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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Effect of partial spinal cord ablation on exercise hyperpnea in ponies. We addressed the role of spinal afferent information in the exercise hyperpnea. Arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) was assessed in 10 normal ponies during low (1.8 mph 7% or 17% grade) or moderate (6 mph 7% grade) treadmill exercise. After control studies, bilateral spinal ablation (SA) of the dorsolateral sulcus and dorsolateral funiculus at L2 was performed in seven ponies. In normal ponies within the first 90 s of exercise, PaCO2 initially decreased 2.7, 4.1, and 5.2 Torr below rest at the three work loads, respectively (P less than 0.05). PaCO2 thereafter increased toward resting levels but remained 1....
Pleural effusion secondary to thoracic metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma in a mare. A 17-year-old Quarter Horse mare was examined nearly 3 years after excision and cryotherapy of a papillary mammary gland adenocarcinoma. The mare had been used for pleasure riding since surgery, but had recently developed progressive dyspnea. The mare had clinical evidence of pleural effusion, but died before further clinical examination and treatment were instituted. Necropsy revealed deep mammary masses with similar nodules in the deep inguinal, renal, and mediastinal lymph nodes and in the lungs, pericardium, visceral and parietal pleurae, and left ovary. The masses were identified as papil...
Septicemia, atrial fibrillation, cardiomegaly, left atrial mass, and Rhodococcus equi septic osteoarthritis in a foal. A foal with vegetative bacterial endocarditis affecting the wall of the left atrium was treated successfully with cefotaxime, erythromycin, and rifampin. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli from blood and Rhodococcus equi from a P-type osteomyelitic lesion of the left third metatarsal bone and from synovial fluid from the left metatarsophalangeal joint. Cardiac complications included cardiomegaly and atrial fibrillation, which responded to treatment with digoxin and quinidine sulfate. Cardiac function was considered normal 18 months after treatment. Bacteriologic cure of osteoarthriti...
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses. Eleven horses (3 mares, 7 stallions, 1 gelding) with clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis were studied. Each horse had history of episodic weakness, muscular tremors, or collapse, which lasted for periods of a few minutes to hours. Diagnosis was based on hyperkalemia in association with a spontaneous episode of paralysis or by precipitation of an episode by oral administration of potassium chloride. Clinical and biochemical events were documented during spontaneous and induced episodes of muscular weakness. During episodes, electrocardiographic findings were con...
Idiopathic granulomatous disease involving the skin in a horse. Clinical signs of generalized granulomatous disease in a horse included depression, generalized lymphadenopathy, scaly skin, and dependent edema. Diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically by diffuse granulomas in more than one organ system (lymph nodes and skin), and by ruling out etiologic agents. Response to treatment with corticosteroids was favorable. The clinical features and response to treatment in this horse were different from classic textbook descriptions of equine generalized granulomatous disease. Equine granulomatous disease appears to be comparable to human sarcoidosis. To avoi...
Prophylactic use of dantrolene associated with prolonged postanesthetic recumbency in a horse. Dantrolene, a drug used in the prevention and treatment of malignant hyperthermia, was believed responsible for prolonged postanesthetic recumbency in a horse. Prophylactically, dantrolene was given orally before induction of anesthesia. Dantrolene has been recommended for use in horses at risk of developing postanesthetic myopathy. Side effects, including ataxia, may result from dantrolene administration.
Cardiac arrhythmias identified in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: six cases (1985-1988). During a 3 1/2-year period, cardiac arrhythmias were identified in 6 of 67 horses diagnosed with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (DPJ). Arrhythmias were detected by auscultation of irregular cardiac rhythm and subsequently were characterized by electrocardiographic evaluation. Arrhythmias included frequent second-degree atrioventricular block, ventricular ectopic depolarizations, and atrioventricular conduction disturbance. In 4 horses, arrhythmias resolved with recovery from the primary problem. One horse died suddenly 66 hours after admission, and another was euthanatized at 72 hours after adm...
Distribution of equine infectious anemia in equids in southeastern United States. State veterinarians in 11 southeastern states completed a questionnaire designed to determine the proportion of equids in the region that were seropositive for equine infectious anemia (EIA). Cases of EIA were diagnosed in each of the states surveyed. Distinct geographic clusters of cases were apparent in Tennessee and Kentucky adjacent to the Mississippi River, in the Piedmont of North Carolina at the Virginia border, in north central Georgia, and throughout the Florida peninsula. It is suggested that the national EIA program could be improved by standardization and wider application of unifo...
Granulosa cell tumor in a mare with a functional contralateral ovary. A functional corpus luteum was found in the ovary contralateral to the ovary with a granulosa cell tumor in a 24-year-old Standardbred mare. The mare was ovariectomized because she was to be used as a jump mare for collection of semen from stallions. The blood concentration of progesterone was 2.2 ng/ml, and the luteal tissue progesterone concentration was 6.3 micrograms/mg. Atrophy of the contralateral ovary is one of the major signs used in diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor; however, our findings indicate that the ovary contralateral to a granulosa cell tumor is not invariably nonfunctional....
Use of a liquid diet as the sole source of nutrition in six dysphagic horses and as a dietary supplement in seven hypophagic horses. Six horses with dysphagia (attributable to botulism, glossitis, or guttural pouch mycosis) were given a commercially available liquid diet as the sole source of nutrition. Seven horses with hypophagia caused by severe bacterial pleuropneumonia or peritonitis were given the liquid diet to supplement food consumed voluntarily. The liquid diet was administered through a nasogastric tube 2 or 3 times daily. Body weight did not change significantly, and pertinent laboratory values remained at satisfactory concentrations throughout the feeding period. Serious complications were not encountered. Thre...
Identification of a major iodolipid from the horse thyroid gland as 2-iodohexadecanal. The incorporation of iodide into proteins (PBI) and lipids (LBI) of horse thyroid slices was measured in various conditions. Their dependency on the concentration of extracellular iodide was strikingly different. For PBI the relationship was biphasic with a decrease above 10 microM, likely to correspond to the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. On the contrary, LBI increased as a function of iodide concentration up to 100 microM. Methimazole (MMI) inhibited the incorporation of iodide into both LBI and PBI, but higher concentrations of MMI were required to depress LBI as compared to PBI. The inhibition of...
Development of an avidin-biotin dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its comparison with other serological tests for diagnosis of glanders in equines. A dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) was developed for diagnosis of glanders in equines. The test was based on the detection of IgG antibodies to Pseudomonas mallei antigens bound to nitrocellulose coated on plastic strips (dipsticks), the reaction being amplified by an avidin-biotin system with biotinylated anti-horse IgG and horseradish peroxidase-avidin D. Sera from 810 normal, six naturally infected and 48 sensitized equines were tested by this assay, and results were compared with complement fixation, indirect haemagglutination and counter-immunoelectrophoresis tests. Dot E...
Quantitative microanalysis of equine synovial fluid glycosaminoglycan concentration. An alcian blue precipitation method for quantifying the hyaluronic acid (HA) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan concentration (SGAG) in solutions containing both compounds was assessed. The assay was found to be rapid and reliable in solutions containing 0 to 200 mg of HA/dl and 50 to 1,000 micrograms of SGAG/dl, and was not affected by the presence of protein, hemoglobin, or methemoglobin in concentrations normally found in synovial fluid. The HA and SGAG concentrations in intercarpal synovial fluid from 13 clinically normal and 11 arthritic horses were evaluated. A relationship was not found be...
Acrosome reaction of stallion spermatozoa evaluated with monoclonal antibody and zona-free hamster eggs. The acrosome of the stallion spermatozoon was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibody (18.6) which recognized an integral acrosomal membrane component. Localization was confirmed by electron microscopy using peroxidase labelled antibody. In fresh semen samples (n = 19), 73.9 +/- 9.1% of the spermatozoa from five fertile stallions displayed a uniform bright fluorescence over their acrosome region. In two semen samples from an infertile stallion only 28% and 35% of spermatozoa showed the same pattern of fluorescence. Spermatozoa from fertile stallions incubated for up ...
Two rare cutaneous neoplasms in horses: apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and carcinosarcoma. Two rare equine cutaneous neoplasms, an apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and a carcinosarcoma were diagnosed in a 17-year-old pony and a 14-year-old mare, respectively. The apocrine gland adenocarcinoma was present on the prepuce. Histologically, papillary projections of low cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells were generally well differentiated, and surrounded dilated acini. Stromal invasion was present, but vascular and lymphatic invasion was not seen. The carcinosarcoma was present in the right flank of the mare. Two discrete cell populations were characterized histologically. One portion of ...
Intra-osseous pressure and pressure pulse gradients along the equine third metatarsal bone. Intra-osseous pressure measurements in the third metatarsal bone of anesthetised young and mature ponies demonstrated that a pressure gradient exists along the bone, the pressure being highest at the level of the nutrient foramen and decreasing distally and proximally from this point. The height of the intra-osseous pressure pulse also decreased toward the bone ends. It is concluded that the sites of measurement of the intra-osseous pressure in clinical and experimental studies should be standardized.
Equine motor neuron disease; a preliminary report. A spontaneous motor neuron disease or neuronopathy was identified in 10 horses from the northeastern United States. Signs of generalized weakness, muscle fasciculations, muscle atrophy and weight loss progressed over 1 to several months in young and old horses of various breeds. Pathologic studies revealed that degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem resulted in axonal degeneration in the ventral roots and peripheral and cranial nerves and denervation atrophy of skeletal muscle. Many spinal neurons were swollen, chromatolytic and contained neurofilamentous accu...
Effects of the dam on equine chorionic gonadotropin concentrations during pregnancy. Breeding trials were designed to determine the influence of the mare on serum concentrations of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) from Day 39 to Day 104 of gestation. Sires were ranked according to mean eCG concentrations found in the groups of randomly selected mares to which they were mated in 1983. Mares were ranked according to their mean eCG concentrations on Days 55, 71 and 85 of gestation (Day 0 = mating), in 1983 and 1985. In the 1986 breeding season, mares that had pregnancies characterized by high eCG levels were mated to sires previously associated with low eCG concentration pregn...
Use of electromyography for the diagnosis of equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis. The use of electromyography (EMG) as a diagnostic aid for equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis (EHPP) was investigated in seven affected and seven control horses. Affected horses were confirmed positive for EHPP either by elevated serum potassium concentration with clinical signs of myotonia, or by inducing hyperkalemia and clinical signs using oral potassium chloride challenge. All horses were asymptomatic at the time EMG was performed, using bipolar fine wire needle electrodes. The myopotentials were recorded on magnetic tape and displayed on paper charts for analysis. Insertional and restin...
The use of stable isotopes and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the identification of steroid metabolites in the equine. Stable isotope gas chromatography/mass spectrometry has been used successfully in the elucidation of structures of urinary steroid metabolites in the horse and in the identification of metabolites isolated from in vivo perfusion and in vitro incubation studies using equine tissue preparations. Deuterium-labeled steroids, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol have been synthesized by base-catalyzed isotope exchange methods and the products characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. [16,16(-2)H2]Dehydroepiandrosterone (plus radiolabeled dehydroepi...
Production of fumonisins by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolates associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia and a pulmonary edema syndrome in swine. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and FB2 were isolated from corn cultures of both Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum. Respective concentrations in culture materials of FB1 and FB2 ranged from 960 to 2,350 and 120 to 320 micrograms/g for F. moniliforme and from 1,670 to 2,790 and 150 to 320 micrograms/g for F. proliferatum. Thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid secondary ion mass spectroscopy were used for detection. Fumonisins from F. proliferatum have not previously been reported.
Two autosomal trisomies in the horse: 64,XX,-26,+t(26q26q) and 65,XX,+30. The phenotypic effects in a yearling Arab filly of a newly described equine autosomal trisomy syndrome for chromosome 30 (65,XX,+30) consisted of small size and severe angular deviation of front legs accompanied by mild polydactyly, but no mental dullness. This case was associated with advanced maternal age. Additional banding studies of a second trisomy case confirmed the assignment to chromosome 26 (64,XX,-26,+t(26q26q)) and evidence of her fertility was presented.
Effect of inositol hexakisphosphate on the spectroscopic properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin. The effect of inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) on the spectroscopic (EPR and absorbance) properties of the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse and bovine hemoglobin (Hb) has been investigated. In the absence of IHP, the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb shows spectroscopic properties similar to those of the corresponding derivative of ferrous human Hb that are generally taken as typical of the high affinity state of tetrametric hemoproteins. Similar to human Hb, the addition of IHP to the nitric oxide derivative of ferrous horse Hb induces a transition toward a species characteri...
[Training-induced changes of reference vectors in the QRS complex of the EKG of young trotting horses]. After the onset of training ("breaking") in young standardbred horses within continuing investigations changes of vectors in the QRS-complex were considered. These changes accomplished in two stages. Mainly within the first three months of training the vector R (VR) in limb leads changed to the left and to caudal and dorsal. In a second interval between five and seven months after breaking the vector S (VS) changed to cranial. As main cause the different character of training in both phases is discussed. Additional indicators of age- or development-related causes were not found.
Changes in urinary and plasma oestrone sulphate concentrations after induction of foetal death in mares at 45 days of gestation. Foetal death was induced in 10 Standardbred mares at day 45 of gestation by injecting 20 to 45 ml of hypertonic (24% W/V) saline into the conceptus at surgery. Ten mares underwent sham treatment and acted as controls. Blood and urine samples were collected every other day between days 30 and 45 post ovulation and at 0, 3 and 6 h relative to the infusion of saline in the treated mares, or sham treatment in control mares. Blood and urine samples were then collected daily between days 46 and 55 post ovulation. Urine oestrone sulphate (E1S) concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, increased b...
