Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Plummer G, Bowling CP, Goodheart CR.Four equine herpesviruses (equine abortion virus, equine herpesvirus types 2 and 3, and equine cytomegalovirus) were compared. The equine abortion virus did not cross-neutralize with any of the other viruses, but the other three did show varying degrees of cross-neutralization among themselves. Equine abortion virus grew more quickly in tissue cultures than did the others, and attained higher titers of infectivity in the culture fluid; it also formed plaques in a wider range of tissue culture species, although the other three were not specific for one tissue culture system only, in that they w...
Allen TE, Bligh J.1. The temporal patterns of cutaneous water vapour loss from the skin of the sheep, goat, ox, horse, donkey and llama during exposure to 40°C Ta and during i.v. injections and infusions of adrenaline are examined.
2. It is concluded that there are marked species variations in the extent to which the discharge of sweat is affected by periodic contractions of the myoepithelium, or by simple displacement of fluid from the filled lumen as more fluid is secreted into it.
Osbaldiston GW, Coffman JR, Stowe EC.Clinical pathological investigations in a case of equine isoerythrolysis are reported. Plasma and milk from the dam strongly agglutinated the foal's red blood cells at fifth day post partum. Red blood cells from one liter of the mare's blood were separated from plasma and after three successive washings with saline were successfully transfused into the foal. Elevated plasma transaminase activity, hypoglycemia, hypogammaglobinemia, and renal embarrassment were observed in this foal. The changes in the various plasma constituents are discussed.
Bykovsky AF, Yershov FI, Zhdanov VM.Morphogenesis of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus was studied by means of electron microscopy. Virus-specific structures (factories, viroplasts) were found at early stages of infection; these structures were composed of fibrillar and cylindrical formations, aggregates of ribosomes, and viral nucleoids. The latter emerged from fibrillar and cylindrical structures. Aggregates of viral nucleoids were found in the cytoplasm and occasionally in the nuclei of virus-infected cells. Viral envelopes and mature virions were formed on the cell membranes and on the membranes of intracellular vacu...
Srivastava SK, Beutler E.1. Erythrocytes from normal and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient humans were subjected to hydrogen peroxide diffusion to oxidize the GSH. Studies were carried out in the presence and absence of chromate to inhibit glutathione reductase and with or without the addition of glucose. 2. The GSH content of erythrocytes from other species was oxidized by subjecting them to hydrogen peroxide diffusion in the presence of chromate and glucose. 3. Chromate (1.3mm) inhibited glutathione reductase by about 80%, whereas glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, hexokin...
Suontama M, van der Werf JH, Juga J, Ojala M.Genetic correlations for body measurements and subjectively scored traits between foals and studbook horses were estimated using bivariate linear mixed models. Observations for nine foal and eleven studbook traits in Finnhorses on 6529 foals and 6596 studbook horses and in Standardbred trotters on 3069 foals and 2112 studbook horses were available from the Finnish horse breeding shows. The number of sires with progeny in both foal and studbook data was 203 in Finnhorse and 145 in Standardbred trotters. Estimates of heritability for body measurements in foals and studbook horses using univariat...
Boles C.Emergency equine abdominal surgery is easiest and most efficiently carried out with a team of surgeons. The surgical site should be as protected as possible by the use of sterile drapes and wound protectors. A ventral midline laparotomy incision has been found to be the most convenient approach to most equine intestinal obstructions. A standing laparotomy through the left paralumbar fossa gives adequate exposure for exploration of the abdomen and is, therefore, useful as a diagnostic tool. Horses tolerate having both ventral midline and left paralumbar laparotomy incisions well. If the cause o...
Landoni MF, Foot R, Frean S, Lees P.The objective of this study was to analyse the effects of 4 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the production of beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine synoviocytes. The agents studied were flunixin, tolfenamic acid, S(+)ketoprofen (KTP) and R(-)ketoprofen. LPS-induced release of beta-glu from synoviocytes was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by all 4 compounds, tolfenamic acid being the most potent. Of the 2 KTP enant...
López-Plana C, Sautet JY, Ruberte J, Sabaté D.Histochemical and morphometric parameters of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle of the horse are presented. Using myosin ATPase staining after acid preincubation, 3 fibre types (I, IIA and IIC) were identified. Using NADH-TR staining, type I fibres showed high oxidative capacity, whereas type II fibres had high or low oxidative capacity. The type I to type II ratio was of 35:65. This ratio remained constant in the age range examined. Statistically significant (p < 0.01) differences were found in values for fibre size between groups of horses weighing more than 500 kg and less than 400 k...
Hagedorn HW, Schulz R, Jaeschke G.An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the anabolic steroid boldenone in equine blood and urine. The polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits, employing boldenone-17-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin as antigen. Boldenone-17-hemisuccinate-horseradish peroxidase served as enzyme conjugate. Sensitivity of the assay was 26.0 +/- 3.0 pg/well. Among the endogenous steroids tested only progesterone and testosterone exhibited moderate cross-reactivities, 3.4 and 2.5%, respectively. These cross-reactivities are of no importance for the boldenone assay. For the reductio...
Henion JD, Maylin GA.A sensitive, quantitative method has been developed for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide in equine plasma and urine. Thin-layer chromatography is used to screen for the presence of the drug in unknown samples. The TLC screening methods described provide minimum detection limits of 50 ng/mL in plasma and 25 ng/mL in urine. A silica micro chromatography column is used to clean up ethyl acetate extracts for HPLC analysis and mass spectral confirmation. An internal standard, trichloromethiazide, is used to derive quantitative data at concentrations as low as 25 ng/mL for plasma disappearan...
Monkos K.This paper presents the results of viscosity determinations on aqueous solutions of equine, porcine and rabbit serum albumin over a wide range of concentrations and at temperatures ranging from 5 degrees C to (42-45) degrees C. The results are compared with human and bovine serum albumin previously studied. Viscosity-temperature dependence is discussed on the basis of the modified Arrhenius formula. The effective specific volume, the activation energy and entropy of viscous flow for all investigated albumins are compared. Viscosity-concentration dependence, in turn, is discussed on the basis o...
Kalpokas I, Martínez MN, Cavestany D, Perdigón F, Mattos RC, Meikle A.We investigated the early effects of the equine embryo on maternal serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), leptin and adiponectin, uterine immune cells and genes and proteins related to embryo development and the maintenance of pregnancy. Ipsilateral endometrial expression was assessed on Days 7 and 13 after ovulation for the following transcripts: oestrogen receptor ERα (ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), progestin and adipoQ receptor family member 5 (PAQR5), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), raf-1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine k...
Novelli EL, Rodrigues NL, Chiacchio SB.Biochemical values are widely related with environmental agents, sex and age, and are used in disease diagnosis. Numerous reports have been published on the biochemical parameters of different breeds of horses. However, there is a paucity of information concerning Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), ceruloplasmin, copper and zinc determinations in the serum. Blood samples from a total of 60 horses of the Mangalarga-Paulista breed, representing three age groups (0 to 4 months old, 6 to 18 months old and adult) were examined. Male horses have a higher mean value of SOD, ceruloplasmin and copper th...
Peachey KL, Lower T. To assess demographic and causal factors of fatal farm incidents involving animals in Australia. Descriptive study of the National Coronial Information System for persons fatally injured by an animal on an Australian farm over the 2001-20 period. Data were analysed in relation to age, sex, state where incident occurred, work-relatedness and causal agents. There has been little change in the mean number of animal-related injury deaths across Australia in the 2001-20 period (mean 6.5), however this is a 35% reduction on an earlier 1989-92 assessment (mean 10). The majority of incidents (81%) ...
Stratil A, Tomásek V, Bobák P, Glasnák V.Homozygous horse transferrin (Tf O) is highly heterogeneous. In starch gel electrophoresis it gives at least 9 zones. Two main components (2a and 4b) were purified by rivanol and ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and SP-Sephadex chromatography. Molecular weights of 75 200 and 80 500 for components 2a and 4b, respectively, were determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Amino acid compositions of the two components were similar, and there were no differences in the N-terminus (glutamic acid followed by glutamine) and the C-terminus (valine). Differe...
Woollam DH.The history of teratology is reviewed. Methods available for causing malformations in mammals by subtle changes in the environment during pregnancy are discussed. A table is provided in which the commoner teratogens are listed. Methods are described by means of which the activity of some common teratogens may be opposed. The occurrence at Battle Creek, Michigan, USA, of a chemical agent dangerous to health, life and development of all mammals is described. This gives an indication that injury and death to all mammals, as in the Sevaso disaster, including teratogenesis may be expected to be a f...
Owens JG, Kamerling SG, Keowen ML.The eicosanoids are a family of lipid-derived autocoids that are released in response to a variety of physical and hormonal stimuli. In this study, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were measured in the digital veins of clinically normal horses and horses with chronic laminitis to determine whether these arachidonic acid metabolites have a role in mediating signs of hoof pain and lesions associated with chronic laminitis. Horses were evaluated at rest and after a brief exercise period, to determine whether eicosanoids are released into the circulation after mild concussion. Dig...
Gandini M.To compare 3 dorsal techniques for arthrocentesis of the distal interphalangeal joint in horses with regard to ease of performing the technique and to determine the role of operator experience in ease of performing these techniques. Methods: Observational study. Sample Population-Forelimbs from 17 equine cadavers and 12 horses (16 joints) undergoing arthrocentesis for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Methods: In both forelimbs from 7 of the equine cadavers, 3 arthrocentesis techniques (dorsal perpendicular, dorsolateral, and dorsal inclined) were performed in random order by a single experi...
Aida Y, Okada K, Kageyama R, Amanuma H.Tumor-associated antigens that are expressed in lymphosarcoma B cells of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis had been analyzed in terms of their reactivity with 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAB). By use of flow cytometry and radioimmunoprecipitation, 1 of the MAB (c143) that recognized a tumor-associated antigen cross-reacted with blood lymphocytes (BL) from various mammalian species. By use of flow cytometry, the c143 MAB reacted with 10 to 49% of BL derived from human beings, mice, dogs, horses, pigs, llamas, sheep, goats, and cattle. Titer of the c143 MAB with BL from horses, pigs, human bein...
Manohar M, Goetz TE, Sullivan E, Griffin R.The present study was carried out to examine the effects of phenylbutazone treatment on the pulmonary haemodynamic effects of frusemide in strenuously exercising horses. Using catheter mounted manometers, whose in vivo signals were referenced at the point of the shoulder, heart rate, right atrial, right ventricular and pulmonary vascular pressures were measured in 3 different sets of experiments. Seven Thoroughbreds were subjected to 1) control (no medications), 2) frusemide control and 3) phenylbutazone + frusemide. The experiments were carried out in random order and were separated by 7 days...
Garcia P, Paris AC, Leufroy A, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y.A quantitative method, using LC/ESI-MS(n) with a quadrupole linear ion trap mass analyzer, has been developed for the analysis of ipratropium cation in horse plasma and urine. The method applies solid-phase extraction with WCX cartridges for plasma and MM2 cartridges for urine, prior to analysis by LC/ESI-MS(n). The efficiency of extraction combined with the sensitivity and the selectivity of MS(n) allows for the quantification of ipratropium cation at picogram per milliliter levels. The analytical capabilities of the method have been successfully checked by the quantitative analysis of ipratr...
Amann JF, Smith RM, Ganjam VK, Paull WK, McClure RC, Green EM, Garner HE.The distribution of cells that stain positive for beta-endorphin and ACTH immunoreactivity was studied in the pars intermedia (PI) of the hypophysis in 3 healthy horses and 2 healthy ponies. Serial sections treated with commercial antibodies generated against beta-endorphin or ACTH were processed for immunocytochemical studies, using the avidin biotin immunoperoxidase-complex method. Distribution patterns of cells reacting with antibodies were similar in cells from all equids. Cells immunostained for ACTH were numerous and widely distributed in the PI. Cells immunopositive for ACTH probably co...
Aguilera-Tejéro E, Pascoe JR, Woliner MJ.Effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and furosemide (FUR) on the respiratory tract of horses were evaluated, focusing on bronchial responsiveness. Four healthy Thoroughbreds were used and data were analyzed by use of a Latin square design. Histamine provocation tests (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 micrograms/min, i.v.) were done: (1) without prior treatment with PBZ or FUR, (2) 30 minutes after administration of PBZ (8 mg/kg, i.v.), (3) 1 hour after administration of FUR (1 mg/kg, i.v.), and (4) after administration of PBZ plus FUR. Pulmonary function tests (dynamic compliance, resistance, respiratory frequency...
DiPietro JA, Paul A, Todd KS.Forty horses from a herd known to have benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles were treated with mebendazole (8.8 mg/kg) or combinations of mebendazole and piperazine monohydrochloride (25, 40, or 55 mg of piperazine base/kg). Pretreatment and 7-day posttreatment fecal examinations were done. Fecal cultures and strongyle egg per gram (epg) counts, and in vitro testing for benzimidazole resistance were performed. Results of fecal examinations prior to treatment were similar in all horses, and results of testing were positive for benzimidazole resistance. Horses treated with mebendazole and pip...
Pusterla N, Hagerty D, Mapes S, Vangeem J, Groves LT, Dinucci M, Fielding LC, Higgins JC.This study investigated the role of a district irrigation canal in Nevada County, California, USA, as the point source of infection for Neorickettsia risticii, causative agent of equine neorickettsiosis (EN). A total of 568 freshwater snails comprising Juga spp., Planorbella subcrenata (Carpenter, 1857) (Rough Rams-horn), Physella virgata (Gould, 1855) (Protean Physa) and feces from three horses with EN were collected and tested for N. risticii by real-time PCR. A total of four freshwater snails tested PCR positive for N. risticii. Phylogenetic analysis showed 99.8-100% homology between the di...
Kelling CL, Schipper IA, Schermeister LJ, Vacik JP.Extracts of 28 plants were tested without demonstable antiviral activity in an agar-overlay plaque-reduction antiviral assay system, using infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and bovine endocardial cell cultures. Ethanolic extract of Narcissus tazetta L bulb elicited antiviral activity by inhibition of viral plaque formation. Antiviral activity was demonstrated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and equine rhinopneumonitis viruses. Narcissus tazetta L bulb did not directly inactivate the virus extracellularly. The extract exhibited only limited toxicity to rapidly multiplying bovine...
Labruna MB, Amaku M.The present study evaluated the engorgement and drop-off rhythms of Anocentor nitens females feeding on horses. Drop-off rhythm was evaluated at 6h-intervals (06:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 00:00 h) on horses held in stalls or in a pasture. A new method of marking feeding female ticks (the bowknot technique) was developed to evaluate ticks on horses in pasture that attached to different parts of the horse's body. This technique was highly successful, indicating no significant interference on tick engorgement rate or final tick weight, length and reproductive capability. Horses held in the pasture du...
Edwards GT.Of 1388 horses and ponies examined at two abattoirs in the north of England from November 1979 to September 1981, 123 (8.7 per cent) showed evidence of hydatid infection. Prevalence of infection was closely related to age, rising from nil in animals up to two years old to over 20 per cent of those over eight years. Full-mouthed horses and ponies had similar prevalence rates (14.9 and 14.5 per cent, respectively), but horses had nearly twice as many viable infections as ponies. The prevalence of infection varied with the region of origin of full-mouthed horses and ponies, with 18 per cent of th...
Kriegshäuser G, Kuechler E, Skern T.Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) is a picornavirus which causes an acute respiratory infection in horses worldwide, and virus neutralization (VN) has been the standard method for the detection of ERAV antibody in horse serum. Previous studies have identified recombinant virion protein VP1 (rVP1) purified under native conditions to be of high potential for the development of a diagnostic ERAV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study presents an optimized protocol for the expression and purification of native full-length rVP1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, upon denaturation, rVP1 ...
Hunt RJ, Allen D, Baxter GM, Jackman BR, Parks AH.Deep digital flexor tendon transection at the mid-metacarpus was performed in 20 horses with severe acute or chronic laminitis that was not responsive to conventional treatment. Sixteen horses improved within 72 hours, one horse worsened, and two horses were unaffected by the surgery. Eleven horses survived less than 1 month after surgery and six horses survived longer than 6 months. Three horses surviving longer than 6 months have remained lame and no horse has returned to athletic performance. Transection of the deep digital flexor tendon at the mid-metacarpus may decrease the pain associate...
Rigoglio NN, Smith OE, Matias GSS, Miglino MA, Smith LC.Because of the growing importance of horses in leisure and several sports, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is being used more frequently for cloning animals for performance and reproductive purposes. However, because of the need to perforate the zona pellucida during microsurgical reconstruction of the oocyte, it is possible that SCNT-derived embryos undergo premature hatching, resulting in embryo bisection and twinning. Therefore, because equine twin pregnancies often lead to abnormal embryo development and pregnancy failure, we performed a detailed comparative assessment of equine twin ...
Cunningham FM, Andrews M, Landoni MF, Lees P.Calcium ionophore A23187 induced time and concentration dependent production of immunoreactive leukotriene (LT) B4 by equine heparinized whole blood in vitro. Time dependent production of immunoreactive LTB4 by equine neutrophils and immunoreactive LTC4 by equine eosinophils in vitro was also demonstrated. The 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors, BAY X 1005 and BAY Y 1015, produced concentration dependent inhibition of ionophore-induced LTB4 synthesis by equine whole blood (mean +/- SEM IC50s n = 5; 6.14 +/- 0.28 microM vs. 12.30 +/- 0.75 microM for BAY Y 1015 and BAY X 1005, r...
Werners A, Karasek I, Butler C, Yeatts J, Enomoto H, Baynes R.Several different tick species are known to infest horses. Aside from causing serious health and welfare issues, including anaemia, ill thrift, and immunosuppression, ticks can transmit a variety of important, sometimes zoonotic, pathogens. The successful prevention and treatment of tick infestations have been described, but the information is scarce and, in many instances, anecdotal. Here we describe a practical and affordable prevention of tick infestation by using abamectin-impregnated cattle ear tags affixed to a safety collar. We have assessed the radial distribution of abamectin by analy...
Brown L, Townsend W, Waltisbuhl D.The unique challenges that laboratories in Queensland and New South Wales faced during the response to the 2007 equine influenza outbreak and how these were managed are described.
