Veterinary procedures in horses encompass a range of medical and surgical interventions performed to diagnose, treat, and manage equine health conditions. These procedures are designed to address various health issues, from routine care to emergency interventions. Common veterinary procedures include vaccinations, dental care, lameness evaluations, reproductive services, and surgical interventions such as colic surgery or fracture repair. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, outcomes, and advancements in veterinary procedures for horses, providing insights into their application and efficacy in equine medicine.
Vanschandevijl K, Gielen I, Nollet H, Vlaminck L, Deprez P, van Bree H.An 8-year-old warmblood mare was evaluated following an acute onset of neurologic abnormalities. Results: Computed tomography of the head revealed large masses in both lateral ventricles, and a presumptive diagnosis of cholesterinic granuloma was made. Results: Freehand biopsy of the intracranial masses was performed under computed tomographic guidance, and histologic examination of biopsy specimens confirmed the diagnosis. No adverse effects associated with the brain biopsy procedure were encountered. Clinical signs resolved, and long-term follow-up did not reveal any recurrence of neurologic...
Bakheit MA, Torra D, Palomino LA, Thekisoe OM, Mbati PA, Ongerth J, Karanis P.Three LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification) assays were applied to detect Cryptosporidium species DNA in a total number of 270 fecal samples originating from cattle, sheep and horses in South Africa. DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of fecal material. Results of LAMP detection were compared to those obtained by nested PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium 18 small subunit rRNA (18S) gene. All samples were negative by nested PCR, while up to one-third of samples were positive by LAMP assays. The SAM-1 LAMP assay, shown to detect C. parvum, C. hominis and C. meleagridis, amplified Cryptospor...
Cehak A, von Borstel M, Gehlen H, Feige K, Ohnesorge B.Twelve horses with a history of a unilateral malodorous nasal discharge were examined clinically, endoscopically and radiographically. The head of one of the horses was examined by computed tomography. Tissue samples were taken for microbiology from four of the horses and for histology from three. The conchal necrosis was unilateral in 11 of the horses and bilateral in the other, and no particular concha was affected more than the others. The affected tissue was removed transendoscopically with a polypectomy snare while the horses were sedated and standing. Mild disinfectants were used locally...
Smith LJ, Mair TS.Twelve horses underwent standing laparoscopic ovariectomy using electrocoagulation and fine dissection as the only means of achieving haemostasis of the severed ovarian pedicle. Four mares had bilateral ovariectomy performed as a treatment for aggressive behaviour thought to be associated with the oestrous cycle. Eight mares had unilateral ovariectomy performed for removal of a granulosa thecal cell tumour (GCT). Electrocoagulation provided an effective means of haemostasis in both normal and pathological ovaries. Only one case (removal of a GCT) had mild haemorrhage following electrocoagulati...
Di Stefano DA, Artese L, Iezzi G, Piattelli A, Pagnutti S, Piccirilli M, Perrotti V.In the case of localized ridge atrophy, a ridge augmentation procedure, with the use of bone substitutes and barrier membranes, may then be necessary. Objective: The aim of the present study was a clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluation of an equine spongy bone in alveolar ridge augmentation procedures. Methods: Five patients showing horizontal mandibular ridge defects participated in this study. A ridge augmentation was performed through an onlay apposition of equine bone covered by a titanium-reinforced membrane. After 6 months of healing, five bone cores from nonaugmented...
Davidson GS.Anesthetization of large animals, such as the horse, is a challenge for veterinarians and compounding pharmacists. This article discusses the technique of intravenous anesthesia by using a combination of xylazine and ketamine in the horse for short-term unconsciousness; a combination of xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine, for improved sedation and muscle relaxation; and a combination of xylazine, ketamine, and guaifenesin, referred to as Triple Drip, for the maximum 1-hour duration of unconsciousness. Compounding pharmacists that have the facilities and training required to prepare sterile compo...
Kleijn WM, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM.Measuring the height of ponies at the withers is currently a prerequisite at Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) competitions. A pony measured at a competition site must not measure more than 151 cm with, or 150 cm without horse shoes. When a pony exceeds the regulated height, it is excluded from participation in the competition. Moreover, the sale value of a pony can decrease dramatically if by height measurement it is designated as a 'horse'. The aim of this study was firstly to determine whether measuring ponies at the withers with a laser device is repeatable; secondly, to evaluate ...
Mespoulhès-Rivière C, Martens A, Bogaert L, Wilderjans H.Distal limb lacerations are common injuries in horses, with a better prognosis reported for extensor tendons lacerations compared to flexor tendons lacerations. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of type and location of injury, modalities of treatment and post surgical complications on the outcome of extensor tendon lacerations. The medical records of 156 horses surgically treated for extensor tendon lacerations over a 10-year period were analysed retrospectively. Information was obtained for 124 horses with a minimum of 18 months follow-up. Statistical analysis ...
Patil DB, Adamiak Z, Piórek A.The present review informs about the current status regarding use of interlocking nailing for fracture repair in animals. The clinical limitations of interlocking nailing and its subsequent improvement by evolving novel nail design or supplementation with type I ESF using hybrid nail bolt/ESF pin has been dealt. The biomechanical and clinical evaluation of novel interlocking nail supplements and its possible clinical use is included.
Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Dubovi EJ, Kim SG, Osterrieder N.Early identification of inhalation-transmitted equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infections has been facilitated by the availability of a number of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) tests. A direct comparison between nasal swab qPCR and traditional virus isolation (VI) requires a method for normalizing the qPCR samples and controlling for PCR inhibitors present in some clinical samples. Objective: To quantify EHV-1 shedding in viral swabs using an internal control and to compare fast qPCR to VI for the detection of EHV-1 in nasal swabs from horses. Methods: Fifteen horses experimentally infect...
Tenney WA, Whitcomb MB.To characterize ruptures of collateral ligaments (CLs) in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 17 horses with ruptured CLs. Methods: Data were obtained from medical records, including signalment, history, clinical signs, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome. Additional follow-up information was obtained from owners or referring veterinarians. Results: The lateral CL was ruptured in 11 horses; the medial CL was ruptured in 6 horses. Ultrasonography revealed ipsilateral rupture of the short and lo...
Zimmerman KL, Crisman MV.This article is presented with two main goals: (1) to provide equine clinicians with a resource for identifying types of serum tests available and (2) to outline briefly the necessary sample type, assay principle, and relative strengths and weakness of the various methods. Specific etiologies are presented and grouped by clinical diagnosis categories, along with brief comments concerning each disorder and its relevant diagnostic assays. This organization provides an abstracted list of infectious disorders commonly considered for the various clinical presentations and a summary of available ser...
Axon JE, Palmer JE.The neonatal foal is in a period of transition between fetal and extrauterine life. The clinicopathologic findings in this period often reflect the in utero environment; thus, results need to be interpreted with the knowledge of changes that intrauterine life may produce. These changes can also assist the veterinarian in identifying a foal at high risk for developing clinical problems. The veterinarian should also be aware of the normal variations in clinicopathologic findings that occur as the foal matures. As with results from all diagnostic testing, the clinicopathologic results need to be ...
Marcoux M, Picandet V, Céleste C, Macieira S, Morisset S, Rossier Y, Schambourg M, Jean D.This study was aimed at evaluating the tolerability and the efficacy of palatal sclerotherapy in juvenile standardbred racehorses with easily audible "snoring-like" respiratory noises suspected to be the result of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. The palate of 8 horses was injected with sodium tetradecyl sulfate under videoendoscopic guidance. Palatal sclerotherapy resulted in resolution of the respiratory noise in 7 horses, improvement of performance in 6 horses, and mild side effects in only 3 horses. This preliminary study suggests that palatal sclerotherapy is a safe, r...
Jung C, Hospes R, Bostedt H, Litzke LF.To report on the outcome of surgical treatment of uterine torsion in preterm mares. Methods: Retrospective case series of pregnant mares with uterine torsion presented to the Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals. Methods: Hospital records of all pregnant mares that underwent ventral midline laparotomy for uterine torsion between 1998 and 2004 were reviewed. The signalment, history, clinical signs, results of diagnostic procedures, direction and degree of the uterine twist, treatment and outcome were retrieved from each case record. Results: This study com...
Pollock S, Stover SM, Hull ML, Galuppo LD.The first objective of this study was to experimentally determine surface bone strain magnitudes and directions at the donor site for bone grafts, the site predisposed to stress fracture, the medial and cranial aspects of the transverse cross section corresponding to the stress fracture site, and the middle of the diaphysis of the humerus of a simplified in vitro laboratory preparation. The second objective was to determine whether computing strains solely in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the humerus in the mathematical model was inherently limited by comparing the strains measured...
Loynachan AT, Bryant UK, Williams NM.A 35-year-old horse was submitted to the necropsy service at the University of Kentucky Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center. At necropsy, multiple 1-4-cm-diameter cystic structures were incidentally identified unilaterally in the right renal medulla and the cortex. On histologic examination, the cystic structures compressed the normal renal architecture, were lined by tall columnar epithelium that formed occasional papillary projections, and contained large amounts of mucicarmine and periodic acid-Schiff-positive mucinous material. The masses were diagnosed as renal mucus-gland cystadenomas. T...
Driessen B, Scandella M, Zarucco L.To develop a technique for placing continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) catheters adjacent to palmar nerves in horses and to evaluate the effect of low-volume local anesthetic (LA) infusion on nociception in the distal equine thoracic limb. Methods: In vitro and in vivo laboratory investigation. STUDY MATERIAL AND ANIMALS: Forty-two thoracic limbs from 22 equine cadavers and five horses. Methods: Thoracic limb specimens were dissected to find landmarks for catheter insertion adjacent to medial and lateral palmar nerves. Based on the anatomy of the proximal metacarpus, a technique for placi...
Fransson BA.This article reviews the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of rectal perforation and rectocutaneous fistula in small animals. In addition, the literature regarding use of enterostomy in small animals is reviewed and comparative aspects of this procedure in humans and horses are presented. A case report of rectal perforation leading to rectocutaneous fistula formation and the use of colostomy in the management of the case is presented.
Murphy J.There is an inherent element of risk associated with "backing" and riding the previously unbroken horse. If training proceeds too quickly, conflict behaviors may result from the simultaneous application of too many cues. Automated horse walkers (AHW) facilitate the exercising of several horses concurrently at walk or trot for warm-up, cool-down, fitness programs, and rehabilitation purposes. The objective of this study was to investigate if backing the horse within the AHW was an appropriate training method. Ten horses (3-year-olds) took part in this study. They began training within the AHW w...
Kay AT, Spirito MA, Rodgerson DH, Brown SE.To describe a surgical technique for repair of grade IV rectal tears after parturition in mares and to report outcome. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: Horses (n=6) with grade IV rectal tears. Methods: Mares were sedated and restrained in standing stocks. After caudal anesthesia and evacuation of feces from the rectum, the perineal region was aseptically prepared. Four stay sutures were placed through the external anal sphincter before vertical transection (12 o'clock). Caudal retraction of the tear was performed using Allis tissue forceps (5 mares) or stay sutures before accurate apposition...
Vinardell T, David F, Morisset S.To describe a direct arthroscopic approach to the suprapatellar pouch (SPP), its intra-articular anatomy, and report our clinical experience with SPP arthroscopy. Methods: (1) Experimental study and (2) retrospective clinical study. Methods: (1) Cadaveric equine hind limbs (n=24; 14 horses) and (2) 5 horses. Methods: Four femoropatellar joints (FPJ) were dissected or injected with latex to document surface landmarks and topographic anatomy. (1) Arthroscopic exploration of 20 SPP (10 equine cadavers) was performed and described, followed by dissection. (2) Medical records of horses that had FPJ...
Tóth F, Schumacher J, Schramme M, Holder T, Adair HS, Donnell RL.To describe pathologic changes in the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (DBLPN) of horses determined to be lame because of proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD), and to report the outcome after treatment by excision of a segment of the horses' DBLPN. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Adult horses (n=16). Methods: Horses determined to be lame on one or both pelvic limbs because of PSD were treated by excision of a segment of the DBLPN, and 30 nerves were examined histologically. Owners were contacted to obtain information about the horses >or=6 months after surgery. Results: H...
Cohen JM, Schneider RK, Zubrod CJ, Sampson SN, Tucker RL.(1) To describe the clinical signs and abnormalities observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 7 horses with desmitis of the distal digital annular ligament (DDAL); (2) to describe the normal magnetic resonance (MR) appearance and thickness of the DDAL in health; and (3) to describe a tenoscopic surgical technique for treating horses with desmitis of the DDAL. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: Horses (n=7) with desmitis of the DDAL. Methods: MR examinations of 20 sound horses were reviewed to determine the normal appearance of the DDAL. Dimensions obtained from these images were com...
Hance SR, Bramlage LR, Schneider RK, Embertson RM.Medical records of 38 horses less than 1 year of age and diagnosed as having a fracture of the femoral diaphysis, metaphysis or distal physis were evaluated. Twenty-six foals had fractures of the femoral diaphysis or metaphysis with the most common fracture configuration being comminuted. Twelve foals had distal physeal fractures with the most common fracture configuration being a Salter-Harris type II. Twenty-one foals with fractures of the capital femoral physis, neck or greater trochanter during the same time period were excluded from this study. Surgical repair was attempted in 16 diaphyse...
Wilson KE, Bogers SH, Council-Troche RM, Davis JL.To determine the effects of general anesthesia on the safety and efficacy of co-administered potassium penicillin G (PEN) and gentamicin (GENT) in horses. Methods: Nonrandomized crossover. Methods: Six adult, Thoroughbred horses. Methods: Horses were administered PEN (22 000 IU/kg IV) and GENT (6.6 mg/kg IV). Plasma samples were collected over a 6 h period and synovial fluid was collected at 30 min and 6 h respectively. Drug administration and sample collection protocols were repeated after at least a 48 hour washout period and induction of anesthesia using xylazine/ketamine and main...
Southwood LL, Baxter GM, Hutchison JM, Shuster R.To obtain information from specialists in equine surgery as to prevalence of, predisposing factors for, and methods to prevent postoperative adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery. Methods: Survey. Methods: Surveys were mailed to 196 diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons involved in equine practice. Results: 60 (31%) surveys were returned. Most respondents (55/60) routinely informed clients of the risk of postoperative adhesion formation in horses with small intestinal lesions. When asked after which procedures they routinely used measures to prevent adhe...
Steckel RR.Bone scanning to help diagnose orthopedic disease has been used in human patients for over two decades. The value of this diagnostic tool has been well established in helping to identify a variety of musculoskeletal conditions. It has only recently been used by veterinarians for more accurate characterization of equine musculoskeletal disease. The technique offers the major advantage of increased sensitivity over standard radiographic imaging. The case material illustrated here shows that except for consistent identification of bone cysts, most of the pathologic changes to the horse's musculos...
Palmieri G, Panu R, Asole A, Farina V, Sanna L, Gabbi C.The most developed and organized lamina running trough the biceps brachii muscle belly forms a well-marked tendinous intersection connecting the proximal tendon with the distal one. Moreover, the lacertus fibrosus arises from this lamina close to the distal tendon and blends with the fascia of the forearm and joins the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The nerve supply for the biceps tendinous intersection arises from the intramuscular rami of the musculo-cutaneous nerve, whereas the lacertus fibrosus is provided with some cutaneous rami of the same nerve. The biceps brachii tendinous intersecti...
Werner HW.Prepurchase examination provides a significant opportunity for veterinarians to offer an important professional service to the equine industry. When the service is performed competently and ethically, prospective buyers and sellers will recommend the examining veterinarian to fellow horse owners and professionals. To become comfortable with and skilled at performing prepurchase examinations, a veterinarian must understand the operational challenges associated with this service-and master them. Veterinarians performing prepurchase examinations should address the needs and manage the expectation...
Orsini PG, Raker CW, Reid CF, Mann P.The normal radiographic anatomy of the equine larynx was determine by use of xeroradiography and dissection. The body and laminae of the thyroid cartilage, the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilages, and the dorsal lamina and arch of the cricoid cartilage had radiographic evidence of mineralization (calcification) and/or ossification in clinically normal horses. There was a significant (P less than 0.01) increase in the degree of mineralization of the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages with advancing age. Horses with diagnosis of arytenoid chondrosis (arytenoid chondral dysplasia, arytenoi...
Giusto G, Gandini M, Amedeo S.To determine effects of staple size, precompression time, and tissue thickness on staple shape and tissue approximation in side-to-side jejunocecal anastomosis in equine specimens. Methods: Cecum, ileum, and jejunum specimens obtained from 18 healthy horses at an abattoir. Methods: Specimens were allotted into 2 groups. Anastomoses were stapled with 4.8-or 3.8-mm staples. Precompression time was 15 seconds for both groups. Staple lines were cut into proximal, middle, and distal sections. Thickness of intestinal walls was measured with a calibrated tissue micrometer, photographs were obtained, ...
Robinson P, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, Sullins KE, DeTolve PG, Robinson NE.Recent studies have evaluated surgical techniques aimed at reducing noise and improving airway function in horses with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). These techniques require general anaesthesia and are invasive. A minimally invasive transnasal surgical technique for treatment of RLN that may be employed in the standing, sedated horse would be advantageous. Objective: To determine whether unilateral laser-assisted ventriculocordectomy (LVC) improves upper airway function and reduces noise during inhalation in exercising horses with laryngeal hemiplegia (LH). Methods: Six Standardbred ho...
Groom LM, White NA, Adams MN, Barrett JG.Lesions of the distal deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) are frequently diagnosed using MRI in horses with foot pain. Intralesional injection of biologic therapeutics shows promise in tendon healing; however, accurate injection of distal deep digital flexor tendon lesions within the hoof is difficult. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate accuracy of a technique for injection of the deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof using MRI-guidance, which could be performed in standing patients. We hypothesized that injection of the distal deep digital flexor tendon within the hoof coul...
Archer RM, Knight CG, Bishop WJ.Six horses from several geographical locations in New Zealand presented with signs of guttural pouch mycosis. All horses had experienced epistaxis within 14 days of presentation. Results: In five horses with epistaxis, a diagnosis of guttural pouch mycosis was made on endoscopic observation of fungal plaques in the affected guttural pouches. One of these cases died before surgery was attempted. The remaining four cases underwent ligation and balloon catheter occlusion of the internal carotid artery of the affected pouch. Three of these horses survived and were reported to be healthy 1 year aft...
Iff I, Mosing M, Moens Y.The objectives of this study were to measure the pressure in the caudal extradural space of standing horses and to evaluate the usefulness of pressure waves to identify correct needle placement. Caudal extradural pressure was measured in 12 healthy horses. The pressure and any extradural pressure waves were recorded for 3min after puncture, for 1min after testing for lack of resistance (LOR), and for 10min after lidocaine injection. Successful extradural drug administration was confirmed in all horses. The median extradural pressure findings after puncture, after LOR, immediately after injecti...
Mishra PC, Leach DH.The extrinsic and intrinsic venous drainage of the equine hoof have previously been poorly described. There is also an absence of information about the venous organisation of both primary and secondary dermal lamellae of the hoof wall. The purpose of this study was to describe the normal venous pattern of the horse hoof, especially that associated with the dermal lamellae of the wall. The venous organisation of 46 pairs of hooves from clinically healthy horses was studied using standard plastic vascular corrosion casts and histological sections. A consistent pattern of venous organisation was ...
Arnold CE, Taylor T, Chaffin MK, Schott HC, Caron JP.To report technique for, and outcome after, nephrectomy through a ventral median celiotomy in equids. Methods: Case series. Methods: Equids with unilateral renal disease (n = 6), aged 2 months to 18 years, weighing 90-434 kg. Methods: A ventral median celiotomy was used to access the left or right kidney. To facilitate surgical exposure, the small intestine was reflected towards the diaphragm using laparotomy sponges and the ascending colon was exteriorized and in some cases evacuated. The peritoneum over the affected kidney was incised and blunt dissection used to free the kidney from the ret...
Duncan ID, Schneider RK, Hammang JP.The suprascapular nerve from 14 horses, which had no clinical evidence of spinatus muscle atrophy, were obtained to determine whether the nerve was sub-clinically compressed at the scapular edge. The nerves were divided into three portions, proximal and distal to the scapular edge and as it reflected around it. In nine horses there was evidence of a chronic neuropathy which varied in severity and which was most severe at the site of reflection, where the nerve appeared constricted by a tendinous band. At this site the predominant change was that of chronic demyelination and remyelination, with...
Quéré E, Bourzac C, Farfan M, Losada A, Volmer C, Mespoulhès-Rivière C.An 18-year-old French Trotter mare was presented to the Clinique Equine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, for exploration of a 3-month-duration vaginal bleeding. A transrectal ultrasound examination identified a mass within the right uterine horn wall, which had been suspected during transrectal palpation. It was described as a firm heterogeneous intramural mass (7 × 12 cm) in the right uterine horn, located few centimeters cranially to the bifurcation. Hysteroscopy confirmed the ulcerated and irregular shape of the mass. A standing hand-assisted flank laparoscopy was performed to ca...
Bryant HA, Dixon JJ, Weller R, Bolt DM.The diagnostic value of positive contrast radiography in the work-up of suspected synovial infection in horses with limb wounds near synovial structures has yet to be systematically evaluated. Objective: To determine the specificity, sensitivity and positive and negative predictive values of positive contrast radiography for identification of synovial infection in a population of horses with limb wounds. Methods: Retrospective case study comparing the performance of positive contrast radiography to the gold standard of synovial fluid cytology in horses presenting with limb wounds in the vicini...
Rezende ML, Boscan P, Stanley SD, Mama KR, Steffey EP.To characterize cardiovascular, respiratory and biochemical effects and recovery behavior associated with a 3-hour continuous infusion of a micellar microemulsion propofol formulation in horses. Methods: Prospective experimental trial. Methods: Six healthy adult horses, 9 +/- 2 years old and weighing 557 +/- 14 kg. Methods: All horses received xylazine (1 mg kg(-1), IV) 5 minutes prior to anesthetic induction. Each horse was anesthetized on two occasions with a 5% micellar microemulsion propofol formulation (2 mg kg(-1), IV); first as a single bolus (phase I) and then as a 3-hour continuous in...
McKlveen TL, Jones JC, Sponenberg DP, Scarratt K, Ward DL, Aardema CH.To describe the anatomic features of the pituitary gland region in horses via computed tomography (CT) and determine the accuracy of CT for estimating normal equine pituitary gland dimensions. Methods: 25 adult horses with no clinical signs of pituitary disease. Methods: Transverse CT images and gross transverse tissue sections were compared in 2 horses. Contrast-enhanced CT of the pituitary gland region was performed postmortem in 23 horses with 4 slice thickness and interval settings (10-mm contiguous or overlapping slices and 4-mm contiguous or overlapping slices). Gross and CT estimates of...
Spoormakers TJ, Graat EA, ter Braake F, Stout TA, Bergman HJ.Previous surveys have reported that mare and foal survival after correction of uterine torsion (UT) varies from 60 to 84% and from 30 to 54%, respectively. Furthermore, resolution via a standing flank laparotomy (SFL) has been associated with better foal, but not mare, survival. Objective: To compare the success of SFL with other correction methods (e.g. midline or flank laparotomy under general anaesthesia; correction per vaginam). Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records. Methods: Data on correction technique, stage of gestation, degree of rotation, survival and subsequent fertili...
Morris TB, Lumsden JM, Dunlop CI, Locke V, Sommerauer S, Hurcombe SDA.The nociceptive blockade of locoregional anesthesia prior to surgical stimulation can decrease anesthetic agent requirement and thereby potential dose-dependent side effects. The use of an ipsilateral second and third cervical spinal nerve locoregional anesthetic block for prosthetic laryngoplasty in the anesthetized horses has yet to be described. Anesthetic records of 20 horses receiving locoregional anesthesia prior to laryngoplasty were reviewed and compared to 20 horses of a similar patient cohort not receiving locoregional anesthesia. Non-blocked horses were 11 times more likely to requi...
McDonald TL, Burger D.Initial separation and concentration of Clq from fresh, normal equine serum was accomplished by precipitation in 0.02 M acetate buffer, pH 5.5, at 4 degrees for 24 h. The re-dissolved precipitate was clarified by centrifugation at 80,000 g for 1 h and then dialysed against Tris-HCl buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.0) containing 10-3 M EDTA. The clarified dialysate remained biologically active at 5 degrees for at least 4 weeks. Biological activity of equine Clq was determined by assay of its ability to agglutinate sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA). Following ammonium sulphate fractionation, Sepharose 4B g...
Cruz AM, Pharr JW, Bailey JV, Barber SM, Fretz PB.To evaluate podotrochlear bursa (navicular bursa) endoscopy as a diagnostic technique in horses and to correlate observations to radiographic and pathologic findings. Methods: Descriptive study. Methods: Seventeen equine cadaver forelimbs. Methods: Five standard radiographic views of the navicular region and a bursographic study with lateromedial and caudal tangential radiographic views were taken of each forelimb. Radiographic scoring of the navicular bone (0, excellent; 1, good; 2, fair; 3, poor) was performed using a previously reported technique. Endoscopic examination was performed using ...
Brink P, Skydsgaard M, Teige J, Tverdal A, Dolvik NI.To develop a scoring system for histopathologic changes in the synovium of tarsocrural joints (TCJs) of horses with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and to test for association between histopathologic changes and joint effusion or lameness. Methods: 93 horses with OCD of the intermediate ridge of the tibia of 1 or both TCJs (134 joints) and 38 control horses without disease of TCJs (38 joints). Methods: For OCD-affected horses, pretreatment lameness, TCJ effusion, and results of pelvic limb flexion test were scored. Synovial biopsy specimens were obtained from TCJs of OCD-affected horses during...
Everett E, Barrett JG, Morelli J, DeVita R.To compare in vitro biomechanical properties of a novel suture pattern to a current standard for primary repair of equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) laceration. Methods: In vitro randomized, paired design. Methods: Cadaveric equine forelimb SDFT (n = 24). Methods: The 3-loop pulley (3LP) and 6-strand Savage (SSS) suture patterns were applied to transected equine SDFT. Ultimate failure load, stiffness, mode of failure, and load required to form a 3-mm gap were obtained using a materials testing system and synchronized high-speed video analysis. Statistical comparisons were made us...
Buss DD, Rwalings CA, Bisgard GE.Twelve-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 52 resting mature female domestic grade ponies. Evaluation of the 50 ECG's ultimately selected for analysis revealed numerous differences from accepted normal values of horses. Among these differences are shorter durations of the P and QRS complexes as well as P-R and Q-T intervals and a lower amplitude of the P wave. Pony ECG's displayed a lower incidence of wandering pacemaker and complete absence of second degree atrioventricular block, in contrast to the relatively routine occurrence of these phenomena in the horse. The existence of ...
Sod GA, Riggs LM, Mitchell CF, Hubert JD, Martin GS.To compare in vitro monotonic biomechanical properties of an axial 3-hole, 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) using 5.5 mm cortical screws in conjunction with 2 abaxial transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion (DCP-TLS) with 3 parallel transarticular 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in lag fashion (3-TLS) for the equine proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis. Methods: Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of 2 methods of stabilizing cadaveric adult equine forelimb PIP joints. Methods: Cadaveric adult equine forelimbs (n=15 pairs). Methods: For each fore...
Johnston JK, Morris DD.Sixty-eight horses with colic caused by small intestinal disease were allotted into 2 groups of 34 on the basis of recorded findings during exploratory celiotomy, necropsy, or response to medical treatment alone. Signalment, history, physical examination findings, and laboratory findings were compared between the group of horses with small intestinal obstruction and the group with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis. A significantly greater proportion of horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis were older than 2 years old (P less than 0.05). Differences in sex or breed distribution, or in seasonali...
Deutsch J, Ekiri A, de Vries A.To compare alfaxalone as continuous intravenous (IV) infusion with intermittent IV injections for maintenance of anaesthesia in ponies undergoing castration. Methods: Prospective, randomized, 'blinded' clinical study. Methods: A group of 33 entire male Welsh ponies undergoing field castration. Methods: After preanaesthetic medication with IV detomidine (10 μg kg) and butorphanol (0.05 mg kg), anaesthesia was induced with IV diazepam (0.05 mg kg) followed by alfaxalone (1 mg kg). After random allocation, anaesthesia was maintained with either IV alfaxalone 2 mg kg hour (group A; n ...
Wagner AE, Dunlop CI, Wertz EM, Chapman PL.To determine whether hemodynamic responses of halothane-anesthetized horses undergoing surgical procedures depended on anesthetic induction protocols used, and to determine whether hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation could be detected. Methods: Prospective experimental study without controls. Methods: 36 clinically normal horses. Methods: Horses were allotted to 5 groups according to anesthetic induction protocol: acepromazine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, acepromazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, xylazine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, xylazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, and xylazine/diazepam/ketamine. Anest...
