Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Slater JD, Herrtage ME.Echocardiographic examinations were performed on 41 clinically normal small ponies, large ponies and horses. Using standardised two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic images to guide M-mode studies, the interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular internal dimension and left ventricular wall in systole and diastole, and aortic diameter in diastole were measured. Normal values for these echocardiographic dimensions were obtained across a wide range of bodyweights. Although there was a trend for echocardiographic dimensions to increase with bodyweight across the whole range of animals ex...
Marr CM, Reef VB, Reimer JM, Sweeney RW, Reid SW.Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiograms were recorded from 41 horses before they were successfully treated for atrial fibrillation. In addition, these examinations were performed in a subgroup of 20 horses after treatment, and the results were compared with pretreatment values. Atrial fibrillation in this group of horses was associated with a reduction of mean left ventricular fractional shortening (mean 31% +/- 5.24%), and 22 of the 41 horses were below the reference range. The remaining mean M-mode variables were within the normal reference range, although 12 horses had increased left ven...
Höglund J, Ljungström BL, Nilsson O, Uggla A.A scolex antigen of the horse tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata containing at least 14 different proteins was employed in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to A. perfoliata in equine sera. The assay was applied to sera from 426 slaughtered horses with different numbers of worms and with varying degrees of intestinal lesions. As measured by the ELISA, there was a very strong effect on the antibody levels both from the number of tapeworms present and from the intestinal lesion score. However, considerable individual variation was observed between horses wit...
Parraga ME, Kittleson MD, Drake CM.The aim of this study was to determine if quinidine administration increases steady state serum digoxin concentration in horses. Digoxin (0.01 mg/kg q. 12 h per os) was administered to 6 horses for 7 days. Steady state was confirmed by identifying statistically indistinguishable peak and trough serum digoxin concentrations on Days 4, 5, and 6. On Day 6, serum digoxin concentration was measured at baseline and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h after digoxin administration. On Day 7, quinidine (20 g at baseline and 10 g at 2, 4 and 6 h) was administered per os and serum digoxin concentration was...
Kohn CW, Swardson C, Provost P, Gilbert RO, Couto CG.Myeloid and megakaryocytic bone marrow hypoplasia in association with moderate to profound neutropenia was observed in 8 young Standardbred horses sired by the same stallion; 7 horses were intermittently thrombocytopenic. Evaluation of serial neutrophil counts in 2 horses suggested that a cyclic variation in neutrophil numbers was present, that lymphocyte numbers increased when neutrophil counts decreased, and that platelet counts decreased when neutrophil counts decreased. Preliminary bone marrow cultures indicated that myeloid progenitor cells were present and that these cells were able to r...
Vachon AM, Fischer AT.The incidence of epiploic entrapment of the small intestine in horses undergoing celiotomy for colic was 5%. The condition was more prevalent in older (mean 9.81 years) gelding and Thoroughbred horses. Preoperative peritoneal protein level was a good prognostic indicator as it was significantly greater in the nonsurvivor (39.4 +/- 5.10) group than in the survivor group (26.6 +/- 14.0) (P<0.05). Abdominal ultrasonography allowed earlier diagnosis and surgical intervention in nonpainful cases with inconclusive rectal findings. Surgery was completed in 46 horses and 44 horses recovered from anaes...
Dik KJ, van den Broek J.From progeny lists of 30 Dutch Warmblood sires, 586 3-year-old females by these stallions were randomly selected, each progeny group aimed at 20 animals for statistical reasons. The front feet of the sires and female progeny were examined radiographically using lateromedial and dorsopalmar upright pedal projections. The radiological features associated with navicular disease were classified 0-4 using a standardised classification, grades 3 and 4 representing the more severe changes. The shape of the proximal articular border of the navicular bone outline on the dorsopalmar view was classified ...
Grøndahl C, Hyttel P, Grøndahl ML, Eriksen T, Gotfredsen P, Greve T.The objectives were to describe the ultrastructure of equine oocytes aspirated from small and preovulatory follicles, and to relate the ultrastructural features to follicle size and follicular fluid steroid concentrations. Mares were examined every second day by transrectal ultrasonography, and follicles measuring > 30 mm were aspirated (in vivo) using a 20-cm-long 12-gauge needle through the flank. Following slaughter, both large and small follicles were aspirated (in vitro) from six mares. The oocytes were isolated under a stereomicroscope and processed for transmission electron microscop...
Muir WW.The haemodynamic effects of milrinone hydrochloride were determined in halothane-anaesthetised horses. Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised with guaifenesin and thiamylal and maintained with halothane in oxygen (end-tidal halothane concentration of 1.15%). Baseline haemodynamic data were recorded after a 45 min stabilisation period. All 6 horses received a single loading dose of milrinone HCl, 0.2 microgram/kg i.v., followed by progressively increasing infusions of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg bwt/min. Each infusion lasted for 15 min and produced dose related increases in heart rate,...
Monzón CM, Jara GA, Hoyos CB.The microhaematocrit (MH) technique was used to study the survival of Trypanosoma evansi in blood from two herds of naturally-infected horses. A comparison was made between samples treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium citrate (alone or with 1% glucose), and sent to the laboratory packed in ice. In general, the number of samples yielding positive results by the MH technique showed the least variation during the first 24-36 h after sample collection. Survival varied with the anticoagulant used, but it declined rapidly from 48 h after collection, although live parasites were st...
Blissitt KJ, Bonagura JD.Colour flow Doppler echocardiography is a technique that is used with two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography to study blood flow patterns in the heart and blood vessels. This method was used to define normal flow patterns and to evaluate valvular function in 40 clinically normal Thoroughbred and Thoroughbred cross horses. Flow patterns from 10 standardised echocardiographic images were described in relation to anatomic landmarks and timing during the cardiac cycle. Consistent intracardiac flow patterns were identified in the normal horses. High velocity flow signals or regurgitant jets were re...
Buchner HH, Savelberg HH, Schamhardt HC, Barneveld A.The kinematic pattern of mild bilateral lameness was studied by inducing a supporting limb lameness in both fore-limbs of 11 sound Dutch Warmblood horses. The kinematics of the horses were recorded while they trotted (3.5 m/s) on a treadmill. The locomotion analysis system CODA-3 was used to determine the temporal stride patterns, limb movements as well as head and trunk movement patterns. The transient lameness model, by which pressure-induced pain is evoked on the hoof sole, was used. Differences between left and right limbs as well as between the sound and the lame condition were tested usi...
Blissitt KJ, Bonagura JD.Thirty-two horses with cardiac murmurs typical of tricuspid, mitral and aortic regurgitation were studied using colour flow Doppler echocardiography. The dimensions and duration of any regurgitant signals, recorded at the cardiac valve suspected as being the site of origin of the murmur, were measured. Results were compared with flow signals described at the valves of normal horses (Blissitt and Bonagura 1995). Horses with murmurs suggestive of tricuspid (n = 8) and aortic (n = 8) regurgitation showed larger regurgitant signals at the tricuspid and aortic valves respectively, than has been rep...
Patteson MW, Gibbs C, Wotton PR, Cripps PJ.Twenty-six horses were sedated with detomidine hydrochloride (Domosedan, SmithKline Beecham Animal Health, Tadworth, Surrey, UK) at a dose of 10 micrograms/kg bwt, administered i.v. Echocardiograms were recorded before and after sedation, measurements of cardiac dimensions were made and functional indices were calculated. The pre- and post sedation values were compared. No significant change was detected following sedation in the ejection time (ET), left ventricular dimension, left atrial diameter at the sinotubular junction at end-systole or end-diastole or at the sinus of Valsalva at end-dia...
Patteson MW, Gibbs C, Wotton PR, Cripps PJ.Cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function were measured in 29 clinically normal adult Thoroughbreds (TB) which performed minimal exercise using guided M-mode and two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography, from a variety of image planes and measurement methods, and standardised imaging planes based on intracardiac anatomical landmarks. The different methods of measuring these variables were compared. The variables which were considered to be most valuable for quantitative echocardiography were measured in a further 9 horses. Comparable measurements of cardiac dimensions can be obtained fr...
Reef VB.Physiological flow murmurs occur frequently in horses and may be difficult to distinguish from murmurs associated with underlying cardiac disease. The significance of heart murmurs auscultated in horses is often difficult to determine if the horse is not exhibiting any clinical signs or if the signs, such as poor performance, are nonspecific. A complete echocardiographic examination (M-mode, 2-dimensional (2-D) and Doppler) provides an objective assessment of the severity of the horse's underlying cardiac disease. Valvular regurgitation and ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur frequently an...
Uboh CE, Rudy JA, Railing FA, Enright JM, Shoemaker JM, Kahler MC, Shellenberger JM, Kemecsei Z, Das DN.Although urine is the sample of choice for drug tests in racehorses, it is rarely obtained following the sudden death of a racehorse on the track while racing. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the significance of postmortem tissue samples as an alternative to urine and blood samples in equine drug analysis following the sudden death of a racehorse on the track while participating in a competitive race. Postmortem tissue samples were frozen (-80 degrees C) until analyzed. A 30-40-g portion of each organ was homogenized in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), deproteinized, hydrolyzed ...
Marr CM, Reef VB.Colour flow Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed on 15 horses; 10 Thoroughbreds and 5 Standardbreds; 9 mares, 5 geldings and 1 stallion; mean +/- s.d. 3.4 +/- 1.1 years. Cardiac murmurs were audible in 12 horses (80%), but these had characteristics consistent with functional murmurs in all horses. A standardised two-dimensional (2-D) and M-mode echocardiographic examination was unremarkable in all horses except that aortic valve prolapse was identified in 3 horses, tricuspid valve prolapse in 2 horses and mitral valve prolapse was present in one horse. Colour flow Doppler echo...
Reef VB.Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) were diagnosed in 27 horses; in 26 affected horses systolic murmurs were detected over both sides of the chest. Holodiastolic decrescendo murmurs were also detected in 5 horses. Standardbreds and Arabian horses were over-represented, while Thoroughbred horses were under-represented, when compared to the hospital population (P < 0.0001). Five horses had previously raced successfully, one 2-year-old was training successfully and close to racing, and 4 horses had competed successfully in other types of competition. Eleven horses had a history of exercise intolera...
Wallace FJ, Emery JD, Cripps AW, Husband AJ.The ability of mucosally administered antigen to provide protection against Streptococcus equi ('Strangles') infections in horses was examined. First, an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect the immune status of horses to S. equi. This assay was used to select Strangles-naive horses for the study and also to monitor their response to immunisation. Potential vaccine candidates were: (a) orally administered paraformaldehyde killed S. equi; (b) intraperitoneally (IP) administered paraformaldehyde killed S. equi in a non-inflammatory adjuvant; (c) orally administered l...
Awan AR, Baxi M, Field HJ.The most important consequence of equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection is abortion. The object of the present study was to characteristic further a murine EHV-1 abortion model and to make comparisons with the natural host with particular reference to the stage of gestation during which the infection occurs. BALB/c mice at different stages of pregnancy were infected intranasally with EHV-1 (strain AB4); they suffered respiratory distress, weight loss, and other constitutional signs of infection. When the virus was inoculated in the late second or early third week of gestation dead or dying fe...
Omer MM, Abusalab S, Gumaa MM, Mulla SA, Osman HM, Sabiel YA, Ahmed AM.In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a draught horse presented to Kassala Veterinary Research Laboratory (KVRL) for investigation and diagnosis. The affected animal was previously treated with Gentamycin and Tetracycline before submitted to this laboratory, but the animal was not cure. Thereafter, the animal was attended to the laboratory; it was suffering from inguinal abscess and some clinical signs. Clinical and laboratory examinations were carried out however, the animal was suddenly fallen and died immediately. Then post-mortem, bacteriological and histopathological exam...
Kowalczyk DF, Beech J, Littlejohn D.The pharmacokinetics of theophylline were determined in 6 healthy horses after a single IV administration of 12 mg of aminophylline/kg of body weight (equivalent to 9.44 mg of theophylline/kg). Serum theophylline was measured after the IV dose at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 15 hours. Serum concentration plotted against time on semilogarithmic coordinates, indicated that theophylline in 5 horses was best described by a 2-compartment open model and in 1 horse by a 1-compartment open model. The following mean pharmacokinetic values were determined; elimination half-life = 11.9 hours, distri...
Getman LM, McKnight AL, Richardson DW.The objective of this report was to provide an anatomic description of the equine palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint by comparing its arthroscopic and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast arthrography appearance and to define the structures within the palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint that can be assessed arthroscopically. MR contrast arthrography was performed on seven cadaveric limbs; images were compared with those obtained during arthroscopic exploration of the palmar lateral outpouching of the middle carpal joint. Gross dissection was performed to confir...
Kim W, Kawcak CE, McIlwraith CW, Firth EC, Broom ND.To describe and measure histologic features of midcarpal joint cartilage defects in Thoroughbreds and evaluate the influence of early conditioning exercise on defect development. Methods: 24 midcarpal joints from twelve 18-month-old Thoroughbreds. Methods: Midcarpal joints from 12 horses (6 exercised spontaneously at pasture only and 6 given additional conditioning exercise beginning at a mean age of 3 weeks were evaluated. Gross cartilage defects were assessed histologically. Third and radial carpal bones were categorized with regard to the presence or absence of calcified cartilage (CC) abno...
Karakka Kal AK, Perwad Z, K Karatt T, Nalakath J, Subhahar M.Recently, an increased tendency to use various metals has been observed in the sports competition fields. Many of these metals and their organic complexes reportedly have good pharmacologic, therapeutic and performance-enhancement uses; they are banned or recommended as controlled medications in competitive sports. The objective of this research was to determine the concentration of pharmacologically relevant metals in urine samples collected from racehorses at various sport events, develop a method and assess the concentrations of above metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometr...
To evaluate the effect of four recumbent body positions on intraocular pressure (IOP) in anesthetized normal horses. Methods: Ten nonglaucomatous adult horses. Methods: Intraocular pressure was measured with a rebound tonometer in both eyes of standing sedated horses (baseline), then under general anesthesia during four randomized recumbent body positions, including Trendelenburg (Tr; 15-degree head down), reverse Trendelenburg (RTr; 15-degree head up), dorsal, and lateral; only the superior eye was measured in lateral positions. The mean of 3 IOP readings was taken at each position, allowing ...
Draper ACE, Cahalan SD, Goodwin D, Perkins J, Piercy RJ.Equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN) is a naturally occurring model of length-dependent axonopathy characterized by asymmetrical degeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve axons (RLn). Distal RLn degeneration is marked, but it is unclear whether degeneration extends to include cell bodies (consistent with a neuronopathy). With examiners blinded to RLN severity, brainstem location, and side, we examined correlations between RLN severity (assessed using left distal RLn myelinated axon count) and histopathological features (including chromatolysis and glial responses) in the nucleus ambiguu...
Anzai T, Timoney JE, Kuwamoto Y, Wada R, Oikawa M, Higuchi T.To develop polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for molecular typing of strains of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and to use the new typing method to analyze a collection of isolates from the respiratory tract of Thoroughbreds. Methods: 10 strains of S zooepidemicus, 65 isolates from the respiratory tract of 9 yearlings following long distance transportation, and 89 isolates from tracheal aspirates of 20 foals with pneumonia. Methods: Phenotypic variations in the SzP protein were detected by western immunoblot analysis. Using PCR-RFLP analysis, ge...
Luque I, Fernández-Garayzábal JF, Blume V, Maldonado A, Astorga R, Tarradas C.The anti-microbial susceptibility and genetic diversity of 65 strains of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (Sez) isolated from mares presenting clinical signs of endometritis was determined by disk agar diffusion and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) methods, respectively. Overall, Sez isolates were susceptible to beta-lactams, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. These anti-microbials could be recommended as empiric anti-microbial therapy in cases of endometritis caused by Sez. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis typing revealed a great genetic diversity (56 diff...
Bailey SR, Andrews MJ, Elliott J, Cunningham FM.Altered platelet responsiveness has been demonstrated in human atopic dermatitis. This study has compared the in vitro function of platelets from normal ponies and those with the allergic skin disease, sweet itch. Methods: Ponies with a clinical history of sweet itch and normal ponies were used as blood donors. Methods: PAF and ADP-induced platelet aggregation was measured and TxB2 production quantitated at the time of maximal aggregation; 12-HETE was additionally measured in some samples. Agonist-induced release of 3[H]5-HT was also studied. Results: Although both PAF and ADP caused equine pl...
Bastos FZ, Barussi FCM, Santi TF, Vieira BP, Senegaglia AC, Cruz FF, Michelotto PV.There is no consensus on aspects of equine bone marrow collection and processing. The study aimed to describe the collection of large volumes of bone marrow from horses of advanced age, with emphasis on bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) recovery and viability after cryopreservation. Fourteen horses, aged 3-24 years, were divided into three experiments. E1 studied the feasibility of collecting 200 mL from the sternums of horses of advanced age; E2 examined the number of cells obtained from the first and last syringe of each puncture; and E3 investigated the influence of heparin concentrati...
de Paula VB, Canola PA, Rivera GG, Z Filho D, Amaral GPD, Ferraz GC, Ferraudo AS, Canola JC.To investigate effects of postural changes and bladder distention on intrabladder pressure whilst estimating intra-abdominal pressure in horses. Two-year cohort study. Patients admitted for elective surgical procedures unrelated to gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract. School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. 20 adult horses, 11 males (stallions and geldings) and 9 females; between 3.5 and 12 years, weighing 350 to 500 kg. Intra-abdominal pressure was directly-recorded through abdominocentesis at the ventral midline with a fluid-filled system. Intrabladder ...
Kadic LIM, Rodgerson DH, Newsom LE, Spirito MA.Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) is commonly identified on either the lateral to medial (LM) or dorso45°medial-plantarolateral oblique (D45M-PLO) projection of the tarsus. This manuscript describes a retrospective case series out of Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, for which medical records and radiographic projections of the tarsus were reviewed, consistent with Keeneland's repository requirements. This original investigation identified seven yearling Thoroughbred horses between 2008 and 2018 with radiographic signs of atypical osteochondr...
Santos VG, Bettencourt EM, Ginther OJ.Persistent CL (PCL; n = 10) in mares was studied daily from Day 20 (Day 0 = ovulation) to the ending ovulation. In addition, the 10 days before ovulation at the end of a PCL were compared with the end of an interovulatory interval (IOI; n = 28) during the same months. Concentration of P4, cross-sectional area of CL, and percentage of CL with Doppler signals of blood flow during PCLs remained constant from 64 to about 33 days before the end of luteolysis and then decreased linearly. Concentration of LH between Day 20 and beginning of the ovulatory LH surge increased linearly. A dominant follicl...
Kumar J, Chaudhury A, Yadav SC.Trypanosomosis (Surra) is an economically important disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi which is an extracellular parasite present in the plasma, tissues and other body fluids of a wide range of hosts including domesticated animals. Currently, serological reports are based on detection of antibodies by ELISA using whole cell lysate (WCL) antigen, which has a limitation of persistence of anti-trypanosomal antibodies after successful treatment of the disease. Moreover, it has some ethical issues also like requirement of mice for in vivo maintenance of parasite for preparing the antigen. Therefo...
Van de Water E, Oosterlinck M, Pille F.The effects of handler position and perineural anaesthesia in sound horses need investigation to facilitate interpretation of pressure plate analysis in lame horses. Objective: To evaluate the effect of handler position and perineural anaesthesia on limb loading and particularly hoof balance in sound horses. Methods: Nonrandomised crossover study. Methods: Six sound horses were walked and trotted over a pressure plate, with the handler on the left and subsequently on the right side, and finally after a bilateral low palmar digital nerve block. One week later this procedure was repeated before ...
Creel JA, Stover SM, Martin RB, Fyhrie DP, Hazelwood SJ, Gibeling JC.The compliance technique has been used to monitor crack length during fracture and fatigue testing of materials. Difficulties arise when this technique is applied to anisotropic biological materials such as bone. In this tutorial, two different methods of analyzing compliance calibration data are described: the standard ASTM method and a new approach developed by the authors specifically for anisotropic materials. An example is given showing how data from equine cortical bone can be analyzed. In this example, calibration tests were conducted on thirty-six three point bend specimens machined fr...
Gil L, Saura S, Echegaray A, Martinez F, de Blas I, Akourki A, Gonzalez N, Espinosa E, Josa A.The present study evaluated the effect of supplementing the medium used to mature equine oocytes in vitro with oestrous mare serum (EMS) or horse follicular fluid (HFF). To this end, 144 ovaries were obtained from mares aged 16-21 months and transported to the laboratory in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS) at 30 degrees C. Oocytes were harvested from the ovaries by slicing, and then selected for in vitro maturation (IVM) according to the number of cumulus cell layers and the characteristics of the cytoplasm. The selected oocytes were washed three times in TCM199 medium plus HEPES (...
Woods WE, Wang CJ, Houtz PK, Tai HH, Wood T, Weckman TJ, Yang JM, Chang SL, Blake JW, Tobin T.A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a particle concentration fluorescent immunoassay (PCFIA) test for furosemide were evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for illegal medication of racing horses. These tests are very sensitive to furosemide with an I-50 for furosemide of about 20 ng/ml. The test is also rapid; an average pre-race complement of 10 samples can be analyzed in 90 minutes or less. The ELISA test results can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. Both the PCFIA test and the ELISA test readily detect the presence of fur...
Davis PR, Meyer GA, Hanson RR, Stringfellow JS.An 18-year-old 454-kg (1,000-lb) American Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated because of chronic intermittent malodorous right-sided nasal discharge. Endoscopy revealed a mycotic plaque in the nasal cavity adjacent to the nasomaxillary opening of the right caudal maxillary sinus. The nasomaxillary opening appeared to be larger than normal. Fungal culture of specimens of the mycotic plaque yielded Pseudallescheria boydii. The horse was treated with 2% miconazole intranasally, sodium iodide i.v., and potassium iodide p.o. Thirty and 60 days after treatment was initiated, the nasal cavity was fou...
Rovel T, Duchateau L, Saunders J, Vandenberghe F, Vanderperren K.Narrowing of the equine cervicothoracic intervertebral foramina (IF) has the potential to cause forelimb lameness and/or neck pain although limited information is available on CT of the IF. The aims of this retrospective, analytical study were to describe a protocol for quantifying CT cervicothoracic IF size; evaluate the repeatability of IF size measures; test associations between IF size and adjacent articular process (AP) size, ventral extent, and anatomic location; and determine the proportion of IF with narrowing. Computed tomographic images were acquired in 20 Warmblood horses that prese...
Zhang CH, Grünig G, Davis W, Antczak DF.The regulatory effects of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) on the expression of the CD4 molecule on horse T cells were investigated. On both peripheral blood lymphocytes and thymocytes, PMA resulted in a rapid and transient down-regulation of equine CD4 expression, but had no such effect on the surface expression of equine CD5, CD8 or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. Over 75% of the surface CD4 molecules per cell were lost after a 4 h exposure to PMA at 37 degrees C. The regulation of equine CD4 expression induced by PMA was temperature dependent and revers...
Trent AM, Krook L.Bilateral degenerative coxofemoral joint disease and noninflammatory osteonecrosis in the femoral heads were diagnosed in a 5-month-old Standardbred colt. Cytologic evaluation and bacterial cultures of coxofemoral synovial fluid, and radiographic and pathologic examination of the coxofemoral joints were conducted. The cause was not determined; however, a thrombus found in association with 1 focus of osteonecrosis was suspected as an etiologic factor.
Jarosinski SK, Sampson SN, Russell L.Injection of the centrodistal (CD) joint in the horse is a commonly performed procedure for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This procedure can be technically challenging, and while radiographic guidance has been previously used, ultrasound localised injection of the CD joint has not been described. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using ultrasound localisation to increase the accuracy of CD joint injection. Methods: Experimental method assessment. Methods: One operator performed the ultrasound and injection of 24 CD joints in 12 sedated horses. T...
Bousfield GR, Ward DN.Ovine (o) and equine (e) LH alpha-subunits were reduced and reoxidized using conditions known to be effective for bovine and human alpha-subunits. The major product of oLH alpha refolding was alpha-subunit monomer. In contrast, eLH alpha formed a 121,000 mol wt aggregate. Monomeric eLH alpha was recovered, but in greatly reduced yield. To test the effects of carbohydrate variation on the aggregation of equine alpha-subunits, all of the equine gonadotropin alpha-subunits (eFSH alpha, eCG alpha, eLH alpha, and free alpha-subunit) were reduced and reoxidized. In each case, the major product was t...
Larson VL, Busch RH.Differential cell counts were done on bronchial lavage specimens from 166 horses. Postmortem gross and histologic examinations were done to determine the pathologic diagnosis of the lungs from these horses. Ninety-two (55%) were normal, 18 (11%) had interstitial pneumonia, 13 (8%) had bronchopneumonia, 13 (8%) had focal eosinophilia, 11 (7%) had diffuse eosinophilia, 11 (7%) had chronic bronchitis, and 8 (5%) had suppurative bronchitis. Little relationship was found between cellular features of the lavage specimens and the pathologic status of the lungs of individual horses.
Rahnama S, Vathsangam N, Spence R, Anderson ST, de Laat MA, Bailey S, Sillence MN.Prolonged hyperinsulinemia is thought to be the cause of equine endocrinopathic laminitis, a common and crippling disease of the foot, for which there are no pharmacologic treatments other than pain relief. It has been suggested that insulin causes its effects on the lamellae by activating IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1R), as insulin receptors (InsR) are scarce in this tissue, whereas IGF-1R are abundant and become downregulated after prolonged insulin infusion. As a first step toward confirming this mechanism and beginning to develop a therapeutic anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody (mAb) for horses, it ...
Santos M, López-Sanromán J, García-Iturralde P, Fuente M, Tendillo FJ.To determine the cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane (DES) in horses. Methods: Six healthy adult horses, three males and three females, aged 9 +/- 4 (mean +/- SD) years and weighing 370 +/- 36 kg. Methods: Anaesthesia was induced with an O2 (10 L minute(-1)) and DES mixture (vaporizer setting 18%). After oro-tracheal intubation, horses were positioned in right lateral recumbency. Anaesthesia was maintained with DES in O2 (20 mL kg(-1) minute(-1)) delivered through a large animal circle breathing system. The minimum alveolar concentration of DES (MAC(DES)) that prevented purposeful movement i...
Hornyák A, Bakonyi T, Kulik M, Kecskeméti S, Rusvai M.The occurrence of two important pathogens, equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) and equine arteritis virus (EAV) causing abortions, perinatal foal mortality and respiratory disease, was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation to demonstrate the presence of abortigenic viruses in samples from 248 horse fetuses in Hungary. We found 26 EHV1- and 4 EAV-positive aborted or prematurely born foals from 16 and 4 outbreaks, respectively, proving that despite the widely applied vaccination, EHV1 is a far more important cause of abortions in the studs than EAV. We compared the virus co...
Junge HK, Ringer SK, Mayer N, Schwarzwald CC.To assess the measurement reliability of rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) measurements in horses, establish reference intervals for healthy horses, and evaluate the relationship between ROTEM variables, hematologic variables, and standard coagulation tests. Methods: Prospective observational study. Methods: University teaching hospital. Methods: Fifty healthy and 10 diseased adult horses. Methods: None. Results: Blood was sampled from 10 healthy and 10 diseased horses and samples were repeatedly analyzed to evaluate measurement reliability of various ROTEM variables. Four different ROTEM ...
