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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch warmblood horses at normal trot. This study was undertaken to establish limb loading patterns of sound horses at the trot, to provide a data base against which results for lame horses could be compared. Ground reaction force (GRF) data were collected from 20 clinically sound Dutch Warmblood horses. The data from at least 5 stance phases of each limb were averaged after standardisation to the animal's body mass and to the stance phase duration and resulted in 'representative' GRF data. The symmetry in the vertical GRF peak amplitudes, impulses and the stance phase duration comparing left and right limbs exceeded 97%. By averag...
Pharmacokinetic disposition of intravenous and oral pentoxifylline in horses. The pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline (P) and its alcohol metabolite I (MI) were determined after administration of intravenous pentoxifylline, sustained release pentoxifylline tablets (Trental), and crushed pentoxifylline tablets in corn syrup, to five healthy adult horses. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated in a model-independent manner. After intravenous administration, pentoxifylline was rapidly eliminated (mean residence time 1.09 +/- 0.67 h), had a large steady-state volume of distribution (2.81 +/- 1.16 l/kg), and high clearance (3.06 +/- 1.05 l/kg/h). Oral absorption of pentoxifylline fr...
Lectin histochemistry of glycoconjugates in horse salivary glands. The glycoconjugate content of major horse salivary glands was investigated by means of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins. Qualitative differences were observed in the terminal sugar residues of secretory glycoproteins and glycoconjugates linked to the apical surface of excretory duct epithelial cells. Mucous acinar cells in mandibular and sublingual glands contained oligosaccharides with D-galactose, alpha- and beta-N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose residues, whereas mandibular, sublingual and parotid serous cells contained only oligosaccharides with terminal alpha-...
Serological diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885) in horses using a direct agglutination test. A direct agglutination test is described to diagnose 'Mal de Caderas' caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The antigen used was a suspension of trypsin-treated parasites stabilized with formalin. The test was evaluated in horses with both natural and experimental infections. Test sensitivity and specificity were 94 and 97%, respectively. Treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol before testing permitted the differentiation of IgM and IgG antibodies, and possible differentiation of current infection from past exposure to the parasite. The antigen was stable over a 6-month evaluation period and also sh...
[Skin problems, edema and diarrhea in a yearling stallion. Symptoms of a cecum-in-colon invagination?]. A Dutch Warmblood yearling stallion was referred for skin lesions, oedema and diarrhoea. At rectal palpation a cecocolonic intussusception was diagnosed, that might have been present for at least one week. A short literature review of cecocolonic intussusception is given.
Pharmacokinetics and applications of ampicillin sodium as an intravenous infusion in the horse. A regime for administration of ampicillin sodium by continuous intravenous infusions to horses was designed. The aim was to achieve plasma ampicillin concentrations between 5 and 10 micrograms/ml over a 4-h period. A 2 mg/kg bodyweight loading dose of ampicillin sodium was administered intravenously at the beginning of the infusion in order to achieve steady-state plasma concentrations rapidly. The infusion system subsequently administered ampicillin at a rate of approximately 19.2 micrograms/min/kg bodyweight. The plasma concentrations obtained over the infusion period correlated very well wi...
Mucin-like glycoproteins in the equine embryonic capsule. The equine embryonic capsule replaces the zona pellucida and envelopes the conceptus during the second and third weeks of pregnancy. Although this capsule was described more than 100 years ago, its molecular structure has not been characterized. Here we present evidence that the glycoprotein(s) of the equine capsule resembles those of the mucin glycoprotein family. The resistance of the capsule to chemical and enzymatic solubilization was confirmed, and, as in mucins, protein constituted only 35-40% of its total dry mass. Determination of the sugar composition of the capsule using colorimetric...
Immunoprecipitation of viral polypeptides of equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 by serum from experimentally infected ponies. Sera from two sibling groups of ponies experimentally infected with Equid herpesvirus 1 or 4 (EHV-1 or 4) were used to investigate which viral polypeptides (VPs) of EHV-1 and EHV-4 were recognised. Recognition was detected as early as 8 d.p.i. and thereafter. The polypeptides of EHV-1 (labelled with 35S-methionine) immunoprecipitated (IIP) by sera from both groups had Mr of 148, 138, 123, 117, 110, 77-79, 70, 55, 49-50, 47, 40 and 35-37 kDa respectively. Of these VP148K (VP9 nucleocapsid) gave the maximum precipitation, followed by 117 and 77-79 kDa. The latter were confirmed by monoclonal ant...
Cutaneous pythiosis in horses from Brazil. Equine pythiosis was studied in five animals from two farms located in a swampy region of southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State). Granulomatous lesions exuding necrotic material and containing a central yellow and firm tissue core, the 'kunker', were observed on the top of the nose of one horse, on the abdomen of two horses and on the hind limbs of two other animals. Direct microscopic preparations, histopathological examination of lesion material, and macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the isolates confirmed the diagnosis of pythiosis. Surgical intervention of the inflammatory ...
Equine Cushing’s disease. In the horse, adenomata of the pairs intermedia of the pituitary gland have been associated with the distinct clinical entity of Cushing's disease which arises largely as a result of excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) or other proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides. Pars intermedia peptide secretion is under dopaminergic control and compounds such as pergolide or bromocriptine, which are dopamine agonists, can palliate the clinical signs. A variety of endocrinological abnormalities, relevant to both pathogenesis and diagnosis, may be demonstrated in equine Cushing's disease, includ...
Pharmacokinetic profile of sulphamonomethoxine-trimethoprim in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. The pharmacokinetic profile of a sulphamonomethoxine-trimethoprim (SMM-TMP) combination was investigated in five horses. The combination was administered intravenously, intramuscularly and orally at a constant dose of 20 mg SMM plus 4 mg TMP kg-1 bodyweight. Following intravenous administration both drugs dispersed rapidly with distribution half-lives of about 12 minutes for SMM and about 18 minutes for TMP. Elimination half-lives for intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration were closely similar, indicating that elimination was independent of administration route. Bioavailability of ...
Column separation of motile sperm from stallion semen. Subfertility in stallions is common, and methodologies are needed to increase the fertility in these animals. In other species, removal of the dead sperm from semen increases the quality and fertility of semen. With horse semen we evaluated 48 combinations of column separation techniques using micro-spin chromatography columns. The greatest improvement in motility was observed with glass wool, whereas glass beads exhibited the greatest recovery of motile sperm. Although centrifugation time did not influence recovery rate or percent motility, a column length of 2 cm was superior for recovery of...
[The laterocranial fascia structures in the upper and forearm and the differences in the insertion of the M. biceps brachii in domestic mammals]. The laterocranial fascia of the upper arm and forearm, as well as aponeurotic relationships of the Musculus biceps brachii were investigated on each of ten forelimbs from horses, cattle and swine. Ten canine biceps were also investigated. Equine and bovine fascia contain elastic components. An as-yet undescribed ligament-like aponeuroses of the laterocranial forearm fascia to the Fossa radialis humeri was seen in all three species studied. The laterocranial fascia of the upper and forearm form a common passage for the Musculi brachialis et extensor carpi radialis. In the case of the horse, the...
The incidence and severity of intercarpal ligament damage in the equine carpus. The arthroscopic findings in 104 intercarpal joints in 76 horses were reviewed to determine the incidence and severity of changes in the medial intercarpal ligament. Damage to the intercarpal ligament was observed in 43 joints in 35 horses, ranging from mild fraying of the edges of the ligament to complete disruption of all fibres. This represented an incidence of 41% of joints being affected. In 9 joints examined arthroscopically primarily as a further diagnostic procedure, ligament damage was evident in all cases. In horses undergoing arthroscopic surgery primarily for the treatment of osteo...
Evaluation of ivermectin at an elevated dose against encysted equine cyathostome larvae. The efficacy of a high dose of ivermectin (1.0 mg per kg Eqvalan liquid drench) on encysted cyathostomes was tested in a controlled study using 12 adult ponies with naturally acquired cyathostome infections. Six treated ponies and six non-treated controls were held in separate stalls for a period of 5 weeks. Cyathostome burdens, which included lumenal larvae, adults and encysted larvae, were determined at necropsy. The viability of encysted larvae, based on morphologic integrity, was assessed by observation of mural transillumination and by the histologic appearance of 12 larvae per pony. Effi...
Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii in foals with respiratory distress. Five 3-month-old foals presenting with fever and respiratory disease were found to have pulmonary abscesses with patchy to diffuse alveolar and interstitial pneumonia on post-mortem examination. All affected foals had evidence of Rhodococcus equi infection and had few to abundant Pneumocystis carinii cysts in the sections of affected lung. Of the 5 foals examined radiographically, 3 had a distinct reticulonodular (miliary) pattern which may aid in the ante-mortem diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Leukocyte counts of foals with PCP were significantly greater than in the control group of ...
Histologic and immunohistochemical studies of granular cell tumors in seven dogs, three cats, one horse, and one bird. In a retrospective study, granular cell tumors in six dogs (Nos. 1-6), three cats (Nos. 1-3), one horse (No. 1), and one cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) (No. 1) and a meningioma with a granular cell component in one dog (No. 7) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. These tumors were identified by histologic examination of surgical biopsy specimens, except in the horse, in which the tumor was an incidental finding at necropsy. These diagnoses were initially made by more than one pathologist. Five of the six granular cell tumors in the dogs were in the oral cavity; one of the...
ACh release from horse airway cholinergic nerves: effects of stimulation intensity and muscle preload. This study was conducted to determine the effects of stimulation parameters and muscle preload on acetylcholine (ACh) release induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of horse airway cholinergic nerves. Trachealis strip bundles were prepared and suspended in 2-ml tissue baths. The tissues were stimulated three to five times for 30 min each. Increasing frequency (0.5-16 Hz) and voltage (5-20 V) increased ACh release; increasing pulse duration (0.5-3 ms) had only a minor effect. Alterations in muscle preload (2-20 g) had no effect on ACh release. ACh release was fairly constant for up to fi...
[Comparative enantioselectivity of the disposition of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, ketoprofen and carprofen, in man and animals]. After the administration of racemic ketoprofen and carprofen to man, both enantiomers of each compound exhibit similar plasma profiles. This contrasts with the rat where the active S(+) enantiomer is predominant. For carprofen, regardless of the route of administration, the R(-) enantiomer is predominant in the plasma of all investigated animal species. The S(+)/R(-) ratio of the "areas under the curves" during the time course of the kinetics, is: 0.60 in dogs, 0.53 in Yucatan micro-pigs, 0.48 in mini-goats, 0.67 in calves and 0.19 in horses. For ketoprofen, the S(+) enantiomer is predominant ...
Replication of equid herpesvirus-1 in the vaginal tunics of colts following local inoculation. Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1; Ab4 isolate) was inoculated unilaterally into the cavum vaginale of four pony colts under general anaesthesia. The animals were monitored daily for evidence of scrotal or testicular swelling and euthanased electively on days 3, 4, 6 and 12 after infection. Detailed pathological examination of the male genital tract was carried out. In animals examined at days 3 and 4 after infection, replication of EHV-1 was detected bilaterally in mesothelial and endothelial cells of the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics. The mesothelial infection had resolved by day 12 after in...
[Laryngeal hemiplegia in warmblood horses–a study of stallions, mares and their offspring]. Laryngoscopic examination during sedation was performed on 24 stallions and on their offspring (240 foals and 474 adult horses). Additionally the dams (n = 308) of 35 foals and 216 horses were examined. With the bilateral comparison of the arytaenoid movements the function of the abductory and adductory laryngeal muscles were evaluated and the left abductory dysfunction (idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia, ILH) was divided into six degrees. The incidence and degree of ILH depended on age and the occurrence of the same dysfunction in the parents. Foals suffered in significantly lower number (24.7 ...
Report of the Thirteenth Meeting of the OIE Ad hoc Group on Non Tsetse-Transmitted Animal Trypanosomoses. There is increasing interest in many parts of the world in trypanosomoses other than those transmitted by tsetse flies, as shown by numerous research projects and field studies. The refinement of techniques for studying the behaviour of trypanosomes (techniques of molecular biology) in axenic culture or in the parasitised host has led to progress in diagnosis and immunology, and a rational approach to chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of these infections. Field trials of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in Africa, Asia and South America have shown that these tests may now be regarded as reli...
Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: 21 cases (1983-1991). Medical records of 21 horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease were reviewed, and history, signalment, clinical signs, radiographic signs, clinicopathologic data, and therapeutic response were determined. Most affected horses were used as pleasure horses, and for the most part, remained at pasture when not in use. The mean age (+/- SD) was 13.7 +/- 3.6 years. Clinical signs included intermittent nasal discharge, cough, tachypnea, labored expiratory effort, and crackles and wheezes on auscultation. Radiography frequently revealed interstitial patterns in the lung fiel...
