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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Tissue culture of the enteric nervous system from equine ileum. Ileal samples were harvested fresh from euthanized adult horses. The tissues were microdissected to prepare wholemount preparations for immunohistochemistry and for either explant or dissociated culture systems of the enteric nervous system. Explant culture systems were established using whole-mounts of either the submucous plexus or the muscularis externa (including the myenteric plexus). Dissociated cell cultures could only be obtained from the submucous plexus. Culture systems were maintained for up to 5 days. Immunoreactivity for a neuronal marker (Pan-N) and for glial cell markers (GFAP a...
Oxytocin release and its relationship to dihydro-15-keto PGF2alpha and arginine vasopressin release during parturition and to suckling in postpartum mares. Pituitary blood was collected from the intercavernal sinus in five mares before and during parturition, and in nine mares immediately after parturition to investigate oxytocin patterns during parturition and early lactation, and to determine the relationship between oxytocin, prostaglandin and arginine vasopressin during parturition. In four mares in which sample collection began at least 6 h before rupture of the chorioallantois, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in PGF(2alpha) concentration was detected before a significant increase in oxytocin concentration. Cross-correlation analysis of...
Effects of different activation treatments on fertilization of horse oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The effects of four reagents on the activation and subsequent fertilization of equine oocytes, and the development of these after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, were investigated. Cumulus-oocyte complexes collected from equine ovaries obtained from an abattoir were matured in vitro for 40-44 h in TCM199 medium before being injected, when in metaphase II, with an immobilized stallion spermatozoon. The cumulus-oocyte complexes were then subjected to one of five activation treatments: (a) 10 micromol ionomycin l(-1) for 10 min; (b) 7% (v/v) ethanol for 10 min; (c) 100 micromol thimerosal l(-1)...
Gonadotroph-lactotroph associations and expression of prolactin receptors in the equine pituitary gland throughout the seasonal reproductive cycle. An interaction between gonadotroph and lactotroph cells of the pituitary gland has long been recognized in several species. The current study was conducted to investigate whether an association between gonadotrophs and lactotrophs occurs in mares and whether prolactin receptors are expressed within the pituitary gland of this species. The effects of both reproductive state and season on these variables were examined in pituitary glands obtained from sexually active mares in July (breeding season), sexually active mares in November (non-breeding season) and anoestrous mares in November. Pituita...
Effect of administering a crude equine gonadotrophin preparation to mares on follicular development, oocyte recovery rate and oocyte maturation in vivo. In mares, the shortage of oocytes and the variability in nuclear maturation at a certain time of the oestrous cycle hinders the optimization of methods for in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization. Increasing the number of small-to-medium-sized follicles available for aspiration in vivo may increase the overall oocyte yield. The aims of the present study were to investigate whether administration of crude equine gonadotrophins affects follicular development, oocyte recovery rate, in vivo oocyte maturation and follicular concentrations of meiosis-activating sterols. During oestrus, all fo...
Clinical, bacteriologic, serologic, and pathologic features of infections with atypical Taylorella equigenitalis in mares. To characterize clinical, serologic, bacteriologic, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses of mares to 2 donkey-origin atypical bacterial isolates resembling Taylorella equigenitalis. Methods: Prospective in vivo study. Methods: 10 healthy mares. Methods: Mares in estrus (2/group) were inoculated by intrauterine infusion with 2 isolates of classic T equigenitalis or 2 isolates of atypical Taylorella sp or were sham-inoculated. Bacteriologic, serologic, clinical, uterine, cytologic, and pathologic endometrial responses were assessed 4, 11, 21, 35, and 63 days after inoculation and on d...
Morphology and amplitude values of the electrocardiogram of Spanish-bred horses of different ages in the Dubois leads system. The aim of this work was to record the modifications of the form and amplitude of the electrocardiographic tracings during growth using the Dubois system and to study its sensibility to these physiological changes. This work was carried out on 179 healthy, young and adult Spanish-bred horses (98 females and 81 males). One electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained from each horse using the Dubois leads system. The bifid shape deflection of the P wave was generally more frequent than the simple one in animals at 4 months of age or older. Amplitudes of the P2 component and of the simple positive wave ...
Concrete use of the joint coordinate system for the quantification of articular rotations in the digital joints of the horse. A method is detailed allowing the computation of three-dimensional (3D) joint angles. Each joint of the equine digit is modelled as a sequence of three single axis rotary joints. The Joint Coordinate System was used; it involves a specific sequence of cardanic angles. The decomposition of the angles was chosen so that the three elementary angles coincide with the flexion/extension, passive abduction/adduction and lateral/medial rotations. The algorithms and kinematic procedures were described for the equine front digital joints. This method was tested in vitro on four forelimbs. For each limb,...
Long-term outcome of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone treated conservatively: 25 cases (1976-1993). To determine clinical features of horses with a slab fracture of the central or third tarsal bone and to report outcome of horses in which treatment did not include surgery. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 25 horses (14 Standardbreds, 6 Thoroughbreds, 5 Quarter Horses). Methods: Medical records of horses with a slab fracture of the central (n = 9) or third (16) tarsal bone were reviewed. Only horses for which treatment consisted of confinement to a stall were included in this study. Clinical features and radiographic findings were recorded and summarized. Outcome was determined for raci...
Pneumothorax in horses: 40 cases (1980-1997). To characterize pneumothorax in horses and to describe clinical signs, diagnostic testing, and clinical outcome of horses with pneumothorax. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 40 horses. Methods: Medical records of horses with pneumothorax were reviewed to obtain information on signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic testing, treatment, and clinical outcome. Results: Horses developed pneumothorax secondary to pleuropneumonia (17 horses), open wounds of the thorax (9), closed trauma to the thorax (7), surgery on the upper portion of the respiratory tract (3), and surgery involving t...
Assessing equine sperm-membrane integrity. The swelling of cells in a hypo-osmotic medium has been described as an important criterion for assessing the functional integrity of the sperm plasma membrane. The resistance of equine spermatozoa to osmolarity changes was studied by extending 98 semen samples collected from nine stallions in media at five osmolarities (300, 200, 150, 100, and 50 mOsmol l(-1)). The response of the cells was measured by the spermatocrit technique and eosin staining. Spermatocrit determines the increase on spermatozoal volume under hypo-osmotic conditions, a sign of functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane...
Photoperiodic versus metabolic signals as determinants of seasonal anestrus in the mare. The objectives of this study were to compare the timing and mechanisms controlling the onset of anestrus in young and mature mares treated either continuously with melatonin and in those that remained untreated. Changes in body weight, subcutaneous body fat measured to provide an estimate of total body fat, and circulating concentrations of leptin were compared throughout the 1-yr experimental period. The results demonstrate that in young mares the timing of anestrus occurs significantly earlier in the year than in mature mares and that mature mares are more likely to exhibit continuous reprod...
Neurocalcin-immunoreactive neurons in the mammalian dorsal root ganglia, including humans. Neurocalcin (NC) is a recently characterized EF-hand calcium-binding protein present in a discrete population of sensory neurons and their peripheral mechanoreceptors, but its presence in peripheral nervous system neurons other than in the rat is still unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence of NC in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of several mammalian species (horse, buffalo, cow, sheep, pig, dog, and rat), including humans. DRG were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and processed for immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody against NC. The size of the immunorea...
First comprehensive low-density horse linkage map based on two 3-generation, full-sibling, cross-bred horse reference families. Two 3-generation full-sibling reference families have been produced and form a unique resource for genetic linkage mapping studies in the horse. The F(2) generations, now comprising 61 individuals, consist of 28- to 32-day-old embryos removed nonsurgically from two pairs of identical twin mares. The same stallion sired all F(2)s such that the two full-sibling families are half-sibling with respect to each other. The families are crossbred to maximize levels of heterozygosity and include Arabian, Thoroughbred, Welsh Cob, and Icelandic Horse breeds. Milligram quantities of DNA have been isolated...
Equine glaucoma: a retrospective study of 13 cases presented at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine from 1992 to 1999. The prevalence of equine glaucoma seen by the ophthalmology service at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM) was 6.5%. The majority of cases (11/13) were associated with clinical manifestations of uveitis. Congenital glaucoma was documented in 1 case, and primary glaucoma was diagnosed in a 12-year-old quarter horse. There were no breed or sex predilections evident. Affected horses were middle-aged to old (average age = 9.5 years, ranging from 2 weeks to 23 years). The clinical manifestations of equine glaucoma included blindness, diffuse corneal edema, corneal vascularization, bup...
Tyzzer’s disease in an 11-day-old foal. An 11-day-old pony became depressed, anorectic, and pyrexic 2 days after the topsoil of its paddock had been turned over. Rapid progression to colic and head pressing occurred, despite intensive therapy for Tyzzer's disease, and the foal died within 7 h of the appearance of central nervous system signs.
Vacuum phenomenon in equine carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. In order to establish the incidence of vacuum phenomenon in horses' carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stress-flexed radiographs were made of normal joints, joints with known pathology and in anaesthetised horses with joints under traction. Focal intra-articular radiolucencies were identified in normal stress-flexed carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. These radiolucencies can be confused with those associated with pathological conditions.
Could treatment of pregnant mares prevent abortions due to equine piroplasmosis? Treatment of pregnant mares to prevent abortions due to equine piroplasmosis is a novel idea practised empirically at some Thoroughbred studs in South Africa. This paper presents the results of an investigation to ascertain whether imidocarb dipropionate crosses the equine placenta. Three pregnant mares were injected intramuscularly with imidocarb and their foetuses were mechanically aborted at varying time intervals thereafter. Imidocarb was found in foetal blood at a level similar to that in the dam's blood, suggesting that imidocarb administered to the dam would be available for anti-parasi...
Foaling-management practices associated with the occurrence of enterocolitis attributed to Clostridium perfringens infection in the equine neonate. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) infection in neonatal foals is often severe and has been associated with a high case-mortality risk. We designed a premises-based survey to evaluate the associations of regional foaling practices, premises environmental management, periparturient foal and brood-mare management, and periparturient brood-mare ration with the occurrence of neonatal enterocolitis attributed to C. perfringens infection. Potential risk factors individually associated with enterocolitis were breed type, housing type at foaling and in the first thr...
Thoracoabdominal asynchrony failed to grade airway obstructions in foals. Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) can be used to obtain a valid measure of tidal volume in humans. This device also compares the contributions to ventilation of the thorax and abdomen. Although thoracoabdominal asynchrony is a prominent clinical feature for patients with airway obstruction, the accuracy of the RIP device to assess the severity of obstruction is unclear. This study analyzes how well RIP variables reflect the degree of a fixed external inspiratory plus expiratory resistive load in foals. Foals were employed because the species and age group are commonly afflicted with ...
The early fetal life of the equine conceptus. This paper will discuss development of the equine conceptus, especially from the perspective of the maternal environment in which it develops and to which it has considerable influence.
The sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine-butorphanol and detomidine alone in donkeys. Butorphanol and detomidine constitute an effective combination for sedation and analgesia in horses. This trial was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of this combination in donkeys. The detomidine and butorphanol were given intravenously one after the other. A dose of 10 microg/kg of detomidine and 25 microg/kg of butorphanol was used. Sedation is easily extended by additional doses of butorphanol. The average dose of detomidine was 11.24 microg/kg and that of butorphanol was 28.0 microg/kg. Four donkeys in the detomidine group required additional sedation and analgesia. Detomidine alone ...
Exercise alters fractal dimension and spatial correlation of pulmonary blood flow in the horse. We determined the changes in fractal dimensions and spatial correlations of regional pulmonary blood flow with increasing exercise in race horses (n = 4) by using 15-microm fluorescent microspheres. Fluorescence was measured to quantitate regional blood to 1.3-cm(3) samples (n = 1,621-2,503). Perfusion distributions were characterized with fractal dimensions (a measure of spatial variability) and spatial correlations. On average, the fractal dimension decreased with exercise (trot 1.216 to gallop 1.173; P < 0. 05) despite a variable fractal dimension at rest. Spatial correlation of flow to ...
Twin reduction in the mare: current options. Twin pregnancy in the mare causes economic loss. Early transrectal ultrasonographic detection of twins and manual crush of one embryonic vesicle is the method of choice for managing equine twins (90% success rate). Transcutaneous and transvaginal ultrasound-guided twin reduction techniques are described for twin pregnancies that advance beyond 25 days of gestation. Reported success rates for the ultrasound-guided procedures are 50% and 20%, respectively.
Techniques for evaluating selected reproductive disorders of stallions. Numerous techniques may be used for evaluation of the different reproductive disorders of the stallion. Approaches may vary from real-time ultrasonography and biopsy for evaluating testicular tumors to use of special assays for evaluating sperm or plasma for presence of antisperm antibodies. This communication addresses techniques used to evaluate five relatively uncommon, but perplexing, disorders of breeding stallions: (1) seminal vesiculitis, (2) hemospermia associated with idiopathic urethral defects, (3) acrosomal dysfunction, (4) abnormal spermatozoal chromatin, and (5) azoospermia.
Seasonality in mares. In this review, we have attempted to summarize, based on recent data obtained in our laboratory and elsewhere, our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of seasonality and discuss the implications with regard to treatment strategies to advance the onset of cyclic reproductive activity in the early spring.
Bluetongue and equine viral arteritis viruses as models of virus-induced fetal injury and abortion. A number of viruses have the capacity to cross the placenta and infect the fetus to cause, among other potential outcomes, developmental defects (teratogenesis), fetal death and abortion. Bluetongue virus (BTV) infection of fetal ruminants provides an excellent model for the study of virus-induced teratogenesis. This model has shown that only viruses modified by passage in cell culture, such as modified live virus vaccine strains, readily cross the ruminant placenta, and that the timing of fetal infection determines the outcome. Thus, cerebral malformations only occur after fetal infection at ...
Post-breeding endometritis in the mare. Post-breeding endometritis is a major cause of subfertility in the mare. Endometritis is a normal event in the immediate period after mating, but the presence of ultransonographically visible uterine fluid more than 12 h later is thought to be evidence of uterine pathology. In mares that are free of venerally transmitted endometritis, treatment is aimed at removing the intraluminal fluid. If the endometritis persists past day 5, when the embryo enters the uterine lumen, the cytotoxic environment will not be compatible with pregnancy. Reproductive anatomy, defective myometrial contractility, lo...
