Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Klaus AM, Hapke HJ.This review compromises data about endogenous cortisol and its physiological variations in horses. The influence of synthetic glucocorticoids on the endogenous cortisol concentrations is discussed as well. The second part of the review summarizes detection times of therapeutically used glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, betamethasone, triamcinolone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone) in the horse and their implication for doping control.
The Journal of physiologyDecember 1, 1996
Volume 497 ( Pt 2), Issue Pt 2 349-364 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021773
Hanna WJ, Tsushima RG, Sah R, McCutcheon LJ, Marban E, Backx PH.1. The Na+ channel mutation associated with equine hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP) affects a highly conserved phenylalanine residue in an unexplored region of the alpha-subunit. This mutation was introduced into the rat skeletal muscle Na+ channel gene at the corresponding location (i.e. F1412L) for functional expression and characterization in Xenopus oocytes. 2. In comparison with wild-type (WT) channels, equine HPP channels showed clear evidence for disruption of inactivation: increased time-to-peak current, slowed rates of whole-cell current decay, significant increases in sustained...
Valberg SJ.The muscular system of the horse is remarkable in its athletic scope and capacity to adapt to the demands placed on it. Muscular fatigue often causes exercise intolerance in horses as a primary muscular dysfunction or secondary to abnormalities in other integrated systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, or skeletal system. This article reviews basic muscular physiology leading to a discussion of the physiologic causes of muscular fatigue. In addition, a review of pathologic muscle disorders such as muscle strains and exertional myopathies that lead to poor performance is provided.
Whittem T, Firth EC, Hodge H, Turner K.This study examined the pharmacokinetics of steady-state phenylbutazone and single bolus intravenous gentamicin when administered together in the horse. The trial design was completed as a cross-over with seven thoroughbred horses. In the first phase each horse received 2.2 mg/kg gentamicin intravenously. After a 2-week washout, each horse received 4.4 mg/kg phenylbutazone intravenously every 24 h for 5 days. On the fourth day each horse received gentamicin as before. Plasma was harvested for gentamicin concentration determination by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and for phenylbutazone...
Souillard A, Audran M, Bressolle F, Jaussaud P, Gareau R.The pharmacokinetics of recombinant human Epo (rHuEpo) were investigated after subcutaneous administration to horses. Four horses received a single 30IU kg-1 dose of rHuEpo. One horse received three repeated doses of 120 IU kg-1 at 48 h intervals. Plasma erythropoietin (Epo) was measured by radioimmunoassay. In both cases pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using a one-compartment open model and first-order input and output rates. The mean values (+/-SD) for elimination half-life, CL/F, and Vd/F after a single dose were 12.9 +/- 3.34 h, 11.8 +/- 4.96 L h-1, and 233 +/- 126 L, respectivel...
Mitten LA.Exercise intolerance, due to cardiovascular disease in horses, may be caused by cardiac arrhythmias, valvular regurgitation, congenital abnormalities, myocardial dysfunction, pericardial disease, and vascular thrombosis. The most common cardiovascular cause of exercise intolerance in horses is atrial fibrillation. Cardiovascular abnormalities such as cardiac arrhythmias or murmurs, however, are common in athletic horses and are not always associated with exercise intolerance. Use of an electrocardiography (during rest and exercise) and echocardiography may be necessary to better determine the ...
Kobluk CN, Gross GM.This article deals with the presenting histories, clinical examinations, and therapies of the causes of poor performance and exercise intolerance in the western performance horse and the sprint racehorse. The veterinarian's ability to diagnose and treat various pathophysiologic conditions that affect these horses is crucial to the major goals of a return to optimal performance and a long athletic career. Although these horses are a significant portion of most veterinary practices, there exists a minimal amount of information on their clinical evaluation and treatment. This article intends to f...
Ito S, Ishimaru M, Hobo S, Fujinaga T.Rapid infusion is believed to be harmful to the lung, however, the pathological status of pulmonary edema resulting from excessive fluid therapy in horses has not been clarified because the quantitative diagnosis of pulmonary edema is impossible. To evaluate the precision of the double indicator dilution method using heat and sodium in horses, which allows the quantitative diagnosis of pulmonary edema, we compared extravascular lung water volume measured using a lung water computer based on the theory of the double indicator dilution method with that determined by the direct method. The value ...
Crossett B, Allen WR, Stewart F.Large quantities of an unusual 19 kDa protein (p19) are secreted into the lumen of the uterus of the mare (Equus caballus) during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. p19 associates strongly with the acellular capsule that surrounds the young horse conceptus and is believed to be important in maintaining pregnancy. Here we report the complete cDNA sequence encoding p19, its expression patterns in horse tissues and a Southern blot analysis of the gene in horse DNA. The predicted amino acid sequence of the p19 cDNA demonstrated a signal peptide of 18 residues and a mature protein of 162 resid...
Chapman MR, French DD, Monahan CM, Klei TR.Three fecal egg count reduction assays (FECR) and one critical trial were performed to determine the efficacy of pyrantel pamoate (PP) at 6.6 mg base kg-1 on a well managed stud farm in Louisiana where a loss of efficacy was suspected. Efficacy of PP based on FECR varied from 25% in mares to 83% in yearlings. Second treatments with PP 2 weeks following an initial treatment failed to reduce eggs per gram (EPG). A critical trial was performed to determine the cyathostome species resistant to PP. Three strongyle-naive ponies which acquired infections on the farm were used for this purpose. Follow...
The Journal of physiologyNovember 15, 1996
Volume 497 ( Pt 1), Issue Pt 1 19-29 doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021746
Ko WH, Chan HC, Wong PY.1. Anion secretion induced by capacitative Ca2+ entry through apical and basolateral membranes of cultured equine sweat gland epithelium was studied using the short-circuit current (Isc) technique. 2. Thapsigargin induced an increase in Isc that could be inhibited when external Ca2+ was chelated by EGTA. 3. The inhibition of the thapsigargin-induced Isc could be reversed by re-addition of Ca2+ to apical or basolateral solutions. The magnitude of the reactivated Isc depended predominantly on basolateral Ca2+ concentration. 4. The magnitude of the reactivated Isc upon basolateral Ca2+ addition i...
Jarvis GE, Evans RJ, Heath MF.We have shown previously that endotoxin induces platelet aggregation in equine heparinised whole blood in a platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) dependent manner. ADP is an agonist of platelets and is present in platelet dense granules with ATP in high concentrations. An investigation was carried out to establish whether endotoxin-induced platelet activation was associated with release of platelet ATP and ADP. ADP-scavenging enzyme systems significantly inhibited endotoxin-induced aggregation. Plasma levels of adenine nucleotides were measured using ...
Gastal MO, Gastal EL, Kot K, Ginther OJ.The temporal relationships among day of conceptus fixation (cessation of mobility), conceptus diameter, uterine tone, uterine contractility, and myometrial and endometrial thickness of the middle and caudal segments of the uterine horns were assessed in 13 pony mares with fixation in the caudal segment of a uterine horn. The mean day of fixation (14.9 +/- 0.3) was established by 2-h mobility trials. Uterine tone increased (P < 0.0001) gradually over Days 11 to 21, whereas uterine contractility decreased (P < 0.0001) between Days 14 and 18. The diameter of the spherical embryonic vesicle ...
Murray MJ, Eichorn ES, Dubovi EJ, Ley WB, Cavey DM.Whole blood and serum were collected from foals to determine the prevalence of Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV 2) infection in foals, age at which infection can first be identified and serological responses to infection. Equine herpesvirus type 2 was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 68 of 69 foals, 1-8-months-old, sampled once. Virus isolation was performed twice at intervals of 2-7 months on PBMCs from 33 foals and EHV2 was isolated on both occasions in all but one foal (negative, then positive). Regression analysis of log2-transformed reciprocal serum EHV2 virus ne...
Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Drudge JH, Stamper S, Swerczek TW, Granstrom DE.Several compounds (n = 13 single or combinations; most at therapeutic dosages) were evaluated between 1977 and 1992 in critical tests (n = 91) against benzimidazole (BZ) resistant small strongyles (Population S) and several other species of internal parasites in Shetland ponies, mostly under 1 year old. The closed breeding herd, from which the test ponies were selected, had been treated every 8 weeks with cambendazole (CBZ) for 4 years (1974-1978) and oxibendazole (OBZ) for 14 years (1978-1992). Published field test data (1974-1992) on older ponies in the herd showed BZ resistance of small str...
Sharma AK, Kathikeyan S, Kaur P, Singh TP, Yadav MP.Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 80 kDa. The protein has two iron binding sites. It has two structural lobes, each housing one Fe(3+) and the synergistic CO(3)(2-) ion. The protein was isolated from the colostrum/milk of mares maintained at National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India. The purified samples of the protein were crystallized using a microdialysis method. The protein was dialysed against low ionic strength buffer solution. Several crystal forms were obtained, out of which three were characterized which have cell dimensions as follows. For...
Landoni MF, Foot R, Frean S, Lees P.The objective of this study was to analyse the effects of 4 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the production of beta-glucuronidase (beta-glu), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated equine synoviocytes. The agents studied were flunixin, tolfenamic acid, S(+)ketoprofen (KTP) and R(-)ketoprofen. LPS-induced release of beta-glu from synoviocytes was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner by all 4 compounds, tolfenamic acid being the most potent. Of the 2 KTP enant...
Gupta AK, Singh BK, Yadav MP.Fifty aborted foetus samples were diagnosed for the presence of equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Specific primer pair for amplification of a particular segment of EHV-1 DNA in gc region having 3 Hae III restriction endonuclease sites was used. A 409 base pair segment obtained as PCR amplification product in 9 samples was digested with Hae III to confirm the presence of EHV-1 as the infectious agent in aborted tissues. It was observed that PCR technique was more sensitive, specific and rapid than the conventional virological diagnostic methods.
Hochi S, Maruyama K, Oguri N.The present study was designed to examine the suitability of ethylene glycol as a cryoprotectant for equine embryos. Blastocysts recovered nonsurgically from Day 6 donor mares were cryopreserved by conventional 2-step freezing in the presence of 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 10% glycerol (Gly), or 10% ethylene glycol + 0.1M sucrose (EG + Suc). After thawing, the EG and Gly were removed by a 6-step manner, and the EG + Suc was diluted to one fourth in the freezing straw. The postthaw blastocysts were transferred nonsurgically into the uteri of recipient mares on Days 4 to 7 after ovulation. Pregnan...
Snow WF, Wacher TJ, Rawlings P.The prevalence of trypanosome infections in Djallonké sheep and West African Dwarf goats at different sites in The Gambia showed a significant, positive correlation with contemporary assessments of tsetse challenge. A similar correlation was observed in village N'Dama cattle which showed comparable prevalence values in the same areas. Trypanosome prevalences also tended to be higher in horses and donkeys in areas with high tsetse challenge compared with sites with relatively few flies. A ranking of the numbers of tsetse blood-meals from cattle, small ruminants and equines (1:0.06: > 0.03) ...
Merritt AM, Burrow JA, Horbal MJ, Madison JB, Tran T.To better characterize the source of the large nonparietal secretory response to pentagastrin (PG) expressed in gastric contents of cannulated horses. Methods: Adult cross-bred horses: 4 geldings and 1 mare. Methods: Horses were prepared by surgical insertion of a silastic gastric cannula from which gastric contents after feed was withheld could be continuously collected by gravity drainage. During experiments, the horses were lightly restrained in stocks, the gastric cannula was opened, and a catheter was inserted into a jugular vein. Over the next 5 hours, gastric contents were collected in ...
Chaffin MK, Matthews NS, Cohen ND, Carter GK.A commercially available pulse oximeter was evaluated in anaesthetised foals to determine its accuracy for estimating arterial haemoglobin saturation (SaO2). Five different transducer/transducer attachment site (TTAS) combinations were evaluated; 1-3) a fingertip transmission transducer attached to the foal's ear, lip and tongue, 4) an adhesive transmission transducer positioned on the foal's ear and 5) a forehead reflectance transducer placed on the ventral aspect of the foal's tail-base. Eight normal, Quarter Horse foals (age 5-10 days) were studied while under general anaesthesia. Alteratio...
Ramos-Vara JA, Ortiz-Santiago B, Segalès J, Dunstan RW.This report contains the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in two cases of equine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Nodular, sometimes crusty or ulcerated lesions were confined to the pinna and adjacent neck in both animals. The dermal inflammatory infiltrate was lymphohistiocytic in horse No. 1 and pyogranulomatous with formation of tuberculoid granulomas in horse No. 2. Numerous Leishmania organisms were found within macrophages in both animals. There was moderate to intense and specific reaction by immunoperoxidase using a polyclonal antiserum against Leish...
Hawkes J, Hedges M, Daniluk P, Hintz HF, Schryver HF.Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatl...
Ikechukwu CK, Qin K, Zhang H, Pan J, Zhang W.Papillomaviruses can be of great medical importance as they infect humans and animals such as Equus species, other livestock and pets. They are responsible for several papillomas and benign tumours in their host. Objective: To describe a novel equid papillomavirus detected in oral swab samples collected from donkeys (Equus asinus) found on the Northwest plateau of China. Methods: Cross-sectional. Methods: Swab samples collected from the oral mucosa of 32 donkeys in the Gansu Province of China, were subjected to viral metagenomic analysis to detect the presence of Papillomavirus. After de novo ...
Squires EL, Hillman RB, Pickett BW, Nett TM.Thirty-two light-horse mares were confirmed to be pregnant and assigned to one of four treatments: (1) injected with 250 micrograms of Equimate on day 70 and again on day 77 if abortion had not occurred; (2) injected with 250 micrograms of Equimate on day 70 and every 24 hr until abortion occurred (maximum four injections); (3) injected with 250 micrograms of Equimate on day 70 and every 12 hr until abortion (maximum eight injections); and (4) injected with 250 micrograms of Equimate once only on day 35 of gestation. Mares were observed four times daily for incidence of abortion or side effect...
Zabel S, Mueller RS, Fieseler KV, Bettenay SV, Littlewood JD, Wagner R.The records of 15 horses with pemphigus foliaceus diagnosed on the basis of their history, clinical signs, histopathology and the exclusion of differential diagnoses were evaluated with respect to the age of onset, the clinical signs and the diagnostic tests used. There was no apparent breed predisposition. The horses' mean age was nine years, with a range from three months to 25.5 years, three were foals up to six months old and eight were nine years old or older. The most frequent lesions were scaling in 11, crusting in 10 and alopecia in 10, and they appeared most commonly on the face, neck...
Quam V, Yardley J, Quam M, Paz C, Belknap J.The analgesic effect of cryotherapy in an induced lameness model was evaluated. Lameness was induced with solar pressure from a custom-made shoe in a 10-horse, cross-over study. The degree of lameness was recorded with a commercial non-invasive inertial sensor. The distal limbs were maintained in an ice and water slurry (cryotherapy) or at ambient temperature (control) for 1 hour. Lameness was assessed serially over the following hour. Lameness at each time point was compared to the baseline induced lameness, within and between groups. Lameness had improved significantly in all horses 5 minute...
Kornas S, Nowosad B, Skalska M, Bołoz T.The studies were carried out in 2001 and 2002 on horses from riding clubs in Krakow area. On the basis of McMaster method EPG (eggs per gram) and prevalence of infection (%) was evaluated. The most common parasites were strongyles (Strongylidae). In the first year of study in dynamics of strongyles eggs output of horses kept on paddocks two peaks were observed: in May (450 EPG) and January (427 EPG), in comparison with horses under pasture system where the highest level of strongyles eggs output were in May (832 EPG), from August (420 EPG) to October (385 EPG) and in March (482 EPG). In the se...
Raekallio M, Vainio O, Karjalainen J.Detomidine (10 micrograms/kg and 20 micrograms/kg) was administered to seven horses with and without epinephrine infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) from 5 minutes before to 5 minutes after detomidine injection. One or more single supraventricular premature heartbeats were observed in three horses after detomidine administration. Epinephrine infusion did not modify the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in detomidine-treated horses at the doses tested. Relatively high momentary peak systolic pressures were registered in some horses after detomidine administration during epinephrine infusion. The hig...
Bakos Z, Vörös K, Kellokoski H, Reiczigel J.The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of thoracic percussion and ultrasonography with the help of distance measurements and statistical methods in the determination of the caudal lung border in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Examinations were performed on 11 healthy, warm-blooded horses of different breeds, age and grade of disease. First, the caudal lung border was determined by the traditional indirect percussion method in the 10th, 12th, 14th and 16th intercostal spaces at the end of inspiration and expiration on both sides of the thorax. To apply standa...
Stanley S, Van den Berg K, Foo HC, Deng D.The metabolism of the masking agent tolcapone in the horse has been investigated. This substance was found to have undergone various chemical transformations that produced a large variety of phase I metabolites, as well as glucuronide and sulfate conjugation. Confirmation of the presence of tolcapone and the 3-O-methylated metabolite in the blood samples collected up to 240 minutes and in urine obtained up to 24 hours, was successfully conducted using both gas chromatography- and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry techniques. The 3-O-methyl tolcapone is the better marker to use i...
Millar H.A 6-month-old filly was presented with unilateral epistaxis. Based on clinical signs, endoscopic examination, and postmortem examination, guttural pouch mycosis was diagnosed. The young age of the filly and the fact that this was the 2nd diagnosis of guttural pouch mycosis on this farm was unusual. Mycose de la poche gutturale chez une pouliche de 6 mois. Une pouliche âgée de 6 mois a été présentée pour épistaxis unilatérale. En tenant compte des signes cliniques, de l’examen endoscopique et de l’examen post-mortem, un diagnostic de mycose de la poche gutturale a été posé. Le je...
Asquith RL, Sharp DC.Double monsters are structurally related to monozygotic twins and the reported frequency of these abnormalities in the equine species is low. Symmetrical, double development in both the cephalic region and caudal trunk was demonstrated along with a common undeveloped cervical mass. Anomalies found in the separate genito-urinary systems added another variant to this case.
Patroca da Silva S, Barbosa de Almeida Medeiros D, Ribeiro Cruz AC, Marques França AF, Diniz Nunes BT, Guerreiro Rodrigues DS, Pinto da Silva EV....In 2018, during the surveillance for West Nile virus (WNV) in horses with neurological clinical signs in the state of Espírito Santo (Brazil), 19 animals were investigated, and 52 biological samples were collected for WNV diagnostic. One brain sample was positive for WNV by RT-qPCR and the virus was isolated in C6/36 cell culture and sequenced. We obtained a nearly complete genome of WNV co-infected with Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) in the cell culture. After confirmation of PHSV by next-generation sequencing, a new PHSV RT-qPCR protocol was developed, which was used to detect another...
Czernomysy-Furowicz D.In the springtime of 1995, 10 per cent of foals at a stud-farm died due to suppurative lesions. Three dead foals were examined. The manifestations of watery diarrhoea and pneumonia were observed. A profuse growth of an enterotoxigenic strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was obtained from the internal organs of the foals. The foals with clinical symptoms of pneumonia and watery diarrhoea were immunized with Propionibacterium acnes t. II. All mares and their offspring from the stud were treated with an immunomodulator (Propionibacterium acnes t. II) and then vaccinated with a formalin-inactiva...
Neumann RD, Ruby AL, Ling GV, Schiffman P, Johnson DL.Urinary calculi from 17 horses with urolithiasis were examined to study their mineral content and ultrastructure. Among the analytic methods used were X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The calculi initially were observed by use of a stereoscopic dissecting microscope and generally were found to have nodular surfaces surrounding a banded or granular-to-chalky interior. Observation by scanning electron microscopy revealed an intricate pattern of irregularly concentric, fine bands and spherules. These had a round, finely banded, globular texture...
Hago BE, Vaughan LC.Contrast radiography was used to determine the position, shape, relationship and capacity of a number of tendon sheaths and bursae which have clinical significance in the horse. It was possible to establish the normal range of radiographic anatomy for these structures. Some variation in the extent and form of tendon sheaths were found between individual horses and between foals and adults.
Richardson DW, Loinaz R.There is an enormous volume of published material about most of the agents used to treat or prevent arthritis in horses. Unfortunately, most of the claims made by nearly all purveyors of arthritis medications in such media are largely unsubstantiated. In addition, the quality of the available information is highly inconsistent, making evidence-based recommendations difficult. This article concentrates on injectable polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, injectable hyaluronan, and the common oral "nutraceuticals".
van Buiten A, Westers P, Colenbrander B.The "effect" of stallion, mare and management-related factors on the odds of pregnancy per cycle in the horse were identified and quantified from the breeding records of Dutch Warmblood (n=4491), Friesian (n=1467) and Shetland-pony mares (n=3267) mated either naturally or by artificial insemination to one of the 88 stallions between 1992 and 1996. A mare was considered to be pregnant when she did not return to oestrous within 28 days of the last insemination. For Dutch Warmblood horses, the percentage of mares that did not return for service within 28 days (NR28) varied between studfarms and r...
Todhunter KH, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL, Perkins NR, Begg AP.Pregnant mares were experimentally exposed to whole caterpillar or exoskeleton of the Processionary caterpillar (Ochrogaster lunifer) via gavage. Tissues were collected from resulting abortions and near or full-term pregnancies consisting of 13 aborted fetuses, 3 fetuses from treated euthanized mares, membranes of 5 foals, and organs from 3 foals. Three control membranes and 1 control fetus and membranes were examined. Caterpillar setal fragments were present in the allantochorion of the 3 fetuses from the euthanized mares and 11 of 12 aborted fetuses (92%) embedded in the chorion (villi or st...
Abo El Sooud K.The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin was studied in lambs, calves and foals, respectively after single intravenous (i.v.) injections of 5 mg kg(-1) body weight. The plasma concentration-time curves of gentamicin sulphate were best fitted to follow a two-compartment open model in calves and foals and a three-compartment open model in lambs. Gentamicin showed high plasma level at 5 min post-injection. Then its concentration decreased gradually until its minimum detectable level at 10 and 12 h post-injection in foals and calves, respectively, was reached. In contrast, the plasma concentrations were...
Hazard GH, Hughes KL, Penson PJ.Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was first diagnosed in Australia in August 1977 and it has since been found on 6 farms in 3 states, having been isolated from about 24 mares and 2 stallions. Details are given of the epidemiology and control procedures used to combat CEM on one farm. Difficulty was experience in successfully treating one infected stallion; this was thought to be associated with inadequate cleaning and treating of the diverticulum of the urethral fossa. Introduction of the disease has had far-reaching consequences and may well result in the adoption of routine bacteriological te...
Wenzinger B, Kähn W, Bleul U.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a GnRH vaccine (Equity) on behavior and gonadal function in horses with unwanted behavior. The reason for the treatment was asked using a questionnaire and the findings of physical examination, rectal palpation as well as rectal ultrasonography, were recorded. The results of these examinations and the behavior of 21 mares and 10 stallions before the first and after the second administration of the GnRH vaccine were compared. In 84 % of all cases a decrease of the unwanted behavior could be observed. In the mares the ovaries were significan...
McClure SR, Watkins JP, Ashman RB.Breaking strength (torque at failure) of equine third metacarpal bones, with transfixation pins placed parallel in the frontal plane and 30 degrees divergent from the frontal plane, was determined in vitro. Two transfixation pins were placed through the distal metaphysis, using a jig designed to drill the holes in the assigned configuration. Paired metacarpal bones II through IV from 12 horses were tested in torsion. The torsional moment of the force applied through the transfixation pins at failure was compared for each limb. Metacarpal bones with divergent pins were significantly (P = 0.030)...
Cao XZ, Lin YZ, Li L, Jiang CG, Zhao LP, Lv XL, Zhou JH.The threshold hypothesis of attenuated lentiviral vaccine considers that the type of host response to infections of lentiviruses depends on the viral load. To evaluate the correlation between viral loads of the attenuated vaccine strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and their effects to induce protective immunity, longitudinal plasma viral loads in groups of horses inoculated with either an attenuated EIAV vaccine strain (EIAV(DLV125)) or sub-lethal dose of an EIAV virulent strain (EIAV(LN40)) were compared. Similar levels of plasma viral loads ranging from 10(3)-10(5) copies/mL wer...
Lorenzo PL, Liu IK, Illera JC, Picazo RA, Carneiro GF, Illera MJ, Conley AJ, Enders AC, Illera M.Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been reported to promote different functions in mammalian ovaries, including oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to establish: that EGF influences oocyte maturation in ovine and equine, that a tyrosine kinase-dependent intracellular mechanism mediates EGF effect and, that EGF-R receptor is detectable in ovarian follicles by immunohistochemistry methods. Selected ovine and equine oocytes were aspirated from 2-5 mm (ovine) or 25 mm (equine) follicles and cultured in TCM 199 for 22 (ovine) or 36 hours (equine). They are then subjected to culture w...
Borgsteede FH, van Beek G.The prevalence of tapeworm infestations was investigated in 70 horses slaughtered in the period February 1994-July 1994. Most horses were half-breed, young (1.5-3 years), and in good condition. They were bought for slaughter by dealers on local markets, and their treatment history was therefore unknown. Tapeworm infestations were seen in 16 horses (23%). Fifteen (21%) had an infection with Anoplocephala perfoliata. One horse had a single specimen of Paranoplocephala mamillana. The average number of A. perfoliata was 45 and the highest number was 508.
