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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Effects of multiple intramuscular injections and doses of dexamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations and adrenal responses to ACTH in horses. Adrenocortical function was assessed in horses given multiple IM doses of dexamethasone to determine the duration of adrenocortical suppression and insufficiency caused by 2 commonly used dosages of dexamethasone (0.044 and 0.088 mg/kg of body weight). Dexamethasone was administered at 5-day intervals for a total of 6 injections. Daily blood samples were collected. The plasma was frozen and later assayed for cortisol. An ACTH response test was determined 2 days before the first injection of dexamethasone and again 8 days after the last dexamethasone injection. Maximum suppression of plasma cor...
Erythrogram and red cell distribution width of Equidae with experimentally induced anemia. The erythrogram (erythrocyte histogram) and red cell distribution width (RDW) were evaluated in 5 purebred horses and 1 pony of mixed breeding with experimentally induced anemia. Four horses were studied for 6 weeks after 20% of their estimated blood volume was removed on each of 2 consecutive days (40% total blood loss; acute blood-loss group). Two horses were given acetylphenyl hydrazine IV daily, until acute Heinz body hemolytic anemia was induced; the 2 horses were then evaluated for 6 weeks. One horse and the pony had 20% of their estimated blood volume removed via phlebotomy once each we...
Experimental demonstration of an antigenic relationship between Leptospira and equine cornea. Horses inoculated with either equine cornea or killed Leptospira interrogans serovars pomona, tarassovi, icterohaemorrhagiae, wolffi and hardjo, developed corneal opacity and produced antibodies which made it possible to demonstrate partial antigenic identity between equine cornea and four of those serovars employed. These antibodies were isolated by means of immunoadsorptions, purified by ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50) and run by immuno-electrophoresis in agar gel. Both antibodies, anti-equine cornea and anti-leptospira, showed that they corresponded to the IgGb subclass. Th...
BCG treatment of periocular sarcoid. Twenty-six horses and five mules with periocular sarcoids were treated with intralesional injections of a purified bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) cell walls in oil suspension. All sarcoids were cured and the horses and mules remained free from recurrence of sarcoid during the two-year follow-up period.
Effects of endotoxin on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange in anesthetized ponies. Effects of endotoxemia on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were determined in ponies breathing a mixture of halothane and 100% O2. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused IV at 20 micrograms/kg of body weight for 1 hour followed by 10 micrograms/kg/hr the subsequent 4 hours. By 0.25 hour, endotoxin increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance; this was followed by a return to base-line values by 0.5 and 1 hour, respectively. A 2nd increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred by 5 hours of endotoxemia. During the last 2 hours of endotoxin infusion, c...
Mononuclear phagocytes of transport-stressed horses with viral respiratory tract infection. Twelve horses comprised 3 treatment groups; all horses in 2 of the groups had recently been transported and had clinical and laboratory evidence of respiratory tract infection, with equine influenza type 2 virus being the principal pathogen. Mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes from blood, lung, and peritoneal cavity were studied in phagocytosis and erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette assays. Total numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages were increased over control values in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of group 3 horses after recovery from influenza (P less than 0.02), whereas th...
Bronchoalveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). We performed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 2 groups of ponies. Principal ponies had a history of heaves, a disease characterized by recurrent airway obstruction and airway hyperreactivity when ponies are housed in a barn and fed hay; control ponies had no history of airway obstruction. Ponies were paired (principal and control), and BAL was performed after 2 months of being pastured when principal ponies were in clinical remission (Period A), after barn housing when principal ponies had acute airway obstruction (Period B), and after a 1- and a 2-wk recovery phase of pasture grazing (Periods ...
Deep freezing of horse embryos. Fourteen horse embryos recovered non-surgically on Days 6-8 after ovulation (Day 0) were cooled slowly to - 35 degrees C (7 embryos) or - 40 degrees C (7 embryos) and stored in liquid nitrogen (- 196 degrees C) for 4-98 days. Surgical transfer of the thawed embryos to unmated recipient mares that had ovulated - 2 to + 1 days with respect to the embryo donors resulted initially in the establishment of 4 conceptuses. However, only one mare maintained her pregnancy to term.
Effects of verapamil on the smooth muscle of the horse urinary tract. The effects of verapamil, a calcium antagonist agent, were studied on smooth muscle preparations of the lower urinary tract of horses. Verapamil (2 X 10(-4) to 2 X 10(-8) M) relaxed the ureter, urethra and urinary bladder preparations contracted by potassium (127 mM), L-noradrenaline (2 X 10(-5) M), histamine (2 X 10(-5) M) and acetylcholine (2 X 10(-5) M). These results allow the conclusion that verapamil has a dose-dependent relaxing effect on smooth muscle of the lower urinary tract.
Thyrotropin stimulation test–new perspective on value of monitoring triiodothyronine. Thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH) stimulus to thyroid cells of horses and dogs resulted in increased serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations that were detected earlier than those of thyroxine (T4). Doubling of the base-line T3 values in horses was detected 0.5 hours after injection of 5 IU of TSH IV, with peak response of 5 times base-line value detected 2 hours after injection. Doubling of T4 values in horses was noticed between 2 and 3 hours, with the peak response of 2.4 times base-line value at 4 hours after injection of TSH. Doubling of base-line T3 values in dogs in respo...
Preliminary studies on long distance, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in equine peripheral nerves. As a prelude to studies on retrograde axonal transport of neurotoxin (ie, so-called suicide transport) as a means to prevent post neurectomy neuroma formation, preliminary studies were conducted with an innocuous enzymatic marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The proximal stumps of resected medial and lateral palmar digital nerves in six ponies were injected via a tuberculin syringe and needle with 50 micron 1 of a 30 per cent solution of HRP in order to assess long distance retrograde axonal transport. The dorsal root ganglion of the cervical spinal enlargement (ie, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2) were ...
Immune complexes in purpura hemorrhagica of the horse contain IgA and M antigen of Streptococcus equi. Purpura hemorrhagica is an acute disease of the horse characterized by edema of the head and limbs, leucocytoclastic vasculitis, petechial hemorrhages in mucosae, musculature and viscera, and sometimes glomerulonephritis. It is usually associated with strangles, an upper respiratory tract disease of the horse caused by Streptococcus equi. We have detected and characterized immune complexes in the sera of horses with poststrangles purpura hemorrhagica by using PEG precipitation and Western blot analysis. The immune complexes contained IgA and S. equi-specific antigens similar to those found in ...
Passive transfer failure in horses: incidence and causative factors on a breeding farm. A prospective study was performed to determine the incidence and associated maternal and managemental factors of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals on a breeding farm. The zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZSTT) and latex agglutination test (LAT) were compared for accuracy in estimating serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G of foals, as determined by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Complete past and present foaling histories of 136 Standardbred mares were obtained. All foalings were witnessed by farm attendants, and colostral samples were collected from mares within 2 hours after parturition. Fo...
Morphologic features of the cervical intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of horses. The intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae from 17 horses (3 months to 19 years of age) were examined grossly and by light microscopy. In each specimen, the disk tissue was fibrocartilagenous centrally and became more fibrous peripherally, but without a distinct demarcation between the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus. Demarcation between the anulus fibrosus and the dorsal longitudinal ligament was not apparent. With increasing age of the horses, cellularity of the central fibrocartilagenous portion of the disk decreased. The caudal end plat...
Hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green and sulfobromophthalein in fed and fasted horses. Fasting is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in several species, including the horse. Studies in ponies showed that a 3-day fast decreased plasma clearance of bilirubin, cholic acid, and sulfobromophthalein (BSP). Since these organic anions are conjugated with different substrates, it is possible that observed differences in plasma clearance result from a general decrease in hepatic conjugating capacity during the animals' fasting. To test this hypothesis, the effects of a 3-day fast on plasma clearance of IV injected BSP (4.4 to 5.1 mg/kg), which is conjugated to glutathione, an...
Efficacy of testing for illegal medication in horses. The efficacy of testing for illegal drugs in race horses was surveyed by evaluating 27 questionnaires received from 28 racing jurisdictions polled. Large variations in the number of samples tested and drugs detected were reported. Some jurisdictions reported only illegal medications, whereas others also reported permitted medications. To facilitate comparison, stimulants, depressants, local anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, and tranquilizers were classified as hard drugs. Other drugs, which are legal in some jurisdictions, were classified as soft. To evaluate the efficacy of testing, positive ...
Interpreting radiographs 6: Radiology of the equine head (Part 2). The value of radiology as part of an examination of the equine head is emphasised and the radiological appearances of more commonly occurring conditions are described. Even the normal anatomy of this complex site is subject to great variation and the aspiring radiologist should, therefore, have a good knowledge of the possible normal variations. A flexible approach must be used rather than a limitation to one or two ritual projections. The use of contrast media, wherever it might be useful, is advocated so that the maximum amount of information may be obtained from each examination. Finally, e...
