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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Gallop kinematics of Olympic three-day event horses. Limb contact variables of the gallop of 3-day event horses were determined for competitors in the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games. Horses were filmed during the steeplechase, phase B of the speed and endurance test on day 2 of competition. Two 16-mm high-speed cameras were aimed perpendicularly to the direction of subject motion along a straightaway on the steeplechase track, filmed at 200 frames/s. Thirty-four of 48 competitors were filmed and 108 gallop strides analyzed. Velocity (VEL) averaged 12.09 +/- 0.10 m/s (mean +/- SE), stride length (SL) 6.04 +/- 0.05 m and stride frequency (SF) 2.0...
Detection of antigenemia by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in horses with experimental Ehrlichia risticii infection. Four horses were inoculated with Ehrlichia risticii contained in either infected murine P388 D1 cells or heparinized blood from an infected horse. All 4 horses produced serum antibody, plasma antigen, and clinical signs of the disease. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antibody in the serum and was also used in conjunction with an anti-E. risticii monoclonal antibody to detect antigenemia. These laboratory and clinical findings were correlated to determine the efficiency of the antigen detection method for discerning E. risticii infection.
Turbidity of hyperimmune equine antivenom: the role of phenol and serum lipoproteins. Twenty batches of polyvalent antivenom produced at the Instituto Clodomiro Picado were analyzed for turbidity, both before and after freezing-thawing and lyophilization. Eight batches became turbid upon freezing-thawing, and this change correlated with high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins, especially beta-lipoprotein. Since normal horse serum does not become turbid after freezing-thawing, despite the fact that it has high lipoprotein levels, the possibility was raised that phenol, used as a preservative during serum fractionation, might affect lipoproteins, inducing the a...
Complexoproductive and antiheparin properties of low density lipoproteins (LDL). VI. Antiheparin activity in blood plasma of different species of vertebrates. Antiheparin activity of plasma of different species of vertebrates depends to a large extent on contents of low density lipoproteins (LDL). High antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of chicken and human corresponds to high contents of LDL and low antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of horse, cow, sheep, dog and pig corresponds to decreased contents of these proteins. Differences in the contents of fibrinogen, acid alfa1-glycoproteins, globulins, alkaline proteins and antithrombin III activity have smaller influence on antiheparin activity in the blood plasma of the examined animals.
Concept of a force-measuring horseshoe. To further develop objective methods in the field of gait analysis a force-measuring horseshoe (FM shoe) has been developed. The ground reaction forces were determined by measuring the degree of displacement between the two solid parts of the shoe. This was done by three removable measuring units (MUs) that were equipped with strain gauges and placed in the toe and in each of the quarter parts. Before performing force recordings the sensors were calibrated with the actual MUs mounted on the shoe. This can be done in the field with a specially developed equipment. The shape of the signal genera...
Neurones in autonomic ganglia of normal horses contain phosphorylated neurofilaments. Neurofilaments (NF) are composed of three polypeptides of differing molecular size, termed NF-L, NF-M and NF-H. The NF-H and, to a lesser degree, NF-M components are phosphorylated. In the majority of normal neurones, the location of phosphorylated NF is confined to neuronal processes, particularly the axon, and excluded from the perikaryon. Cell bodies of autonomic neurones of the rat do not contain phosphorylated NF. In many disease states, phosphorylated NF accumulate in the neuronal cell body and therefore in most circumstances their presence indicates abnormality. This paper reports that ...
Species difference in modulation of calcium release by Naja naja kaouthia snake venom cardiotoxin in terminal cisternae from human and equine skeletal muscle. The modulation of Ca2+ release by a cardiotoxin (CTX) from Naja naja kaouthia snake venom was examined in terminal cisternae-containing fractions from equine and human skeletal muscle. Pretreatment with CTX (10 microM) decreased by 27% (human muscle), or had no effect on (equine muscle), the threshold of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release. If terminal cisternae fractions were first preloaded with Ca2+ to greater than 65% of the threshold of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release and then CTX added, an immediate and sustained release of Ca2+ occurred in preparations from both species. Addition of CTX after a Ca2...
Changes in cross-sectional area and capillary supply of the muscle fiber population in equine gluteus medius muscle as a function of sampling depth. The right and left gluteus medius muscles of 4 mature Andalusian stallions were examined by repeated needle biopsy over a specific area and depth, as well as at different depths, to determine whether the cross-sectional area and capillary supply of the various fiber types are homogeneous throughout the muscle. The muscle biopsy specimens were histochemically analyzed for fiber types (myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase) and capillaries (amylase-periodic acid-Schiff method). Differences between contralateral sites were not identifiable for any of the analyzed variables. Differences between sa...
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins of equine serum. Ligand blotting analysis of serum from the horse using radiolabelled IGF-I revealed a protein at 96 kDa which was not present in serum from goat, cow, sheep, deer or donkey. These latter species all displayed five labelled bands in the range 24 to 41 kDa. Conversely, these were only weakly labelled in serum from the horse. Size exclusion chromatography of horse serum pre-incubated with radiolabelled IGF-I revealed reduced binding in the 130-kDa peak compared with goat plasma, and ligand blotting analysis indicated the 96-kDa protein was present in this peak. The 96-kDa protein from horse serum...
L chain isotype regulation in horse. I. Characterization of Ig lambda genes. Analysis of 10 cDNA encoding lambda L chains of horse Ig indicated that this species may employ a relatively small number of variable region (V lambda) genes in the splenic B cell population. The V lambda sequences of all of the cDNA analyzed were closely related (> 88% identity at the nucleotide level) and were characterized by a deletion of the amino acid residue at position 3 compared with V lambda sequences so far described in other species. The 10 V lambda sequences could be grouped into three groups, V lambda 1 to V lambda 3, on the basis of a number of linked substitutions. Sequences...
Antibody to a recombinant merozoite protein epitope identifies horses infected with Babesia equi. Horses infected with Babesia equi were previously identified by the presence of antibodies reactive with a merozoite surface protein epitope (D. P. Knowles, Jr., L. E. Perryman, L. S. Kappmeyer, and S. G. Hennager. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2056-2058, 1991). The antibodies were detected in a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI ELISA) by using monoclonal antibody 36/133.97, which defines a protein epitope on the merozoite surface. The gene encoding this B. equi merozoite epitope was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant merozoite protein, designated equ...
Ocular trauma. Horses with ocular trauma frequently present as emergency cases. This article provides a succinct review of various adnexal and globe injury issues. Accurate case assessment, management, prognosis, and follow-up considerations are presented.
[Prenatal development of the horse ovary]. To answer the many open questions concerning the development of the horse's ovary, first the prenatal development was investigated. It resulted that follicles derive from the germinal epithelium and its cords, whereas the Leydig cells and the rete blastema originate from the mesonephros. In the second third of pregnancy the Leydig cells undergo an enormous proliferation, in the last third they degenerate. However this degeneration is not connected with the postnatal development of the ovulation groove.
[The ultrasonic diagnosis of foreign bodies in the horse]. Ultrasonography in veterinary practice represents a method that nowadays is a approved component of the examination of small and large animals. Although sometimes more difficult than in small animals, ultrasonography can be often useful in horses. In the present report two cases demonstrate the possibility of sonography in the diagnostic of foreign bodies in soft tissues in horses.
Equine vision and optics. Vision is a marvelous sense, critical to the well-being and functional use of horses. Anatomic, optical, and visual acuity generalities are presented. The constituents of unsoundness due to equine ocular disease are discussed, and recommendations are made.
Cross-species comparison of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein. To identify regions of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) important for the function of the protein and the binding of leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors, we performed a cross-species analysis of FLAP. FLAP from all 10 mammalian species analyzed (human, monkey, horse, pig, cow, sheep, rabbit, dog, rat, and mouse) were immunologically cross-reactive and specifically bound leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors with high affinity. Using the polymerase chain reaction, cDNA clones for FLAP from six species (monkey, horse, pig, sheep, rabbit, and mouse) were isolated and sequenced. The deduced ...
Clinical assessment of selenium status of livestock. Assessment of the selenium status of livestock is an important aspect of production medicine, but variations in reported values between laboratories and between methods may be > 30%. Reliable interpretations require considerable experience with an assay and an extensive database from field and research case samples of a variety of species. The Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory (MSU-ADHL) has offered Se analyses by acid-digestion and fluorometric detection since 1982. This laboratory expects serum Se values (nanograms per milliliter) of livestock to increase gradu...
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. The diseases included in this article constitute a wide range of maladies that affect the horse. Certainly, the diseases that are known today to produce ocular lesions are just a few of what will be discovered if attending veterinarians always examine the eyes of patients with systemic diseases.
Specialized veins in the submucosa of the equine ileocecal junction. Spirally arranged bundles of sub-endothelial smooth muscle enfold the small to medium-sized submucosal veins in the equine ileocecal junction. The muscle bundles, accompanied by the endothelial lining, bulge into the lumen of the vessels, partly occluding the latter. Transmission electron microscopy of the muscle cells reveals features consistent with vascular smooth muscle ultrastructure. It is proposed that the throttling effect of the muscle bundles causes engorgement of the submucosal venous plexus, which then assists in the closing of the ileocecal orifice.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered pyrimethamine in horses. Single-dose pharmacokinetic variables of pyrimethamine were studied in horses. Pyrimethamine (1 mg/kg of body weight) was administered IV and orally to 6 adult horses, and plasma samples were obtained at frequent intervals thereafter. Plasma pyrimethamine concentration was assayed by gas chromatography, and concentration-time data were analyzed, using a pharmacokinetic computer program. The IV and oral administration data were best described by 3-compartment and 1-compartment models, respectively. The median volume of distribution at steady state after IV administration was 1,521 ml/kg and the...
Variability of alpha-tocopherol values associated with procurement, storage, and freezing of equine serum and plasma samples. Recent evidence concerning the pathogenesis of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy indicated that low blood alpha-tocopherol values are a factor in the disease process. Variables that could be introduced by a veterinarian procuring, transporting, or storing samples were evaluated for effects on alpha-tocopherol concentration in equine blood. These variables included temperature; light; exposure to the rubber stopper of the evacuated blood collection tube; hemolysis; duration of freezing time, with and without nitrogen blanketing; and repeated freeze/thaw cycles. It was found that hemolysis...
Effect of xylazine on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in thiamylal/halothane-anesthetized horses. The effect of xylazine on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was studied in 9 horses. Anesthesia was induced by administration of guaifenesin (50 mg/kg of body weight, IV) followed by thiamylal (4 to 6 mg/kg, IV) and was maintained at 1 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) of halothane (0.89%). Base apex ECG and facial artery pressure were recorded. Epinephrine was infused in a sequence of arithmetically spaced increasing rates (initial rate 0.25 micrograms/kg/min) for a maximum of 10 minutes. The ADE was defined as the lowest epinephrine infusion rate to the nearest 0.25 micrograms/...
Diagnosis and treatment of lens diseases. The lens represents a unique tissue in light of its embryologic development, retention of old cells and nuclear make-up, transparent nature, immune privileged status, and metabolic restrictions. Disorders of malformation and malposition occur, but cataract development is the most common and significant problem for owners and animals. Technologic and pharmacologic advances have allowed surgical removal of equine cataracts to become an acceptable alternative, capable of returning a visually impaired horse to a functional status. Uveal inflammation represents the greatest threat to successful sur...
Relationship between colloid osmotic pressure and plasma protein concentration in cattle, horses, dogs, and cats. The relationship between colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and protein concentration was investigated for purified proteins and plasma samples obtained from cattle, horses, dogs, and cats. At equivalent concentrations, bovine albumin exerted a COP that exceeded that of gamma-globulins by a mean factor of 4.4. Similar relationships between COP and protein were observed in the other species. Consequently, for a given total protein concentration, COP was dependent on the albumin/gamma-globulins ratio. A commonly used nomogram for estimating COP from protein concentration, the Landis-Pappenheimer equ...
Molecular evidence for the origin of the widespread Venezuelan equine encephalitis epizootic of 1969 to 1972. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus is a mosquito-borne pathogen that has caused encephalitis in equine species and humans during sporadic outbreaks in the western hemisphere. The last, and most widespread, VEE outbreak occurred in South America, Central America, Mexico and the U.S.A. (Texas) during 1969 to 1972. We have cloned and sequenced the genome of a virulent VEE subtype I-AB virus, strain 71-180, isolated in Texas in 1971. Thirty-four nucleotide differences were detected between the genome of 71-180 virus and that of the subtype I-AB Trinidad donkey (TRD) virus isolated during t...
Developmental regulation of class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by equine trophoblastic cells. Between days 36-38 of pregnancy equine trophoblastic cells of the chorionic girdle migrate and form endometrial cups. Just prior to invasion, the chorionic girdle cells express high levels of polymorphic, paternally inherited, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens. Their descendents, the mature, invasive trophoblast cells of the endometrial cups, however, express low or undetectable levels of MHC class I antigens by day 44 of pregnancy. Experiments with MHC compatible pregnancies, the study of residual chorionic girdle cells that had failed to invade the endometrium and remai...
Isolation, propagation, and cryopreservation of equine articular chondrocytes. Equine articular chondrocytes were isolated from explant cartilage cultures by digestion in a 0.075% collagenase solution for 15 to 19 hours. Cartilage from late-term fetal and neonatal foals resulted in mean chondrocyte yield of 51.99 x 10(6) cells/g of cartilage (wet weight), compared with a yield of 17.83 x 10(6) cells/g for foals 3 to 12 months old. Propagation of chondrocytes in monolayer and 3-dimensional culture was accomplished, using Ham's F-12 as the basal medium, with supplements of fetal bovine serum (10%), ascorbic acid, alpha-ketoglutarate, and L-glutamine. The medium was buffere...
[Nephrolithiasis as a cause of colic in horses. Case report]. The results of clinical, ultrasonic, post mortem examinations and concrement analysis of a case with nephrolithiasis in a horse are described. Problems of diagnosis, etiology and occurrence of nephroliths in the horse are discussed.
