered either 7 mg/kg trazodone orally in corn syrup or an equal amount of corn syrup (control), every 12 h for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, horses underwent at least a 2-week washout period before being administered the alternate treatment (trazodone or control). Blood was collected before the first treatment administration (day 0) and after 2 weeks of treatment for ...
Investigating the TASK1 potassium channel in equine atrial myocardium as a potential treatment target for atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically relevant arrhythmia in horses, with limited pharmacological treatment options in both veterinary and human medicine. TASK1 potassium channels represent a promising atrial-selective antiarrhythmic target, but their relevance in horses has not been established. To characterize equine TASK1 (eqTASK1) channels regarding structural conservation, electrophysiological function, pharmacological sensitivity, cardiac expression pattern and in vivo electrophysiological effects of TASK1 inhibition. Methods: Sixteen horses killed for non-cardiovascular...
In vitro anthelmintic activity of the monoterpene linalool, alone and combined with the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses. This study evaluated, in vitro, the anthelmintic activity of the monoterpene linalool, alone and in association with the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans, against gastrointestinal nematodes of horses. Nematodes from the superfamily Strongyloidea, obtained from naturally infected horses, were used. The ovicidal activity of linalool was evaluated using the Egg Hatch Test (EHT). The larvicidal activity was evaluated using the Larval Motility Inhibition Test (LMIT), in which infective larvae (L3) were assigned to experimental groups treated with linalool alone (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40...
Infracyanine green photodynamic therapy provides short-term disease control, but recurrence is common in equine immune-mediated keratitis. To evaluate long-term clinical outcomes, recurrence rates, and complications following photodynamic therapy (PDT) in horses with immune-mediated keratitis. Unassigned: Medical records of horses treated with PDT at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Equine Clinic from May 2018 through October 2025 were reviewed retrospectively. Eyes with a clinical diagnosis of recurrent immune-mediated keratitis that had responded to immunosuppressive therapy and been subjected to PDT therapy were included. Infracyanine green was injected intrastromally, followed by irradiation with an 810-nm diod...
Large-scale energy infrastructure projects and thoroughbred stud farms: equine welfare, evidence gaps and planning considerations. Industrial-scale renewable energy developments i.e. solar photovoltaic (PV) installations and wind energy facilities, form a central component of Ireland's national decarbonisation strategy. As these infrastructures expand, they are increasingly being proposed or developed within rural regions that also contain high densities of Thoroughbred breeding establishments. This creates a potential interface between national energy policy, rural land use, equine welfare and the operational requirements of the Thoroughbred industry which is of national and international importance.Direct empirical evid...
Auscultation for pre-exercise screening in the horse. To describe the highlights of cardiac auscultation of the equine athlete in the context of pre-exercise screening for cardiac adverse event prevention. Unassigned: Horses. Unassigned: Tutorial description. Unassigned: Description of the highlights of cardiac auscultation of the equine athlete in the context of pre-exercise screening for cardiac adverse event and exercise-associated sudden death prevention. Unassigned: Cardiac adverse events and exercise-associated deaths are problems that affect horses' health, riders' safety, and the public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Scre...
