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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
A mild form of strangles caused by an atypical Streptococcus equi. A mild form of strangles caused by an atypical Streptococcus equi was recognized on a large horse breeding farm. The organism differed from most S equi isolates by disappearance of the mucoid capsule by 24 hours of culture, leaving a matt-type colony. Typically, the clinical signs were a transient (24-48 hour) fever, profuse nasal discharge, and anorexia. In about half the affected animals, there was moderate mandibular lymph node enlargement, and these glands usually ruptured or were drained. The use of a passive hemagglutination antibody test showed that subclinical infection was widespread ...
Radioimmunoassay for the detection of antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA in equine sera. A radioimmunoassay was developed to discriminate immunoglobulin (Ig) classes specific for the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli (serotype O:111-B4). Adult horses were periodically inoculated IM with a nonviable suspension of the J-5 mutant emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Before and after the horses were inoculated, sera were collected sequentially and examined by radioimmunoassay. Rabbit anti-(horse) Ig and [125I]protein A served as the indicator system. Antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA were observed to follow a classic immune response. The radioimmunoassay offers a valuable tool fo...
Effect of diethylcarbamazine on Strongylus vulgaris infection in ponies. Shetland ponies (n = 4) were given diethylcarbamazine orally at a dose level of 22 mg/kg/day for 1 week before they were inoculated with 800 third-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris. Treatment was continued for 86 (1 pony) or 200 days (3 ponies) after the inoculation. As compared with the changes seen in a similarly inoculated group of ponies (group 2) which were not treated, diethylcarbamazine did not prevent the clinical or pathologic changes due to the migrating larvae. Fewer adult parasites were recovered at necropsy from treated ponies than from nontreated (group 2) ponies, even when tre...
Hemolytic anemia in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves. Signs of acute hemolytic anemia developed in 4 adult horses from 2 Georgia farms 3 to 4 days after the ingestion of wilted leaves from cut red maple trees (Acer rubrum). Clinical findings included weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, depression, icterus, cyanosis, and brownish discoloration of the blood and urine. Blood changes included methemoglobinemia, free plasma hemoglobin, decreased pcv, and Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. These findings plus hemoglobinuria suggested intravascular hemolysis. Three of the 4 horses diet 5 to 7 days after ingestion of the leaves. Gross pathologic changes included...
Pedal bone rotation as a prognostic sign in laminitis of horses. We reviewed 91 cases of laminitis in horses admitted to the Michigan State University Veterinary Clinical Center between Jan 1, 1973 and Dec. 30, 1978. From information in the case records and from the results of a telephone questionnaire, cases were classified into 4 categories on the basis of return to athletic function. The degree of pedal bone rotation was inversely correlated with return to athletic performance. Horses with less than 5.5 degrees rotation returned to former athletic function, whereas horses with more than 11.5 degrees rotation lost their use as performance animals. Ponies ...
Effect of stress on steroid hormone levels in racehorses. Cortisol and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay in plasma samples from race horses. None of 6 stressed male horses had low cortisol levels but testosterone levels (0.81 +/- 0.15 nmol/l) were significantly lower than in healthy horses (1.86 +/- 0.31 nmol/l). The conclusion was made that adrenocortical insufficiency is not a common association of stress in race horses. The reduction in testosterone levels is probably a nonspecific response similar to that seen in other species.
Capsular serotypes of Rhodococcus equi. One hundred strains of Rhodococcus equi from various animal species and sources in Australia were examined for capsular serotype. Eighty-four of the strains fell into the existing 7 serotypes, and just under half of the strains belonged to serotype 1. Isolates from the intestines and faeces of horses, cattle, pigs and other species, and from soil, were found to belong to the same serotypes as those recovered from the lungs of foals with R. equi pneumonia. There was no clear relationships between capsular serotype and source of origin of the isolates.
Osseous cyst-like lesions of the medial femoral condyle in the horse. Osseous cyst-like lesions of the medial femoral condyle were found in 32 horses admitted to the University of Pennsylvania between 1971 and 1978. Sex or breed predilection was not found. In 12 horses, osseous cysts were found in both hindlimbs. Of the 25 horses on which follow-up information was obtained, 16 became sound and useful between 4 months and 1 year after diagnosis. Horses that became lame before 3 years of age had a better chance for later soundness. Horses that became sound had significantly smaller cysts than those that remained lame.
Systemic d-phenylalanine and d-leucine for effective treatment of pain in the horse. This study showed that subcutaneous injection of a solution of D-amino acids produced effective analgesia in horses. It is postulated that systemic D-phenylalanine and D-leucine may become one of the safe, effective and nonaddictive drugs for acute and chronic pain treatment. These D-amino acids cause analgesia by presumably preserving brain endorphins. They may bind reversibly to enkephalinases and prevent enzymatic degradation of enkephalins.
Myocardial necrosis secondary to neural lesions in domestic animals. Focal myocardial necrosis secondary to neural lesions was diagnosed in 2 dogs and 1 horse. In each case, the neural lesions were traumatic in origin. Spinal cord injury was evident in 1 dog; brain damage was evident in the other dog and presumably in the horse. Retrospective analysis of necropsy material showed that many species were affected, without apparent age or sex predisposition. Central nervous system injury resulting from trauma, infection or space-occupying lesions was associated with acute myocardial necrosis in all cases. The myocardial necrosis was rarely fatal; however, it did ca...
Interactions of different albumins and animal sera with insolubilized Cibacron Blue, Evaluation of apparent affinity constants. 1. A high concentration Cibacron Blue-Sepharose derivative has been used to study the affinity chromatography of albumin from eight animal species. 2. The apparent affinity constants for albumin varies between 3.9 x 10(4) M-1 and 0.9 x 10(4) M-1, in the order: Human greater than rabbit greater than horse greater than pig = dog greater than bovine greater than rat greater than chicken. 3. Other serum proteins were also bound to the gel, particularly lipoproteins and alpha 2-macroglobulin.
Uterine prostaglandin F metabolite production in relation to glucose availability in late pregnancy and a possible influence of diet on time of delivery in the mare. The production of uterine PGFM during different dietary states has been investigated in pregnant mares in late gestation. Arterial and uterine venous plasma concentrations of PGFM rose when food was withdrawn for 12-30 h and the V-A difference widened significantly. There was an inverse correlation between the rise in PGFM and the fall in plasma glucose during a fast, and a significant decrease in the A-V plasma glucose differences across the uterus. Plasma PGFM and free fatty acid concentrations before and during food withdrawal were also correlated but no uterine A-V difference in free fatty...
[Effect of low pH values on the infectivity and neuraminidase activity of human and animal strains of influenza virus type A]. The influence of acidic pH on the infectivity and neuraminidase activity of human, equine and avian type A influenza virus strains has been studied. Following exposure to pH 3 human and equine strains lost their infectivity completely, whereas all investigated strains of the subtypes Hav6N2 and Hav7Neq2 retained a certain amount of infectivity. In contrast to human and equine strains the avian strains retained also 38% of their original neuraminidase activity after acidic treatment. Partial retention of infectivity and the relative stability of the neuraminidase following exposure to acidic pH...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease anatomical cardiac studies. An abattoir survey on horses diagnosed as suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on clinical grounds showed that the right ventricular wall thickness was not significantly different from that of normal horses. However, the weight ratio between the left and right ventricles was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) different in COPD affected, compared with control, horses in a study of 17 physiologically and pathologically confirmed COPD cases, using ventricular weight measurements. No clinical evidence of right heart failure nor post mortem evidence of right heart ...
Transuterine migration of the fetus in the mare between day 42 and parturition. A total of 2187 Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares was examined over a 4-year period to determine the location of the fetus at 42 days, the location of the previous fetus as determined by examination 5-15 days after foaling, and pregnancy location the next season. Maiden mares showed 44 and 56% of pregnancies in the left and right horns respectively. No transuterine migration was observed in 139 maiden mares examined after their first foal. Lactating mares showed 62% implantations and full-term pregnancies on one side of the uterus with the next season's pregnancy being in the opposite uterin...
Titration of antiserum to South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom by measuring inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity. Horse antiserum to the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, A South American rattlesnake, inhibits the phospholipase activity of the crude venom. There is a close relationship between this inhibitory property and the neutralizing potency of the antiserum in vivo. This may provide the basis for a rigorous standardization of anticrotalid venom in vitro.
Indirect haemagglutination reaction with Sarcocystis dispersa antigen. A description is given of the preparation of antigen from Sarcocystis dispersa cystozoites and the procedure of the indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). The antibodies against this antigen were detected in experimentally infected mice from day 20 p.i. (1: 640). In the following weeks the antibody titres reached the value of 1: 40,960. The sera of pigs, sheep and horses spontaneously infected with other Sarcocystis species reacted with this antigen in low titres only. The bovine sera gave negative reactions even in cases when Sarcocystis cysts were present in the muscles of the examined anima...
Electron microscopy of the ventricular lining associated with the hypothalamus and median eminence of prepubertal female horses. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cells in the infundibular recess of prepubertal female horses were devoid of cilia and sparsely covered with stubby microvilli and small blebs, whereas superior ventricular areas were covered with cilia. Ciliated ependymal cells in supraoptic-suprachiasmatic areas were associated with extensive blebbing, and folded tissue adjacent to the inferior borders of the mamillary body displayed distinct bands of cilia regularly interrupted by areas of sparsely ciliated cells which appeared to be undergoing ciliogenesis. Arcuate ependymal areas had well developed...
Management of slab fractures of the third tarsal bone in 5 horses. Five cases of fracture of the third tarsal bone in racehorses are reported. A method of surgical correction employing a cortical bone screw is described in 2 cases. Healing of the fractures was followed radiographically. Surgical repair permitted both horses to return to competition. The 3 cases treated conservatively suffered a prolonged healing time and excessive new bone formation. They were unable to return to training due to persistent lameness.
