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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Isolation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from a foal with diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was isolated from a 3-day-old foal with diarrhea. The isolate was distinguished from nonpathogenic E coli by determining the presence of pili and enterotoxin production. A standard slide agglutination test was performed, using pooled antisera that contained antibodies against K99 and F41 pilus antigens, K87 capsular antigen, and 0101 somatic antigen. Agglutination of the antisera occurred in the presence of the isolate. Piliation was verified by use of negative-contrast electron microscopy. Further, the isolate produced a heat-labile enterotoxin-like antigen th...
Hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity in rats of corn samples associated with field cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia. Currently there is no convenient bioassay to determine the potential toxicity of corn naturally contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme. A short-term bioassay would be useful for future investigations aimed at isolating as yet unidentified toxins produced by this fungus. Two groups of five male Sprague-Dawley rats were each fed one of two F. moniliforme contaminated corn samples, designated CS-1 and CS-2, that were associated with separate field cases of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM). A control group, also consisting of five male rats, was fed uncontaminated seed corn. All animals survive...
Effect of subchondral drilling on repair of partial-thickness cartilage defects of third carpal bones in horses. Arthrotomies of middle carpal joints were done on 13 horses, and a 1-cm partial thickness, round defect was made on the radial facet of both third carpal bones. In one joint, 1-mm diameter 1-cm deep holes were drilled within the defect, and one joint was used as a control. horses were assigned to 2 groups--group 1 (n = 6 horses), 5 drill holes; group 2 (n = 7 horses), 11 drill holes. At 1 and 3 weeks after surgery, differences between joints in synovial fluid total protein values, WBC counts, or results of mucin precipitate tests were not significant (P = 0.005). Physically and radiographicall...
Energy uptake and utilization by limit- and ad libitum-fed growing horses. Eighteen weanling horses were assigned to two treatments: limited or ad libitum feed intake. Growth and feed utilization were evaluated over a 78-wk period. Ad libitum-fed horses gained 24% more (P less than .05) weight than limit-fed horses. Total BW was distributed into 57% fore and 43% hind weight and did not differ between groups regardless of dietary treatment or age. Net gain and ADG in wither height of ad libitum-fed horses exceeded (P less than .05) that of limit-fed horses over 78 wk. Ad libitum-fed horses consumed 19, 44 and 34% more digestible energy (DE) than indicated in 1978 NRC ...
Etiologic agents, incidence, and improved diagnostic methods of cantharidin toxicosis in horses. In addition to the 3-striped blister beetles (Epicauta temexa and E occidentalis), other sources of equine cantharidin toxicosis were identified at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory and included E albida and E attrivittata and the previously incriminated E pardalis and E pennsylvanica. Improved methods for diagnosing cantharidin or blister beetle toxicosis involve partial purification of urine and gastric content extracts, using silica cartridges, followed by analysis, using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. During a 26-month period, 53 episodes of cantharidin to...
Immunocytochemical component of endocrine cells in pancreatic islets of horses. The endocrine cell components in the pancreatic islets of the following 4 pancreatic regions of the horse were investigated by immunohistochemical methods: lobus pancreatis sinister (left lobe); lobus pancreatis dexter (right lobe); and 2 regions of Corpus pancreatis (body), the duodenal lobe which lies along the cranial duodenal flexure and descending duodenum, and the intermediate lobe which is situated around the portal vein. The islets in the left and intermediate lobes contained a central mass of glucagon cells surrounded by insulin cells, a few somatostatin cells and sporadic pancreatic ...
Efficacy of intrauterine infusion of plasma for treatment of infertility and endometritis in mares. We evaluated the efficacy of intrauterine plasma infusion in mares as a treatment for infertility caused by endometritis and distinguished the effects of intrauterine infusion of plasma vs saline solution. Forty-three subfertile mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: untreated controls (n = 14), those treated by saline infusion (n = 14), and those treated by plasma infusion (n = 15). Reproductive status was assessed daily by transrectal ultrasonography. Uterine aspirates and biopsy specimens were obtained 8 days after ovulation for cytologic and histologic evaluation, and mar...
Effect of water vapor-saturated air therapy on bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal mucus transport rate in clinically normal horses. Water vapor-saturated air was delivered to 12 healthy, housed horses for 2 hours daily for 5 days. Treatment had no effect on tracheal mucus transport rate, bronchoalveolar lavage total and differential cell counts, blood cell counts, or plasma fibrinogen concentration.
[A western blot test for the serological diagnosis of equine infectious anemia]. After electrophoretic separation in SDS-PAGE structural proteins of the virus of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) were easily blotted by the semi-dry-blotting method onto nitrocellulose filters. Strips of these filters were used for antibody demonstration, and positive reactions thereof were intensified by a biotin-avidin-peroxidase system. Sensitivity of this system was so high as to allow readable interpretation of bands up to the dilution of 1:6,400 of a strongly positive serum. Frequently this procedure allowed to make a firm diagnostic Western-Blot diagnosis on far weaker equine sera. Inter...
Echinococcus granulosus: a comparison of free amino acid concentration in hydatid fluid from primary and secondary cysts and host plasma. A total of 28 components were detected in the free amino acid (FAA) pool of hydatid fluid from primary and secondary equine cysts, secondary ovine cysts and host plasma. Examination of data from equine cysts revealed that the majority of FAAs were present in significantly greater concentrations in secondary cysts, glycine being over 30 times more concentrated. Values for total carbohydrates and glucose did not, however, differ significantly and total protein content was greater in primary cysts. Comparison of the (FAA) pool of secondary equine and ovine cysts revealed strain variation. It was ...
Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by multiple myeloma in a three-month-old foal. Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in a 3-month-old Quarter Horse foal with chronic weight loss, chronic bronchopneumonia, and epistaxis. The foal had pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and monoclonal beta-globulinemia. Bone marrow aspirates contained between 80 and 90% plasma cells.
Tourniquet-induced hypertension in a horse. Arterial hypertension developed in a horse anesthetized for arthroscopy and lavage of an inflamed right carpal joint. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine HCl, butorphanol, guaifenesin, and thiamylal Na and was maintained with halothane in oxygen. Arterial hypertension and tachycardia developed within 15 minutes after a pneumatic tourniquet was placed 8 to 10 cm proximal to the right carpus and inflated to 800 mm of Hg. The surgical procedure was expedited, halothane was discontinued and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin to facilitate bandaging. Heart rate decreased from 72 to 42 beat...
Relation of intrinsic heart rate and autonomic nervous tone to resting heart rate in the young and the adult of various domestic animals. Intrinsic heart rate (IHR) and autonomic nervous tone (ANT) were measured using the young and the adult of horses, cows, pigs, goats and chickens in order to elucidate species differences in a decrease of resting heart rate (RHR) with growth or age. The IHR and ANT were estimated from the changes in heart rate after the administration of atropine and/or propranolol. The IHR in all species decreased progressively with an increase in body weight from young to adult, and moreover the ANT altered toward the direction of parasympathetic predominance by a decrease in sympathetic tone and/or an incre...
Monensin poisoning in horses – an international incident. Several hundred Michigan horses were accidentally exposed to varying levels of monensin. Severity of effects was proportional to the level of feed contamination; sudden death resulted on at least two premises. Acute signs of cardiovascular impairment occurred on one premises having received feed containing over 200 grams of monensin per tonne. Gross and histological postmortem lesions consisted of acute myocardial necrosis. Although only circumstantially confirmed, investigations led to the suspicion that the source of poisoning was a ration formulation error in a feedmill in southwestern Onta...
A human minisatellite sequence reveals DNA polymorphism in the equine species. Southern blot analysis of equine DNA's digested with the restriction endonuclease Hinfl hybridized with a 32 PdCTP labeled human VNTR probe revealed a highly polymorphic pattern of restriction fragments upon autoradiography. The horses were unrelated individuals of the quarter horse breed. This heterologous probe can thus be used in the equine species for individual identification and pedigree analysis.
Indices of renal function: reference values in normal horses. Urine and blood samples were taken at the same time from normal adult horses presented for routine investigations to establish reference values for a variety of parameters reported to be useful in the clinical evaluation of renal function. Blood biochemical values were consistent with previous studies and had well-defined normal ranges. Parameters representing urine concentration and electrolyte excretion however, varied widely reflecting the ability of the healthy kidney to change the composition of urine in response to differences in environment and management. Percent creatinine clearance r...
Pleural effusion resulting from malignant hepatoblastoma in a horse. Pleural effusion, secondary to a metastasis from a malignant hepatoblastoma, was diagnosed in a 3-year-old Appaloosa gelding. Severe hemorrhagic transudate in both pleural cavities resulted in acute onset of labored breathing, tachypnea, tachycardia, and jugular vein pulsation. Results of ultrasonography and radiography of the ventral lung field and cranial portion of the abdomen initially were nondiagnostic, as were results of cytologic examination of peritoneal fluid and tracheal wash specimens. Moderately high serum gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities, despite nor...
Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. IX. Detection of detomidine in equine blood and urine by radioimmunoassay. Detomidine is a potent non-narcotic sedative agent which is currently in the process of being approved for veterinary clinical use in the United States. Since no effective screening method in horses is available for detomidine, we have developed an 125I radioimmunoassay for detomidine in equine blood and urine as part of a panel of tests for illegal drugs in performance horses. Our 125I radioimmunoassay has an I-50 for detomidine of approximately 2 ng/ml. Our assay shows limited cross-reactivity with the pharmacodynamically similar xylazine, but does not cross-react with acepromazine, epinephr...
Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities in horses. A 5-MHz transducer was used transrectally to image palpable structures in the caudal portion of abdominal and pelvic cavities of 12 horses. In 8 healthy horses, structures scanned transrectally included the left kidney, spleen, urinary bladder, urethra, accessory sex organs in the male, portions of the intestinal tract, caudal portion of the aorta, and iliac arteries, and, in small horses, the cranial mesenteric artery. The transrectal technique was used to evaluate these structures in 4 horses with clinical signs indicating intrapelvic or intra-abdominal disease. Seemingly, transrectal ultras...
Cholelithiasis in horses: ten cases (1982-1986). Ten horses with clinical signs consistent with cholelithiasis were evaluated. Fever, icterus, mild intermittent colic, and weight loss were reported. Clinical laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, hyper-proteinemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Gamma glutamyltransferase and liver isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase activities also were high. Choleliths were observed via ultrasonography of the liver in 5 of the 8 horses evaluated, and increased echogenicity of the hepatic parenchyma and dilated bile ducts were observed in all horses. Seven horses were treated medically, 5 of which died or ...
Rapid detection of group C streptococci from animals by latex agglutination. A group C latex agglutination reagent, included as the negative control in the PathoDx Strep A latex agglutination test (Diagnostic Products Corp., Los Angeles, Calif), was compared with culture for rapid detection of group C streptococci (Streptococcus equi, S. equisimilis, S. zooepidemicus, and S. dysgalactiae) from swabs of veterinary specimens. The overall sensitivity of the latex test was 78%, and specificity was 97.6%. Only 25% of S. dysgalactiae isolates were detected, thereby accounting for the relatively low sensitivity. Ninety-three percent of the group C streptococci other than S. d...
Identification and nucleotide sequence of a gene in equine herpesvirus 1 analogous to the herpes simplex virus gene encoding the major envelope glycoprotein gB. A gene in equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1; equine abortion virus) equivalent to the gB glycoprotein gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been identified by DNA hybridization and nucleotide sequencing. A 4.3 kbp EHV-1 PstI-ClaI sequence (0.40 to 0.43 map units) contained an open reading frame flanked by appropriate control elements and was capable of encoding a polypeptide of 980 amino acids. This had 50 to 60% identity over a 617 amino acid conserved region with the gB gene products of HSV and three other alphaherpesviruses, and 20 to 30% identity with those of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-...
Evaluation of the ability of altrenogest to control the equine estrous cycle. In our experience, altrenogest has not always been able to exert predictable control over the estrous cycle of the mare. Therefore, we examined 12 mares that were treated with altrenogest to identify reasons for its failure to control the estrous cycle. The mares were fed altrenogest for 15 to 20 days and were examined for follicle development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation during treatment. Through the use of real-time ultrasonography and radioimmunoassay for progesterone, we concluded that altrenogest was unable to suppress the growth of follicles to preovulatory size in some mares,...
The epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Great Britain. V. The status of subspecies of Echinococcus granulosus in Great Britain. Twenty-five years ago Williams and Sweatman suggested that in Great Britain there are two subspecies of Echinococcus granulosus--E. granulosus granulosus and E. granulosus equinus. Echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: E. granulosus equinus will mature in either. The prepatent period of E. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of E. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. Each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. More recently, in the course of seven experiments, dogs, red foxes (Vulpes vulpes crucigera), arctic ...
Serous cystadenoma in a normally cyclic mare with high plasma testosterone values. Serous cystadenoma was diagnosed by histologic examination of a large ovary removed from a 16-year-old Thoroughbred mare with normal estrous cycles. Palpation and ultrasound examination per rectum had revealed an excessive number of follicles in the right ovary. The ovulation fossa was palpable on the right ovary, and the left ovary appeared to have normal activity. Plasma testosterone values were high at the time of examination (0.15 ng/ml), but decreased to normal values (0.09 ng/ml) after removal of the cystadenoma.
Use of polysulphated glycosaminoglycan in equine lameness. Four cases of equine lameness were treated with intra-articular polysulphated glycosaminoglycan. Two, two-year-old flat racers were treated conservatively after traumatic injury. They subsequently became lame owing to the formation of new bone and osteophytes. Two older steeplechasers were lame owing to degenerative joint disease. The four horses were treated with intra-articular injections of polysulphated glycosaminoglycans and, after three or four injections, they became clinically sound and were able to continue racing with varying degrees of success.
