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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Inherited nuclear cataracts in the Morgan horse. Congenital cataracts affecting the fetal and embryonal lens nucleus were found in 12 Morgan horses. Ten of the 12 affected animals were sired by the same stallion and the condition also affected his female half sibling. Although females were almost three times more likely to be affected than males (9 vs 3), the difference was not significant. The ratio of 11 normal to 10 affected offspring by the affected stallion is compatible with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
Primary gastric impaction in a pony. Primary gastric impaction developed in a pony as a result of the ingestion of persimmon seeds and mesquite beans. Clinical signs included mild abdominal pain, prolonged recumbency, anorexia, and lethargy. When medical therapy was unsuccessful, an exploratory laparotomy was performed. Previously, gastric impaction has been associated with signs of severe abdominal pain. Gastric impaction should be considered in cases of abdominal crisis of long duration and mild pain.
Micronema granuloma in the gingiva of a horse. A well-circumscribed proliferative mass was protruding from the body of the mandible of a 4-year-old Appaloosa gelding. The mass was uniformly firm and was ulcerated on the dorsal surface. The horse was euthanatized due to extensive involvement of the jaw and difficulty in eating. Microscopically, the mass consisted of numerous discrete microgranulomas separated by bands of abundant fibrous connective tissue containing lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytic macrophages. Numerous rhabditiform nematodes were in the microgranulomas as well as in the surrounding connective tissue. The nematode...
Unusual response following use of succinylcholine in a horse anesthetized with halothane. A syndrome similar to malignant hyperthermia developed in a 545-kg Quarter Horse while anesthetized with halothane for cataract removal. Succinylcholine administration caused prolonged, severe muscle fasciculations followed by tachycardia, and an elevated blood pressure. Later, while the horse was still under anesthesia, its body temperature rose 2 degrees C, and respiratory acidosis developed. Myositis developed after surgery, but the horse recovered.
Phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis. The host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from mares considered resistant (grade I uteri) and susceptible (grade III uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. Peripheral blood PMN from noncategorized mares and from grade I and grade III mares were used as controls. Uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade I uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans, whereas uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade III uteri had significantly les...
Equine blood serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in progressive nutritional hyperparathyroidism. Weekly blood serum samples from 20 yearling horses, divided into equal groups, receiving diets with total calcium to inorganic phosphorus ratios of 1,5/1 and 0,2/1, were analysed for calcium and phosphorus concentrations. This was done over a continuous 23 week period, divided into 2 sub-periods of 16 and 7 weeks each. During the first period complete diets were provided ad lib but were restricted during the second period to accentuate any effects of calcium deficiency and phosphorus excess. Falling calcium levels and rising phosphorus levels during period 1 and a reverse trend during period 2...
Serum antibodies to Leptospira bratislava in Swedish pigs and horses. Sera from 116 and 89 Swedish pigs and horses respectively were examined for the presence of antibodies to L. bratislava. Antibodies were found in 18.1 and 49.4% respectively of pigs and horses examined. Presence of serum antibodies was not associated with clinical signs of infection.
Equine whole saliva: variability of some major constituents. Whole saliva was collected from six horses over a period of five weeks in sufficient volume for the analysis of 10 constituents. There was considerable variation in the concentration of the analytes both between horses and between different days in the same horse. The most variable constituent was sodium, and the least variable was glucose, but this was derived from the sweet used to stimulate salivation. The use of whole saliva as a fluid for investigation would depend on achieving the minimum variability possible.
In vivo bone strain in the equine tibia before and after transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of the peroneus tertius muscle on the loading regime of the tibia in the horse. Strain gauge rosettes were bonded to the cranial and caudal cortices of the left and right tibiae in six Shetland ponies. In vivo bone strain recordings were made before and after unilateral transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. Relatively large individual variations in response to transection were observed in both the experimental and the contralateral control limbs. The principal strain values on the cranial and caudal cortices increased during the...
Causative ehrlichial organisms in Potomac horse fever. An ehrlichia was consistently isolated from the peripheral blood leukocyte fraction of ponies that had been experimentally infected with Potomac horse fever by whole blood transfusion from naturally infected horses. The organism was propagated in a human histiocyte cell line for 3 to 5 weeks and then inoculated intravenously or intradermally into healthy adult ponies. Clinical signs of Potomac horse fever, which varied in the degree of severity, occurred 9 to 14 days post-inoculation in all of the ponies. One pony died 20 days post-inoculation. The ehrlichial organism was reisolated in the hum...
Immediate and long-term effects of halothane anesthesia on equine platelet function. The acute and long-term quantitative and qualitative effects of halothane anesthesia on equine platelet performance were studied in fourteen horses. Horses were anesthetized with only halothane in O2 for about 8.0 MAC hours. Platelet numbers declined during the anesthetic period but returned to normal within 24 h. Platelet aggregation was significantly diminished during the anesthetic period and for up to 4 days after anesthesia. A period of hyperaggregability occurred at the 7th day.
Cefadroxil in the horse: pharmacokinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity. Sodium cefadroxil was administered as a single intravenous dose (25 mg/kg) to six healthy adult mares. Plasma samples were collected over a 24-h period and cefadroxil concentrations were measured by microbiological assay. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug was appropriately described in terms of a one-compartment open model. Values for the major pharmacokinetic terms were: extrapolated initial plasma concentration = 59.2 +/- 15.0 micrograms/ml; half-life = 46 +/- 20 min; apparent volume of distribution = 462 +/- 191 ml/kg; and body clearance = 7.0 +/- 0.6 ml/min.kg. In a subsequent study...
Powassan viral encephalitis: a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit. Powassan virus strain M794, a member of the Flavivirus genus known to infect man and animals in Canada, was inoculated intracerebrally into rabbits and horses. No clinical signs were observed in rabbits, but widespread encephalitis resulted, characterized by lymphoid perivascular cuffing, lymphocytic meningitis, and lymphocytic choroiditis. In horses, eight days after inoculation, prominent neurological signs occurred and lesions were those of non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, neuronal necrosis, and focal parenchymal necrosis. The virus could not be reisolated from the rabbit or horse brains....
Changes in patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion before and after the first ovulation in the postpartum mare. To determine whether luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion during the first estrous cycle postpartum is characterized by pulsatile release, circulating LH concentrations were measured in 8 postpartum mares, 4 of which had been treated with 150 mg progesterone and 10 mg estradiol daily for 20 days after foaling to delay ovulation. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 8 h on 4 occasions: 3 times during the follicular phase (Days 2-4, 5-7, and 8-11 after either foaling or end of steroid treatment), and once during the luteal phase (Days 5-8 after ovulation). Ovulation occurred in 4 mares 13...
High resolution R-bands produced in equine chromosomes after incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Cell synchronization was used to obtain an adequate percentage of very long chromosomes in equine mitotic spreads. Reported here is our variation, adapted to horse chromosomes, of a method using excess thymidine followed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. This technique routinely yields excellent quality cells, predominantly in prometaphase and prophase. Among other differences with the standard technique, this method does not use Colcemid, which, in addition to inhibiting spindle fiber formation, also increases chromosome contraction resulting in thicker and thus fewer bands. Consequently, h...
A hemodynamic model for anaphylactic shock. The treatment of cardiovascular collapse and anaphylactic shock is largely empiric. A simple animal model was developed to evaluate the hemodynamic alterations in anaphylaxis. Eight adult New Zealand white rabbits of both sexes were studied. All animals weighed 3.8 kg to 5.3 kg. Sensitization was accomplished with a 2-mL subcutaneous dose of horse serum followed in two days with a 2-mL intravenous (IV) dose. At least 14 days elapsed after the IV dose before a 1-mL challenge dose of horse serum was given. On the day of the challenge dose, a femoral arterial catheter, arterial temperature probe,...
Properties of monoclonal antibodies against glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis virus. To analyze the biological activities of the alphavirus glycoproteins, eight different monoclonal antibodies against the two glycoproteins of western equine encephalitis virus were isolated. Five of the eight monoclonal antibodies were shown to be specific for E1 and three for E2 protein by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by radioimmunoprecipitation. Three of the five anti-E1 and all of the anti-E2 monoclonal antibodies inhibited hemagglutination by purified virions. One anti-E1 and two anti-E2 monoclonal antibodies possessed high virus-neutralizing activity.
Comparison of echocardiographic and autopsy measurements of cardiac dimensions in the horse. This study was initiated to determine the accuracy of M-mode echocardiography in measuring left ventricular dimensions and estimating heart weights in horses. Left ventricular free wall and interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular external and internal diameters were measured and heart weights estimated from the echocardiograms of 47 horses. Autopsy measurements of the same parameters were then recorded. Statistical comparison of the data demonstrated: (1) Systolic measurements of wall thickness more closely resembled the heart in death than the diastolic measurements; (2) good c...
Ultrastructural study of ehrlichial organisms in the large colons of ponies infected with Potomac horse fever. Potomac horse fever is characterized by fever, anorexia, leukopenia, profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality. An ultrastructural investigation was made to search for any unusual microorganisms in the digestive system, lymphatic organs, and blood cells of ponies that had developed clinical signs after transfusion with whole blood from horses naturally infected with Potomac horse fever. A consistent finding was the presence of rickettsial organisms in the wall of the intestinal tract of these ponies. The organisms were found mostly in the wall of the large colon, but fewer organ...
Efficacy of furosemide in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. The repeatability of endoscopic observations of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and the efficacy of furosemide as a prophylactic treatment of horses with EIPH were studied in Thoroughbred race horses after consecutive breezes (at or near maximum speed, approx 16 m/s). Of 56 horses examined greater than or equal to 2 times, 21 (38%) had identical EIPH scores, whereas 26 (46%) and 9 (16%) had scores that differed by greater than or equal to 1 grade. In 56 nontreated horses, there was good agreement between 2 consecutive observations (K = 0.59, Z = 4.54, P less than 0.001). Similar c...
A collaborative project in veterinary practice: developing a model of equine prematurity. The development and design of a project in collaborative research which originated from a problem identified in practice, namely prematurity in the newly born foal, is described here. The project established a model of equine prematurity for the purpose of studying the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of the condition. It involved practitioners and full time research workers in a number of veterinary and medical institutes.
[The treatment of podotrochilosis with oral anticoagulants. An instruction insert desired]. The anticoagulant, warfarin, has been reported to be effective as treatment for navicular disease in horses. Since other forms of treatment for this disease are palliative, this new anticoagulant therapy has become widely employed. Despite the fact that initiation of anticoagulant therapy is relatively simple, attending veterinary practitioners should be aware that careful monitoring of this therapy is required for both safety and efficacy. Navicular disease is an example of equine thrombotic disease, and the goal of warfarin therapy is the prevention of new thrombus formation, while at the sa...
[An undesirable drug interaction in horses? Complications which can occur during the administration of coumarin derivatives and phenylbutazone]. A study of the literature was done because of questions asked in a court of justice concerning possible poisoning in a jumper, resulting from administration of both phenylbutazone and a coumarin derivative within a particular period. In view of the mechanisms of action and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the agents, these forms of combined treatment are also highly inadvisable in horses.
Kinetic studies of the unfolding-refolding of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase induced by guanidine hydrochloride. The kinetics of the unfolding and refolding of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase were studied with three different signals: fluorescence emission intensity at 336 nm (excitation at 292 nm), ellipticity at 220 nm, and enzyme activity. The results corroborate the conclusion on the existence of intermediates in the folding pathway obtained from equilibrium studies. Kinetic studies showed at least two phases of refolding, as revealed by fluorescence as well as by circular dichroism measurements. During the fast phase, an intermediate was formed with a fluorescence intensity higher than that of ...
