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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii (Rickettsiaceae) with Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the causal agent of Potomac horse fever, was attempted with adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, (L.) using two feeding schedules. In schedule A, a set of 140 flies was allowed to feed once on an experimentally infected donor pony and once 24 h later on a recipient pony. A different set of flies was used each day for a 12-d period. In schedule B, 240 flies were allowed to feed once daily for 12 consecutive d on the donor pony followed by five consecutive daily feedings on the recipient pony. E. risticii was isolated from the blood of the exp...
Folliculogenesis during the transitional period and early ovulatory season in mares. Individual follicles were monitored by ultrasonography in 15 mares during the transitional period preceding the first ovulation of the year and in 9 mares during the first interovulatory interval. During the transitional period, 7 mares developed 1-3 anovulatory follicular waves characterized by a dominant follicle (maximum diameter greater than or equal to 38 mm) that had growing, static, and regressing phases. The emergence of a subsequent wave (anovulatory or ovulatory) did not occur until the dominant follicle of the previous wave was in the static phase. After the emergence of the subsequ...
Effect of low-dose butorphanol on halothane minimum alveolar concentration in ponies. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane was measured before and after administration of intravenous butorphanol (0.022 and 0.044 mg/kg in bodyweight in nine yearling Shetland ponies. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, expired CO2 and rectal temperature was also measured. Even though mean MAC values decreased 10 and 9 per cent after the low and high doses respectively, they were not statistically different from those measured prior to butorphanol. Halothane MAC values increased after butorphanol in two ponies, both animals increasing locomotor activity and demonst...
[Little-studied parasitic strongylid larvae (Nematoda: Strongylidae) in horses]. Parasitic larvae of 30 strongylid species of horses out of 53 species known for the fauna of the USSR are identified. The paper presents descriptions of 7 earlier unknown phenons of parasitic late 4th-stage larvae, the specific belonging of which in not yet ascertained. The possibility of their identification is discussed.
Bacterial epididymitis in two stallions. Two stallions had unilateral bacterial epididymitis attributable to S zooepidemicus infection. Diagnosis was based on bacterial isolation, WBC in the semen, higher than normal blood fibrinogen concentration, and leukocytosis with regenerative left shift. One horse had high seminal pH. Ultrasonography of the involved epididymides revealed changes consistent with the appearance of abnormal accumulation of exudate in the tail of the epididymis. Treatment included unilateral orchiectomy and antibiotic administration. In stallion 1, the infection persisted despite treatment. Treatment result was no...
Horner’s syndrome in the horse: a clinical, experimental and morphological study. A clinical case of Horner's syndrome is described in a Standardbred horse, and the various symptoms of cranial sympathetic denervation are studied in two ponies after experimental transection of the left cervical sympathetic trunk and vagosympathetic trunk, respectively. The most prominent symptoms of equine Horner's syndrome were ptosis, local sweating and increased cutaneous temperature in the denervated area. Enophthalmos, miosis and increased lacrimation were also observed but these symptoms were mild, variable and difficult to ascertain. Prolapse of the third eyelid was not noticed. Conco...
Attempted Ehrlichia risticii transmission with Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Larval Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (n = 327) were fed on Balb/C mice inoculated with Ehrlichia risticii, the etiologic agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). All mice displayed clinical signs of E. risticii infection at the time of feeding. After molting, resulting nymphs (n = 74) were fed on susceptible mice. No clinical signs were observed, and the mice remained seronegative for 6 wk after feeding.
Source of oestrogen in early pregnancy in the mare. Oestrogen secretion was determined by oestrogen conjugate (EC) analysis of urine in three groups of pregnant mares: Group I (N = 6), animals ovariectomized on Day 18-19 of gestation with pregnancy maintained by daily administration of an oral progestagen, altrenogest; Group II (N = 9), untreated, pregnant mares; Group III (N = 5) intact, pregnant mares treated daily with altrenogest. The mean EC concentrations in the ovariectomized mares in Group I increased in a constant linear manner from 17 ng/mg Cr on Day 20 to 291 ng/mg Cr on Day 70, with no apparent surge in oestrogen secretion around Da...
Follow-up report of a case of surgical aphakia with an analysis of equine visual function. More work is necessary to establish corneal dimensions and retinal structure and neural organisation in the equine eye. This paper reports a case of surgical management of bilateral cataracts in a pony and the results of a survey of refractive error in normal horses. Aspects of accommodation are discussed. It is suggested that a difference in retinal receptor organisation between horse and human eyes could explain the good visual performance of the aphakic pony; and that the degree of blurring of vision in the aphakic situation is less, both in absolute terms and in proportion to presumed norm...
Ethmoidal hematoma in nine horses. Ethmoidal hematoma was diagnosed in 9 horses by results of physical examination, endoscopy, radiography, and histologic examination of tissues. The horses had stertorous breathing (n = 4) or intermittently sanguineous nasal discharge (n = 7). All horses underwent sinusotomy and extirpation of the lesion. At reexamination 15 to 104 months after surgery (mean, 61 months), 3 horses had recurrence of ethmoidal hematoma, and 1 horse had ethmoidal hematoma involving the contralateral ethmoturbinates. One of the horses with recurrence of ethmoidal hematoma also developed a contralateral lesion; both ...
Invasive equine trophoblast expresses conventional class I major histocompatibility complex antigens. Monoclonal antibodies and alloantisera were used in an indirect immunohistochemical assay to determine the expression of class I and class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens by equine placental cells and the endometrial tissues at the fetal-maternal interface. MHC class I antigens were expressed at high density on the surface of the trophoblast cells of the chorionic girdle at days 32-36, just prior to their invasion of the endometrium. The mature gonadotrophin-secreting cells of the endometrial cups, which are derived from the chorionic girdle cells, had greatly reduced levels...
An indirect sandwich ELISA utilising F(ab’)2 fragments for the detection of African horsesickness virus. African horsesickness virus (AHSV), an important disease of equines is caused by an orbivirus. Because of the need to contain the spread of the disease, it is often essential to make a rapid diagnosis. For this purpose, an ELISA capable of detecting viral antigen in animal tissue and in cell culture fluid was developed. Immobilised F(ab')2 fragments prepared by digestion of AHSV-specific IgG with pepsin were used to trap virus from tissue homogenates or cell culture supernatant. After addition of intact IgG as detecting antibody, Staphylococcus aureus protein A labelled with horseradish peroxi...
Nutritionally variant streptococci associated with corneal ulcers in horses: 35 cases (1982-1988). Nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are nutritionally deficient viridans streptococci that require pyridoxal for growth. Although NVS are pathogenic in human beings, they have not been considered to be pathogenic in domestic animals. In 1982 and 1983, 24 isolates of NVS were recovered from horses with ulcerative keratitis. A retrospective study was done to determine the incidence of NVS in horses with corneal disease. The medical records of 249 horses (259 eyes) examined for clinical signs of corneal disease were reviewed. Nutritionally variant streptococci were isolated from approximatel...
Transendoscopic Nd:YAG laser surgery for treatment of epiglottal entrapment and dorsal displacement of the soft palate in the horse. Transendoscopic neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was used to treat 12 standing horses with epiglottic entrapment (EE) or dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), or both. In four horses, transendoscopic laser staphylectomy was performed. The most common presenting complaints were respiratory stridor, cough, and exercise intolerance. Ten horses with EE healed without epiglottic complications; in one horse, partial adhesion of the aryepiglottic fold to one side of the epiglottis was corrected surgically through a laryngotomy incision. One horse with DDSP had no further sign...
[The cardiotropic, hypometabolic and hypothermic activity of peptide fractions from the tissues of hibernating cold-adapted animals]. From tissues of hibernating and active long-tailed ground squirrels and from the brain of cold-adapted Yakut horses, low molecular peptide fractions were obtained which, after injection to albino mice, decreased oxygen consumption and rectal temperature in them. The same fractions exhibited negative chrono- and inotropic effects on isolated hearts of ectothermic and endothermic animals. Fractions from the brain of ground squirrels and the brain of horse exhibited similar pattern of the activity. The activity of fractions was subjected to seasonal changes and depended on the degree of their pur...
Atelectasis causes gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse. The anatomical basis of gas exchange impairment in the anaesthetised horse was studied by computerised tomography (CT; three shetland ponies) and morphological analysis (one pony and three horses). By means of CT, densities were seen in dependent lung regions early during anaesthesia, both with spontaneous breathing and with mechanical ventilation. The densities remained for some time where they had initially been created when the animal was turned from dorsal to sternal recumbency. Deep insufflation of the lungs reduced the dense area. Gas exchange was impaired roughly in proportion to the de...
A phalangeal fusion defect and osteochondrosis dissecans with subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joints in a foal. A fusion defect of the proximal and middle phalanges of both hindlimbs, osteochondrosis dissecans of the distal interphalangeal joints of the forelimbs, and subluxation of all 4 distal interphalangeal joints occurred in a Standardbred filly. Lameness was the first abnormality noted and was observed at one week of age in the left forelimb and progressed until all 4 limbs were affected by 5 weeks of age. On radiographs of both forelimbs, the distal interphalangeal joints were subluxated with irregularity and lucency of subchondral bone. On radiographs of the distal hindlimbs, there was a subluxa...
The morphology of the equine iridocorneal angle: a light and scanning electron microscopic study. The present investigation of 20 equine eyes shows that the iridocorneal angle of the horse is characterised by a very distinct pectinate ligament and a large ciliary cleft. The pectinate ligament consists of long and broad pigmented trabeculae which form a firm, flat and dense network that encircles the eye. On meridional sections, the ciliary cleft is visible as a wide triangular space comprising the trabecular meshwork which consists of two parts. The inner part is the larger and forms a three-dimensional network of large pigmented trabeculae with very wide intertrabecular spaces. The outer ...
Doxapram infusion during halothane anaesthesia in ponies. Doxapram, 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight/min, was infused during the second hour of 2 h halothane anaesthesia in six ponies. Two of the ponies were anaesthetised on a second occasion as controls and given 5 per cent dextrose in place of the doxapram. Respiratory depression typical of halothane anaesthesia in ponies developed in the first hour of anaesthesia and continued during the second hour in the control animals. During doxapram infusion arterial carbon dioxide tension decreased and pH increased. Arterial blood pressure increased but there was no change in pulse rate, the electrocardiogram or arter...
Synovial fluid pH, cytologic characteristics, and gentamicin concentration after intra-articular administration of the drug in an experimental model of infectious arthritis in horses. Chemical and cytologic effects and bactericidal activity of gentamicin in septic synovial fluid were evaluated in an experimental model of infectious arthritis in horses. Septic arthritis was induced by inoculation of approximately 7.5 X 10(6) colony-forming units of Escherichia coli into 1 antebrachiocarpal joint in each of 16 clinically normal adult horses. Clinical signs of septic arthritis were evident 24 hours after inoculation. Horses were allotted to 3 groups: group-1 horses (n = 5) each were given 150 mg of gentamicin (50 mg/ml; 3 ml) intra-articularly (IA); group-2 horses (n = 5) each...
