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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Is Rhodococcus equi a soil organism? A total of 189 isolates of Rhodococcus equi and related organisms and 16 marker strains representing the genera Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium were screened for 160 unit characters in a numerical taxonomic study. Analysis of the data indicated that R. equi forms a relatively homogeneous cluster distinctly separated from the recognized species of Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium (sensu stricto). Other members of the genus Rhodococcus are soil organisms and R. equi appears to fit into the genus on ecological as well as taxonomic grounds. It seems unlikely that R. equi could be a gastrointestinal...
The interaction of Corynebacterium equi and equine alveolar macrophages in vitro. The in-vitro interaction of Corynebacterium equi and foal alveolar macrophages was examined qualitatively and quantitatively using cells collected by sequential bronchoalveolar lavage at 2-week intervals from birth until 14 weeks of age. Total and differential counts were performed on the recovered cells. Macrophages were identified using the non-specific esterase strain. Cultures of the alveolar macrophages were challenged with C. equi suspensions and the process and extent of ingestion was examined by light and electron microscopy. Few macrophages were recovered from the lungs of foals less ...
Preliminary characterization of equine interferons and their antiviral activities on bovine, ovine, and human cells. Equine dermal cells induced with poly I:C + DEAE-dextran produced low levels of interferon tentatively classified as equine interferon beta (EqIFN-beta). In contrast, dermal cells initially primed with EqIFN-beta and then superinduced with poly I:C + DEAE-dextran in the presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D produced greater than 100-fold EqIFN-beta. Equine blood mononuclear cells induced with Newcastle disease virus and phytohemagglutinin produced high levels of interferons tentatively classified as equine interferon alpha (EqIFN-alpha) and equine interferon gamma (EqIFN-gamma), respecti...
Fetal loss and the effect of stress on plasma progestagen levels in pregnant Thoroughbred mares. The depressing effect on plasma progestagen levels of pregnant mares subjected to specific stressful conditions such as severe pain, infectious diseases, emotional disturbances and exogenous corticosteroids are described. It is concluded that the detrimental effect of stress, evident from its negative influence on plasma progestagen concentrations, could play a major role in the occurrence of pregnancy failure in the Thoroughbred mare.
Ultrastructural study of the development of the pars distalis (anterior pituitary) in the foal. The pituitary glands of 4 horse embryos (41-55 days of gestation) were examined by light microscopy, and the pars distalis from 10 fetal foals (75-300 days) was examined by electron microscopy. At Day 41 the development of Rathke's pouch and the saccus infundibuli was advanced; the former had almost lost its connection with the stomodaeum and the latter had started to differentiate into infundibular process and infundibular stalk. By Day 43 Rathke's pouch was completely dissociated from the stomodaeum and its walls were beginning to show uneven growth. The ventral wall of the pouch, the future...
Effect of the stage of the oestrous cycle on the follicular population in pony mares. In the middle of the breeding season, 16 pony mares (n = 4 per day) were slaughtered on four different days (days 6, 14, 17 and the preovulatory day) of the oestrous cycle, day 0 being the day of the last ovulation. All the ovaries were examined histologically; the number, size and atresia (defined by granulosa cell pyknosis) of all follicles larger than 1 mm in diameter were studied, using a Kryotome-video recorder-TV system. Follicular distribution of all the sizes studied (1-5 mm, 5-10 mm, greater than 10 mm in diameter) was very similar in the right and left ovaries. However, compared to t...
Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion’s penis. Six stallions were subjected to extensive cleansing of the penis and prepuce with water, Ivory Soap and water, or Betadine surgical scrub and water. The stallions were all washed for 14 days, and then allowed 14 days respite. This pattern of washing and resting was repeated consecutively. Swabs were taken from all 7 stallions twice weekly and semen was collected once a week for bacteriological examination. All forms of cleansing altered the bacterial flora of the stallion's penis; the Ivory Soap tended to encourage the replacement of the normal flora with coliform organisms, while Betadine fav...
Secretion of free and conjugated steroids by the horse testis into lymph and venous blood. In 3 testes of 2 adult Pony stallions under halothane anaesthesia, catheters were inserted into a vein and a lymphatic vessel in the spermatic cord and into a vein on the surface of the testis. Lymph and venous blood were collected from the catheters in the cord and p-aminohippurate (2% w/v, 0 . 1 ml/min) was infused into the vein on the testis to determine blood flow by dilution. After 1 h, 6000 i.u. hCG was injected i.v. and collections continued for 45 min. The testes weighed 126-176 g. Lymph flow was 20-150 microliter/min before hCG and 100-270 microliter/min after hCG; the range of blood ...
Immune recognition of Echinococcus granulosus. 1. Parasite-activated, primary transformation by normal murine lymph node cells. Culture of murine lymph node cells together with living protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus is described. The presence of the parasite induced potent blastic transformation in lymphocytes of unimmunized mice as indicated by tritiated thymidine incorporation. The response was markedly reduced by killing the parasite immediately prior to culture. No blastogenic activity was detectable in supernatants from living parasites cultured alone. Protoscolices from artificially infected syngeneic mice were effective stimuli, as were protoscolices from naturally infected horse and sheep. Stimulation ...
Effects of pituitary stalk transection on endocrine function in Pony mares. The pituitary stalk was transected in 10 Pony mares by a surgical approach that involved dorsal reflection of the brain and micro-dissection from the ventro-lateral aspect of the pituitary. Diabetes insipidus was the most immediate and marked result, requiring extensive electrolyte and antidiuretic therapy for approximately 48 h after operation. Fluid stasis then developed and no further supportive measures were necessary. Endocrine challenge tests with GnRH and TRH before and after stalk transection indicated a loss of responsiveness (GnRH) or suppressed responsiveness (TRH) after the operati...
[Effect of low pH values on the infectivity and neuraminidase activity of human and animal strains of influenza virus type A]. The influence of acidic pH on the infectivity and neuraminidase activity of human, equine and avian type A influenza virus strains has been studied. Following exposure to pH 3 human and equine strains lost their infectivity completely, whereas all investigated strains of the subtypes Hav6N2 and Hav7Neq2 retained a certain amount of infectivity. In contrast to human and equine strains the avian strains retained also 38% of their original neuraminidase activity after acidic treatment. Partial retention of infectivity and the relative stability of the neuraminidase following exposure to acidic pH...
Cibacron Blue-induced modification of neutral proteinase from horse blood leukocytes. The proteolytic activity of the elastase-like proteinase from granules of horse blood leukocytes is retained on a column of Cibacron Blue-Sepharose and can be eluted with 0.5 M KSCN. During this procedure its mol. wt. is reduced from 49000 to 30000 and isoelectric point is shifted towards higher pH. The inactive protein not adsorbed on Cibacron Blue-Sepharose is strongly acidic and shows a mol. wt. of 20000. Upon mixing this protein with the modified enzyme the native proteinase is reconstituted as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and isoelectric focusing in a sucrose grad...
Control of ovulation in mares in the early breeding season with ovarian steroids and prostaglandin. Two trials were conducted to (1) determine the degree of control of ovulation achieved by treating mares in late winter with progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta combined after prior exposure to an artificially increased photoperiod, and (2) to examine the effectiveness of such a procedure incorporated into equine breeding farm management systems. Following a 15-day treatment of 150 mg progesterone and 10 mg oestradiol-17 beta daily with 10 mg PGF-2 alpha on the last day of steroid treatment, 27 of 31 mares ovulated on Days 8-14 after the last injection in one trial. Conception rate for mares m...
Electron microscopy of the ventricular lining associated with the hypothalamus and median eminence of prepubertal female horses. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cells in the infundibular recess of prepubertal female horses were devoid of cilia and sparsely covered with stubby microvilli and small blebs, whereas superior ventricular areas were covered with cilia. Ciliated ependymal cells in supraoptic-suprachiasmatic areas were associated with extensive blebbing, and folded tissue adjacent to the inferior borders of the mamillary body displayed distinct bands of cilia regularly interrupted by areas of sparsely ciliated cells which appeared to be undergoing ciliogenesis. Arcuate ependymal areas had well developed...
Cytogenetic and DNA analyses of equine abortion. Although no major structural or numerical abnormalities were found in the karyotypes of 12 aborted equine fetuses, two unrelated abortuses each carried a large polymorphism for the amount of heterochromatin in chromosome 1. In both karyotypes this chromosome was shown to be larger than its homolog. To determine the nature of the extra DNA in these chromosomes, equine DNA was isolated and characterized by buoyant density analysis. Equine mainband DNA had a buoyant density in neutral CsCl of 1.699 g/cm3, while the highly repetitive (dG+dC)-rich fraction had a buoyant density of 1.715 g/cm3. A ra...
Factors affecting testis weight in normal and cryptorchid horses. Testes were collected from normal and cryptorchid horses of a variety of breeds and ages and weighed after dissection from the epididymis. Scrotal testes grow little until the second winter of life and little thereafter, although a nearly mature body weight is reached by the end of the first winter. Scrotal testes in unilateral cryptorchids tend to be larger than those of normal stallions, sometimes exceedingly so, although occasional small scrotal testes are recorded. Inguinal testes show some tendency to grow during the second winter but the data are difficult to analyse beyond that age beca...
Ovarian response, pregnancy rate, and incidence of multiple fetuses in mares treated with an equine pituitary extract. The ability of a pituitary extract to induce ovulation and the effect of multiple ovulations on pregnancy rate and incidence of multiple fetuses were studied in seasonally anovulatory mares. The extract induced ovulation in 95% of mares having a greater than or equal to 25 mm follicle at the onset of treatment and in 64% the ovulations were multiple. The extract was less effective when the largest initial follicle was less than 25 mm. Approximately 50% of the treated mares that ovulated did not become pregnant or enter prolonged dioestrus before returning to an anovulatory condition. In treate...
Endotoxin-induced change in hemograms, plasma enzymes, and blood chemical values in anesthetized ponies: effects of flunixin meglumine. A study was made of flunixin meglumine (FM), an analgesic agent with antiprostaglandin activity, in the management of endotoxin-induced changes in ponies. Three groups of 5 ponies each were used: A--controls, B--nontreated ponies with endotoxin-induced shock, and C--ponies with endotoxin-induced shock treated with FM. Shock was induced in anesthetized ponies with IV injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Disruption of glucose homeostasis, insulin levels, hemograms, aerobic metabolism, and cell damage as indicated by plasma enzymes were observed. Treatment with FM (5 minutes) after shock was...
Influence of bacterial products on the motility of stallion spermatozoa. Sterile filtrates were prepared from equine isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (genitalium), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Streptococcus equisimilis, Actinobacillus equuli, and Corynebacterium equi and mixed individually with extended stallion semen. When diluted in the extended semen the filtrates represented bacterial populations of 0.5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(6), 2 x 10(6) and 4 x 10(6) cells/ml. pH values were recorded for each filtrate. Specimens were monitored for percentage motile spermatozoa at 30-min intervals until they reached 10% o...
