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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies against strains of influenza A virus in horse and pig sera in Nigeria. Sera from horses and pigs obtained from Lagos and Ibadan respectively were examined for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to two strains each of H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes of influenza A virus. More horse sera had HI antibodies to the H3N2 than the H1N1 strains while pig sera reacted almost equally with strains of both subtypes. All the horse sera had HI antibodies to the two strains of H3N2 subtype (A/Mississippi/1/85 and A/Leningrad/360/86), while 87% and 14% of the horses examined were positive to A/Taiwan/1/86 and A/Chile/1/83. On the other hand HI antibody prevalence to the two sub...
Relationships of total protein, specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index and latex agglutination to immunoglobulin G concentration in mare colostrum. A colostrum sample was collected within 24 h after foaling from 27 mares and from 10 other mares a milk sample was collected several weeks post partum. Immunoglobulin G concentrations were determined quantitatively by radial immunodiffusion and semi-quantitatively using a commercial latex agglutination test. Total protein, specific gravity, viscosity and refractive index were determined and their relationships to the immunoglobulin G concentration analysed. All parameters correlated with the immunoglobulin G concentration. The latex agglutination test divided the colostrum samples into three g...
Concentration decrease of corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) in plasma of the mare throughout pregnancy. A significant decrease of CBG binding capacity in plasma of the mare throughout pregnancy was demonstrated using equilibrium dialysis and gel equilibration methods. As indicated with immunoelectrophoresis experiments, the pregnancy related fall of CBG binding capacity was linked to an actual decrease in blood CBG concentration. This result contrasts sharply with data on most other mammalian species, with the exception of the gestating rhesus monkey.
Clinical evaluation of laryngeal sensation in horses. Sensory innervation of the larynx was examined by tactile stimulation with a blunt biopsy forceps passed through a flexible videoendoscope. Twenty horses with no evidence of laryngeal motor deficit were stimulated on 10 sites by touch with the forceps. Unilateral neurectomies of the internal branch of the left cranial laryngeal nerve were performed on 5 other horses. These horses were stimulated by touch on the same sites preoperatively and up to 1 week postoperatively. In all 25 horses the motor response of the larynx was recorded on videotape and evaluated by 2 observers blind as to treatmen...
Immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia lentivirus disease. Virus replication and subsequent viremia are clearly correlated with clinical disease in EIAV infected horses. Termination of viremia is the result of specific immune responses. Recurrences of viremia are associated with antigenic variation of neutralization-sensitive epitopes. Immunosuppression experiments indicate that the eventual control of EIAV and development of carriers is mediated by the immune system. Even though the immune response to EIAV has a protective effect, immune responses also cause some of the lesions. At least one part of the anemia, erythrocyte destruction, is caused by t...
Diurnal changes in the haemoglobin level, red blood cell number and mean corpuscular haemoglobin in foals during the first 13 weeks of life and in their lactating mothers. 1. In six foals and their mothers (of Standard breed) diurnal changes in the haemoglobin level, red blood cell number and mean corpuscular haemoglobin during the first 13 weeks of foal life were studied. 2. Studies begun when a foal reached 7 days of age and were repeated every two weeks till 13 weeks of foal life. Blood was taken every 6 hr in foals and every 4 hr in mares. 3. No diurnal rhythmicity in parameters studied either in foals or in mares was found. 4. Decrease of haemoglobin level in lactating mares (14.0-12.5 g/100 ml) without changes in red blood cell number were observed. Mean c...
Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the peripheral pain inhibition by carprofen and flunixin in the horse. Carprofen, flunixin meglumine and placebo in the form of a physiological solution of sodium chloride were tested in an open randomised cross-over trial for analgesic efficacy in horses with two external skin-stimulation systems. Both systems, the withers model and the "heating element" model, were compared in order to find an optimal way to measure pain perception after stimulating the skin with high temperature. No analgesic effect of flunixin or carprofen could be demonstrated when using the withers model. In the "heating element" model, a 1.1 mg/kg i.v. dose of flunixin meglumine failed to ...
The toxic factor in white snakeroot: identity, analysis and prevention. White snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum Houtt) has been known to cause trembles in animals and milk sickness in humans since the American Revolution. It still continues to poison animals. Horses and goats are particularly sensitive to white snakeroot poisoning. Resurgence of livestock production on small farm units, and utilization of fresh raw milk may result in milk sickness; if the animals have white snakeroot exposure. The goat is the only animal with good toxicity threshold data. In other animals and humans the toxicity thresholds of white snakeroot are not known, and that until responsible t...
Changes in muscle free carnitine and acetylcarnitine with increasing work intensity in the Thoroughbred horse. Treadmill exercise in Thoroughbred horses of 2 min duration and increasing intensity resulted in increased formation and accumulation of acetylcarnitine in the working middle gluteal muscle. At high work intensities a plateau in acetylcarnitine formation was reached corresponding to approximately 70% of the total carnitine pool (approx. 30 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle). Formation of acetylcarnitine was mirrored by an equal fall in the free carnitine content, which stabilised, at the highest work intensities, at around 8 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle. Acetylcarnitine and carnitine reached their point of maximum...
[Preliminary experiences with the treatment of shock in horses with a plasma expander from a starch base]. HAES Steril 10% is a colloidal plasma expander rarely used in veterinary medicine. In this study HAES was used in clinical cases for the treatment of shock and in a comparative hypervolemic hemodilution study (HAES versus lactated Ringer's solution) using two experimental horses. Injection of a HAES volume equivalent to 10% of estimated blood volume resulted in a highly significant drop in PCV and in a significant drop in total protein concentration. Half live of HAES was approximately two hours. No incompatibility reactions were observed. In man HAES improves microcirculation. Studies in prog...
Pharmacokinetic studies of cimetidine hydrochloride in adult horses. Histamine type II (H2) antagonists inhibit gastric acid secretion and are useful in treating gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. To provide some information on the pharmacokinetics of the H2 antagonist cimetidine, adult horses were given 3.3 mg/kg cimetidine intravenously (iv) or 3.3 and 10 mg/kg orally. Plasma cimetidine concentrations after 3.3 mg/kg orally were too low to measure. Following 3.3 mg/kg iv, cimetidine displayed two-compartment characteristics with a t1/2 of 0.083 +/- 0.039 h and t1/2 of 2.23 +/- 0.64 h. The total body clearance was 0.443 +/- 0.160 litre/h/kg and the mean resid...
Allergens of horse epithelium. I. Physicochemical and immunochemical characterization of five different horse epithelium raw materials used for allergen extract preparation. We investigated five horse epithelial allergen extracts prepared from different qualities of raw material by several biochemical and immunochemical methods. Horse serum albumin and horse serum were used to identify serum-related antigens. We found high similarities as well as marked differences between the extracts. There were strong differences in the protein contents, the protein patterns obtained by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the total allergenic activities obtained by radioallergosorbent test inhibition assays and the amounts and num...
Identification of interleukin-1 in equine osteoarthritic joint effusions. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a protein secreted by stimulated cells of the monocyte-macrophage line, which has a number of important biologic activities. Interleukin-1 has been implicated in the induction and augmentation of the pathologic processes involved in arthritis and articular cartilage destruction. Horses develop osteoarthritis with a frequency and degree of severity similar to human beings. To further document the similarity of the osteoarthritic process in people and horses, the synovial fluid from 5 horses with clinical osteoarthritis was tested for IL-1 bioactivity. Interleukin-1 activ...
Effect of maternal treatment with altrenogest on pituitary response to exogenous GnRH in pubertal stallions. The pituitary response to exogenous GnRH was studied in 8 colts of Quarter Horse phenotype from 32 to 96 weeks of age. Colts were from dams treated daily from Day 20 to 325 of gestation with (1) 2 ml neobee oil per 50 kg body weight (controls); or (2) 2 ml altrenogest per 50 kg body weight. GnRH challenges (5 micrograms/kg body weight) were administered every 8 weeks from 32 to 96 weeks of age to estimate pituitary content of LH. Blood samples were collected every 20 min for 4 h before GnRH and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 min after GnRH. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were de...
A preliminary study on the effects of atropine sulphate on bradycardia and heart blocks during romifidine sedation in the horse. Romifidine (STH 2130-Cl or Sedivet) is an alpha 2-agonistic imino-imidazol sedative for intravenous use in horses recently developed by Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica GmbH. An exploratory study was done in nine warm-blood horses, randomly divided into three groups, which received different dosages of romifidine (0.04, 0.08 and 0.12 mg/kg of body weight (BWT) intravenously (i.v.)) with at least one week's interval between tests. Romifidine induced a marked bradycardia accompanied by second degree atrioventricular (AV) block and some sinus blocks at all tested dosages. A placebo (NaCl 0.9% i.v....
Debridement of septic physeal lesions in 3 foals. Radiographically, osteolysis of the physis consistent with a septic physitis was observed in 3 foals. The foals were treated with surgical debridement and antimicrobials. Two of the horses were sound for use as adults; the third was euthanatized due to concurrent infectious arthritis and septicemia.
Disseminated coccidioidomycosis in a horse with osteomyelitis. Coccidioidal osteomyelitis was diagnosed in a horse after a 6-month period of coughing, weight loss, and lameness. The horse was euthanatized and the diagnosis was confirmed by gross and microscopic findings.
[Histochemical and biochemical changes in skeletal muscles of rhabdomyolysis-sensitive racehorses following exertion. III: Elevated activity of various antioxidant enzymes]. In this communication, the results of a histochemical and biochemical enzyme study on gluteus medius muscle of horses, sensitive to exertional myopathy, during attacks of rhabdomyolysis are presented. For the biochemical study the biopsy specimens investigated were selected by means of histological and enzyme histochemical staining methods. Dissected specimens were used which contained groups of muscle fibres with a high or low activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione per...
Platelet function in the racing thoroughbred: implication for exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Platelet function was evaluated in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (bleeder) and in control horses (nonbleeder). Platelet aggregation, secretion, and adhesion to rabbit aortic subendothelium were similar for bleeders and nonbleeders. Platelets readily aggregated in response to ADP, thrombin, collagen, and arachidonic acid, but platelet secretion occurred only with high concentrations of thrombin. Platelets readily adhered to rabbit aortic subendothelium and tended to form large thrombi rather than platelet monolayers or aggregates. These data suggest that horses may be predis...
Ileocecal intussusception in horses: 26 cases (1981-1988). The case records of 26 horses with ileocecal intussusception over a 7-year period were reviewed to determine clinical features of the disease and response to treatment. The median age of horses with ileocecal intussusception was 1 year and ranged from 2 weeks to 19 years. There was no apparent gender or breed predisposition to this disease. An acute form of ileocecal intussusception was diagnosed in 19 horses with signs of moderate to severe abdominal pain of less than or equal to 24 hours' duration, and a chronic form was diagnosed in 7 horses with signs of intermittent, mild to moderate abdo...
Pathways of lymph flow from superficial tissues in the legs of horses. Pathways of peripheral lymph flow from the legs in horses were studied with casts, and with light and electron microscopic techniques. Although lymph nodes in horses occur in large groups, each lymph vessel draining from the periphery appeared to terminate on a single node within a group. The larger branches of each vessel divided either on the node surface or after penetrating into the node, and 25 to 60 terminal afferent vessels entered either the subcapsular, medullary or trabecular sinuses. Numerous initial efferent lymphatics arose either within the medulla, or at its surface, and they of...
Temperature sensitivity of equine herpesvirus isolates: a brief review. This article reviews the findings on temperature sensitivity of equine herpesvirus isolates with an emphasis on equine herpesvirus 3, etiological agent of equine coital exanthema. The hypothesis is presented that the relative apathogenic nature of this herpesvirus may be an indirect result of its inability to synthesize and/or process glycoproteins needed by the virus to produce infectious virions at the normal body temperature of its natural host. It is suggested that equine herpesvirus 3 is the more evolved and naturally attenuated member of the equine herpesviruses.
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animal and human sources in Brazil. The susceptibilities of 760 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from animal infections (400), human infections (300) and healthy human carriers (60) to seven antibiotics were determined by an agar dilution technique. The isolates from human infections were more resistant to a wider spectrum of antibiotics than were the strains from animal infections and healthy human carriers. Amikacin and gentamicin were the most active drugs against all groups of strains.
The ultrastructure of Strongylus vulgaris-mediated equine chronic mesenteric arteritis. Cells found in the intima and media of the cranial mesenteric artery of a mature mare with chronic arteritis were identified as smooth muscle cells and occurred in association with collagen and elastin fibres. As no fibroblasts were demonstrable within these regions, the smooth muscle cells were the likely source of the extracellular matrix. In contrast, the abnormal adventitis from the same artery contained abundant fibroblasts which are considered to be the source of the adventitial collagen.
Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum in two horses. Two horses affected by chronic, intermittent colic were found, at post-mortem examination, to have localized annular thickening of a segment of the duodenum. Histological examination of the lesion in both cases revealed a tumour composed of bundles of oval or spindle-shaped cells that stained as muscle with van Gieson stain. The histological diagnosis was leiomyosarcoma. The tumour had caused partial bowel obstruction in both horses.
Prevalence of gastric lesions in foals without signs of gastric disease: an endoscopic survey. Gastroendoscopic examinations were conducted on 75 Thoroughbred foals aged two to 85 days on seven breeding farms in England and Ireland. The foals showed no signs of gastric disease. There was no significant difference between lesion prevalence in foals in England (16 of 28 foals; 57 per cent) or Ireland (22 of 47 foals; 47 per cent). Neither was there any sex predilection (18 of 36 males; 20 of 39 females). Lesions were most prevalent in foals under 10 days old (8 of 9) and least prevalent in foals older than 70 days (3 of 10). Lesions occurred most frequently in the squamous mucosa immediat...
