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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone in adult euthyroid and hypothyroid horses. The purpose of this study was to validate a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assay in a model of equine hypothyroidism. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation tests were performed in 12 healthy adult mares and geldings, aged 4 to greater than 20 years. before and during administration of the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) for 6 weeks. Serum concentrations of equine TSH, total and free thyroxine (T4), and total and free triiodothyronine (T3) were measured. Before PTU administration, mean +/- standard deviation baseline concentrations of TSH were 0.40 +/- 0.29 ng/mL. TSH incre...
An explanation of a groove found on the nasal process of the equine incisive bone. Thirteen fresh equine heads were dissected in an attempt to determine the cause of a groove frequently found on the dorsal border and medial side of the nasal process of the incisive bone. This groove appeared on both sides in 40 out of 44 equine skulls. The sulcus seems to be caused by the combined action of the lateralis nasi muscle and the medial accessory cartilage of the nose (cartilago nasalis accessoria medialis). Other sulci found on the nasal process of the bone may be explained as impressions caused by nerves.
Successful treatment of a colonic adenocarcinoma in a horse. Malignant neoplasia of the equine large colon is rare and reports
are limited to a few cases of adenocarcinoma (Traub et al. 1983;
Wright and Edwards 1984; Rottman et al. 1991; Kirchhof et al.
1996; East et al. 1998) and lymphosarcoma (Dabareiner et al.
1996). Early diagnosis of colonic neoplasia is crucial if one is to
attempt surgical resection before metastasis has occurred.
Unfortunately, microscopic (Dabareiner et al. 1996) or
macroscopic (Traub et al. 1983; Rottman et al. 1991; East et al.
1998) metastasis are often already present by the time of diagnosis
since clinical signs o...
Urea as a measure of dilution of equine synovial fluid. This paper tests the hypothesis that serum and synovial urea concentrations are similar and that urea concentration can be used as an accurate marker for synovial fluid dilution in normal equine joints. Serum and synovial fluid urea concentrations were compared in 42 horses and were equivalent for individual horses (P<0.0001). Mean +/- s.e. serum concentration was 6.1+/-0.552 mmol/l and synovial concentration 6.0+/-0.459 mmol/l. The normal range for synovial urea concentration was determined as 2.5-7.7 mmol/l. The synovial urea concentration from different synovial structures in individual hor...
Metabolism of methandrostenolone in the horse: a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigation of phase I and phase II metabolism. The phase I and phase II metabolism of the anabolic steroid methandrostenolone was investigated following oral administration to a standardbred gelding. In the phase I study, metabolites were isolated from the urine by solid-phase extraction, deconjugated by acid catalysed methanolysis and converted to their O-methyloxime trimethylsilyl derivatives. GC-MS analysis indicated the major metabolic processes to be sequential reduction of the A-ring and hydroxylation at C6 and C16. In the phase II study, unconjugated, beta-glucuronidated and sulfated metabolites were fractionated and deconjugated us...
Clinical and endoscopic evidence of progression in 152 cases of equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). Examination of the long-term histories and clinical findings was performed in 351 horses suffering from recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) to examine for possible evidence of progression of this disorder. Fifty-two out of 351 cases (15%) had evidence of progression of the degree of laryngeal dysfunction over a median period of 12 months (range 1.5-48 months) with the onset of progression occurring at median age 7 years. In 30 cases, there was both endoscopic (median deterioration of 3 endoscopic grades; range 1-5 grades) and clinical evidence, with 29 (97%) of these horses concurrently devel...
Caprine serum fraction immunomodulator as supplemental treatment of lower respiratory disease in the horse. Suppurative lower airway disease is a common debilitating disease in performance horses and, while rarely fatal, is often recalcitrant to conventional therapy. A variety of treatments have been used to combat this condition and we conducted two types of studies to determine if caprine serum fraction--immunomodulator (CSFI), a nonspecific immunomodulator, improved recovery from lower respiratory disease. Two dose response studies were performed to ascertain the efficacy of CSFI. Horses were maintained daily on conventional antibiotic therapy. Respiratory tract exudate, nasal discharge, dyspnoea...
Successful production of offspring after superovulation and in vitro culture of embryos from domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furos). In an effort to expand the use of ferrets as models for genetic disease, several experimental parameters that are required for successful genetic manipulation in this species were investigated. Optimum superovulation (19.3 +/- 0.6 oocytes and embryos per female) was achieved after injections of 100 iu equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) and 150 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). The ovulation rate achieved by the treatment was more than double that induced by mating. Mating with a male immediately after hCG treatment did not significantly alter the number of oocytes ovulated or the numbe...
Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 1: forelimb foot and carpus. This paper tests the hypothesis that the local analgesic agent mepivacaine diffuses between adjacent equine synovial structures in the forelimb and with greater frequency than latex, gelatine dye or contrast media. We report the incidence of diffusion of mepivacaine between the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and navicular bursa (NB) of the forelimbs and between the intercarpal (IC) and radiocarpal (RC) joints of 31 fresh equine cadavers. The DIPJ of one forelimb and the NB of the contra lateral forelimb and the RC joint of one forelimb and the IC joint of the contra lateral forelimb were ...
Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves. This study used a cross-over design to compare the efficacy of 3 corticosteroids for the relief of airway obstruction and inflammation in 9 heaves-affected horses. The severity of airway obstruction and inflammation was quantified by measurement of lung function and by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, respectively. Airway obstruction was induced by stabling the horses and they remained stabled during the 10 day treatment period. Lung function was measured before treatment (baseline), at Days 3, 7, and 10 of treatment, and after 30 days at pasture. BALF cytology was investigated at...
Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 2: tarsus and stifle. This paper tests the hypothesis that the local analgesic agent mepivacaine diffuses between adjacent equine synovial structures in the hindlimb and with greater frequency than latex, gelatine dye or contrast media. We report the incidence of diffusion of mepivacaine between the tarsometatarsal, centrodistal and tarsocrural joints, and the 3 synovial compartments of the stifle in 33 fresh equine cadavers. The tarsometatarsal joint and one synovial compartment of the stifle in the left limb and the centrodistal joint and a different synovial compartment of the stifle in the right limbs were inje...
Thermolysin activates equine lamellar hoof matrix metalloproteinases. Cultured equine lamellar hoof explants secrete the pro-enzymes matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, 72 kDa) and MMP-2 (92 kDa). Untreated explants remained intact when tested on a calibrated force transducer, but when treated with an MMP activator, developed "in-vitro laminitis", separating at the dermal-epidermal junction. Explants treated with the bacterial protease thermolysin separated dose-dependently; this was accompanied by activation of both MMP-2 and -9. Thermolysin-mediated MP activation did not occur in a cell-free system and was not inhibited by the addition of the MMP inhibitor and ...
Horse resistance to natural infestations of Anocentor nitens and Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae). The objective of this study was to investigate some aspects of horse resistance to natural infestations of Anocentor nitens and Amblyomma cajennense over a 2-year period. Free-living stages of A. nitens were used to evaluate the influence of season of the year on horse resistance. Every 2 weeks, 10 selected engorged females, weighing 150-329 mg, were removed from naturally infested horses and were individually placed into glass tubes closed with a cotton stopper, and maintained in an incubator. The biological parameters evaluated varied according to the season of the year, i.e., reproductive e...
Suspected adverse reactions to veterinary drugs reported in South Africa (January 1998 – February 2001). The Veterinary Pharmacovigilance Centre received 59 reports of suspected adverse drug reactions during the period January 1998 - February 2001. The number of reports received increased after the establishment of a formal procedure for recording and responding to reports. The number of reports received per species was: dogs 19, cats 15, cattle 7, sheep/ goats 6, chickens 4, pigs 3, horses 2 and giraffe 1. Many different types of adverse reactions were reported, including lack of efficacy, hypersensitivity, inappropriate use of products by non-veterinarians, known adverse effects and adverse eff...
Daily treatment of horses with equine somatotropin from 4 to 16 months of age. Fourteen foals between 4 and 4.5 mo of age were used to determine the effects of 12 mo of daily treatment with equine somatotropin (eST) on growth, metabolic, and hormonal characteristics. The foals were paired by sex, type, and lineage, and one of each pair was administered eST daily at 20 microg/kg of BW. Body weights, body measurements, and assessments of glucose tolerance and feedback effects on endogenous somatotropin (ST) secretion were made routinely. Treatment with eST did not alter (P > 0.10) BW, height at withers, length of body, widths of chest and rump, heart girth, length of he...
Comparison of pregnancy outcome in mares among methods used to evaluate and select spermatozoa for insemination. An artificial insemination dose for mares consisting of 500 million progressively motile spermatozoa is considered "standard" by most clinicians. However, little information is available directly comparing pregnancy outcome among methods of evaluating and selecting spermatozoa for insemination. The objective of this study was to determine if the method of spermatozoal evaluation and selection influences fertility as measured by pregnancy outcome. Mares were inseminated with 100 or 500 million spermatozoa that were selected for progressive motility, normal morphology, hypoosmotic swelling or ab...
Structure of equine infectious anemia virus matrix protein. The Gag polyprotein is key to the budding of retroviruses from host cells and is cleaved upon virion maturation, the N-terminal membrane-binding domain forming the matrix protein (MA). The 2.8-A resolution crystal structure of MA of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a lentivirus, reveals that, despite showing no sequence similarity, more than half of the molecule can be superimposed on the MAs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). However, unlike the structures formed by HIV-1 and SIV MAs, the oligomerization state observed is not trimeric...
IGF -I plasma concentrations in non-treated horses and horses administered with methionyl equine somatotropin. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF -I) is likely to be an indicator of somatotropin (ST) administration in the horse. To investigate the different ways ST administration may be detected, the following aspects of IGF -I concentrations in plasma were studied: (i) the daily variation; (ii) variation following a treadmill test; (iii) concentrations at rest and after exercise; and (iv) concentrations in plasma from two young horses and two adults treated with methionyl equine somatotropin (e ST). In the population of horses at rest, IGF -I mean concentration (SEM) was 261 (104) ng ml(-1). In post ra...
Plasma fibrinogen measurement in the horse: comparison of Millar’s technique with a chronometric technique and the QBC-Vet Autoreader. Plasma fibrinogen is widely used in horse practice as an unspecific positive marker of inflammatory diseases; it is also lowered in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three fibrinogen measurement methods--Millar's heat-denaturation in a microhaematocrit tube, automated reader for heat-denaturation, and chronometric measurement of clot formation after addition of excess thrombin-were compared by means of Passing-Bablock's regression and Bland-Altman difference plots, in blood plasma of 30 clinically healthy and 57 diseased horses. Correlations between the three techniques were excellent (r...
A study of the pathogenesis of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) abortion by DNA in-situ hybridization. The polymerase chain reaction and DNA in-situ hybridization were used to study sections of uterine tissue collected from mares near the time of abortion due to equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection. These techniques revealed viral nucleic acids in endothelial cells of endometrial arterioles, in accordance with previously published immunohistological data. In addition, however, they revealed nucleic acids in cellular debris within endometrial glands and diffusing across the placenta at sites of microcotyledonary infarction. Perivascular leucocytes were generally negative for viral DNA, despite ...
Identification and characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from horses. Seven group B streptococcal cultures isolated from three horses reacted with group B-specific antiserum, were CAMP positive, pigmented and showed the typical biochemical properties of Streptococcus agalactiae. The identification could be confirmed by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene and a subsequent RsaI restriction pattern typical for S. agalactiae. In addition, the isolates were identified by amplification of species specific parts of the 16S rRNA gene, the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region and by amplification of the CAMP-factor (cfb) gene. Six isolates could be classified as sero...
Analysis of non-porcine isolates of Actinobacillus suis. Twenty-four Actinobacillus suis isolates obtained from several species of non-porcine mammals were compared to the representative porcine strains, ATCC 15557 (serotype O1) and H89-1173 (serotype O2), by O serotyping, DNA fingerprinting, PCR amplification of apxICA, apxIICA and apxIIICA toxin genes and by rrs (16S rRNA) gene sequencing. Only two strains, both equine, reacted with O1 antiserum while two others, one canine and the other feline, reacted with O2 antiserum. One equine strain reacted weakly with both antisera. No amplification of apx genes was found with the non-porcine O1 or the "no...
Detection of rabies virus RNA isolated from several species of animals in Brazil by RT-PCR. Brain samples from different animal species including humans: five vampire bats, 14 cattle, 12 dogs, 11 cats, two horses, one pig, one sheep and three humans collected from various geographical regions of Brazil were found to be positive for rabies by means of the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and the mouse inoculation test (MIT). The brain samples were retested for rabies by means of the reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with 2 primer sets (P1/P2 and RHNI/RHNS3), which amplified full or partial regions on the nucleoprotein (N) gene of the rabies virus, respectivel...
In vitro microelectrode study of the electrical properties of smooth muscle in equine ileum. Intracellular microelectrode recordings were made from smooth muscle cells in cross-sectional preparations of equine ileum, superfused in vitro. Membrane potential oscillations and spike potentials were recorded in all preparations, but recordings were made more readily from cells in the longitudinal muscle layer than from cells in the circular layer. The mean (se) resting membrane potential (RMP) of smooth muscle cells in the longitudinal muscle layer was -51.9 (1.2) mV, and the membrane potential oscillations in this layer had a mean amplitude of 4.8 (0.4) mV, a frequency of 9.0 (0.1) cycles...
[Eight polymorphic blood protein systems in Arab horses from Turkey]. Analysis of the blood protein system was used to study the genetic composition of Arabian horses. Biochemical markers of eight polymorphic loci (Tf, Al, Es, AlB, Gc, Hb, PGD, and PGM) were electrophoretically identified in blood samples. A total of 43 phenotypes were identified for these polymorphic systems. The Tf, Hb, and Es loci appeared to be more polymorphic than the other loci studied. Statistically significant differences between the observed and expected genotypic frequencies were found for the PGD and PGM loci (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Individual allele frequencies,...
Electrochemotherapy of horses. A preliminary clinical report. Sarcoids are skin spontaneous tumours detected in horses. It can be cured by chemotherapy by using cisplatin. A multisequence treatment must be performed. Problems are present due to the poor diffusion of the hydrophilic product in the tumours. Electropulsation is known to drastically enhance the effect of antitumoral drugs in vivo. Taking into account the very successful results of the group in Ljubljana (Slovenia), we started a research clinical program where electropulsation was applied after local cisplatin injection. The size of sarcoids is large (several centimeters). A specially designe...
The C-terminal portion of the fibrinogen-binding protein of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi contains extensive alpha-helical coiled-coil structure and contributes to thermal stability. The major cell wall-associated protein of the equine pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is a fibrinogen-binding protein (FgBP) which binds horse fibrinogen and equine IgG-Fc avidly through residues located in the N-terminal half and central regions of the molecule, respectively. The molecule is a major virulence factor for the organism and displays protective potential. In the present study, we use circular dichroism spectroscopy to investigate the secondary structure of the protein and show through the analysis of a panel of recombinant FgBP truncates that the C-terminal portion of FgBP ...
Epidemiology for the equine practitioner. In this article, I have discussed the principles and methods of outbreak investigation, reinforcing important concepts with examples from the veterinary literature. The approach presented is applicable to outbreaks caused by any agent whether it is infectious versus noninfectious or contagious versus noncontagious. The solutions vary. The experience of others presented with similar situations may be especially helpful. Because of their nature, outbreaks are difficult to prepare for. When faced with a potential outbreak, the best strategy is to approach it scientifically, systematically, and wi...
Adverse drug reactions and interactions in the horse. Drugs undergo extensive evaluation before they are marketed. The occurrence of adverse reactions, however, may be so rare that thousands of patients must receive the drug before reliable data are available. It is necessary that veterinarians be informed about the drugs they use, be able to recognize drug-associated complications, know how to evaluate the patient for evidence of drug-associated toxicity, report adverse effects of drugs to the respective manufacturers, and be prepared to provide medical support and antidotal treatment (if it exists) for a patient if toxicosis occurs.
