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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Anatomical and functional communications between the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint. The anatomical and functional communications of the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint were evaluated in 50 stifle joints of 25 horses. Femoropatellar joint (FPJ) sacs were injected with 50 ml of gelatin-based dye and horses were then walked for 50 m. Horses were subsequently killed, the stifle joints dissected and the location of the dye recorded. Twenty-three horses (46 joints) had clinically normal stifle joints and in this group, anatomical communications of the stifle joints were bilaterally symmetrical in each horse. In 15 of these 23 horses (65 per cent), direct anatomical communi...
Analysis of serotypes and electropherotypes of equine rotaviruses isolated in the United States. Equine group A rotaviruses isolated over a 10-year period in New York State, New Jersey, Kentucky, and Texas were compared serotypically and electropherotypically. All isolates were determined to be serotype 3 by reaction with hyperimmune antiserum to the serotype 3 H-2 strain of equine rotavirus. All displayed RNA electrophoretic migration patterns related to that of the H-2 strain but distinct from that of serotype 5 strain H-1. A serologic survey of 184 mares in Kentucky, which was done to determine the incidence of H-1 and H-2 infections, showed geometric mean serum neutralizing titers to ...
Amplification and differentiation of the DNA of an abortigenic (type 1) and a respiratory (type 4) strain of equine herpesvirus by the polymerase chain reaction. Unpurified DNA derived from cultures of equine fetal kidney cells infected with either equine herpesvirus type 1 or equine herpesvirus type 4 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using one pair of oligonucleotide primers. Restriction endonuclease digestion of the amplified segments with PvuII, followed by electrophoresis, revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms which enabled the two virus types to be differentiated.
Fibronectin concentration in plasma of mares and neonatal foals. Plasma fibronectin concentrations were measured in clinically healthy mares and their neonatal foals, using a modified human fibronectin competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ranges of plasma fibronectin were established in clinically healthy horses, and the assay was reliable and reproducible. Plasma fibronectin concentrations were similar in mares and foals, both before and after colostrum ingestion.
Effects of bromocriptine and perphenazine on prolactin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant pony mares during late gestation. Pregnant pony mares in Group A (n = 4) received i.m. injections at 07:00 and 17:00 h of 0.8 mg bromocriptine/kg body weight 0.75 per day beginning on Day 295 of gestation and continuing until parturition. Group B (n = 4) was treated similarly, but perphenazine was administered orally at 0.375 mg/kg body weight twice a day beginning on Day 305 of gestation and continuing until parturition. Mares in Group C (n = 3) received i.m. injections of saline. Mean plasma prolactin and progesterone concentrations were greater (P less than 0.05) for mares in Group C than in Groups A and B from 295 to 309 d...
Assessment of the breeding prognosis of mares using paired endometrial biopsy techniques. Paired endometrial biopsy samples were taken from 530 subfertile mares, before and after treatment (where indicated) and a period of sexual rest. Prognoses were made after each biopsy (Categories 1A-4A before treatment and Categories 1B-4B after treatment), using histopathological criteria similar to those described by Kenney and Doig (1986). Eighty-seven per cent of the mares were assigned to first biopsy prognosis Category 3A. The second biopsy prognosis produced a more even population distribution (10, 47, 40 and 3 per cent respectively for Category 1B, 2B, 3B and 4B mares). First biopsy Ca...
Zebra chorionic gonadotropin: partial purification and characterization. Six samples of pregnant zebra (z) serum from the first and second trimesters of pregnancy were analyzed by RIA and shown to have chorionic gonadotropin levels comparable to that of the mare (0.9-5.3 micrograms/ml); first trimester levels in most cases were higher than second trimester levels. A pool of the sera (10 ml) was fractionated by methods previously employed for the purification of equine (e) and donkey (d) chorionic gonadotropin to achieve a concentration of the zebra chorionic gonadotropin (zCG). A yield of 1.0 mg of glycoprotein was obtained. HPLC analysis of the material indicated ...
Circulating antagonist of luteinizing hormone in association with infertility in stallions. Using a LH radioligand receptor assay (RRA) previously validated for use in serum and an equine monoclonal RIA, we have distinguished a subset of subfertile stallions with an elevated RRA/RIA ratio. After purification of the active moiety by anion exchange chromatography and immunoprecipitation with the equine LH (eLH) monoclonal antibody, RRA activity remained in the supernatant. This activity was also recognized by a polyclonal LH antibody (GDN 15) with wide cross-species recognition. This active fraction was further purified by gel filtration chromatography and shown to displace labeled eLH...
Acute phase proteins in grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). Four acute phase proteins were assayed in the serum of normal horses and those with acute, subacute and chronic grass sickness, colic and inflammatory conditions, in order to investigate their diagnostic value in grass sickness. The grass sickness and inflammation group had a significantly increased haptoglobin concentration (P less than 0.01-P less than 0.001). Orosomucoid was elevated in acute, subacute and chronic grass sickness and inflammation (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Highest concentrations of haptoglobin and orosomucoid ...
Evaluation of intravenous administration of concentrated immunoglobulin G to colostrum-deprived foals. Ten foals of various breeds were deprived of colostrum from birth to 36 hours of age, then were allotted to 2 groups. Foals of group 1 (n = 6) were given 20 g (200 ml) of purified equine IgG IV in a 10% solution, and foals of group 2 (n = 4) were given 30 g (300 ml) of the same preparation. Total administration time for each 10 g of IgG in 100 ml was approximately 10 minutes. Serum IgG concentration in foals was assessed prior to, between 24 and 48 hours, and at 7 and 14 days after IgG administration. Between 24 and 48 hours after IgG administration, mean serum IgG concentration in group-1 foa...
Aerobic bacterial isolates in horses in a university hospital, 1986-1988. Bacterial isolations were reviewed from equine trachea, guttural pouch, uterus, wounds, abscesses, blood, synovial fluid, and abdominal fluid submitted to the Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory of the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Montreal for aerobic bacterial culture from 1986 to 1988. Of the 733 samples submitted, 324 (44%) were positive for bacterial growth, and 233 antimicrobial sensitivity tests were performed. Seventy-six percent of all positive samples yielded one bacterial species and two were isolated from 22% of positive samples. Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Esche...
Relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses training on two different surfaces. The relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease was examined in two groups of Thoroughbred racehorses training on dissimilar surfaces (dirt and wood fibre). The horses and training methods appeared to be similar. The incidence of disease was significantly greater in the group training on dirt. There was no significant difference in the age distribution of incidence between the two groups and there was no association of incidence with sex or age within the training group. The number of fast miles worked by the two groups prior to the onset of dorsal metacarpal disease was lower in the group...
Osteochondritis dissecans of the tarsocrural joint: results of treatment with arthroscopic surgery. The technique and results of arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in 318 tarsocrural joints in 225 horses are reported. Of the 225 horses, 154 were racehorses or intended for racing. Arthroscopic surgery was an effective technique for treating osteochondritis dissecans of the tarsocrural joint. The overall functional ability and cosmetic appearance of the limbs were excellent. Post surgical follow-up information was obtained for 183 horses, of which 140 (76.5 per cent) raced successfully or performed their intended use following surgery. Of the remaining 43, 11 w...
Antithrombin III activity in horses with colic: an analysis of 46 cases. Antithrombin-III (AT-III) activity was measured at the time of admission in 46 horses referred with colic. Differences in AT-III activities between animals treated medically or surgically and survivors or non-survivors were compared. The mean AT-III values for the horses treated medically (76.2 per cent), surgical survivors (69.5 per cent) and surgical non-survivors (55.9 per cent) were significantly different from the reference value for healthy adults (92 to 108 per cent). The mean AT-III activity of the survivors was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that of the nonsurvivors. Th...
The reliability of endoscopic examination in assessment of arytenoid cartilage movement in horses. Part I: Subjective and objective laryngeal evaluation. Videorecordings of the laryngeal activity of 108 unsedated horses were obtained at rest by passing a flexible videoendoscope into the nasopharynx through the right ventral meatus. All videotaped images were reviewed once, and 72 were reviewed twice, by three veterinarians. Laryngeal cartilage movement was assessed subjectively with a five-tier grading system. The mean intraobserver agreement was 83.3% (range, 75.0%-90.2%) with a kappa statistic of .65 to .98. The mean interobserver agreement was 79.0% (range, 70.4%-80.6%) with a kappa statistic of .51 to .90. A computer program was developed t...
The microflora of the lower respiratory tract of the horse: an autopsy study. A series of 31 thoroughbreds and 18 non-thoroughbreds was examined post mortem to assess what bacteria might be present in the lower respiratory tract, and to assess their significance by correlating the bacteriological findings with histological changes in the lung. The distal trachea and seven representative lung sites were swabbed in each case. Sixty-six per cent of the sites were sterile with remaining sites producing scanty growths of mainly coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Anaerobes, mainly Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis a...
Electromyography of some respiratory muscles in the horse. To investigate activity in respiratory muscles, insulated wire electrodes were used to record electromyographic activity in the costal diaphragm and in the intercostal, serratus ventralis, internal abdominal oblique, transversalis and rectus abdominis muscles in conscious horses and in the same animals when anaesthetised. Electromyographic activity was related to respiratory phases as recorded by a stethograph around the chest wall. The costal diaphragm showed tonic and inspiratory activity in both conscious and anaesthetised animals. The principal muscle actively involved in expiration was th...
Acute hemolytic anemia after oral administration of L-tryptophan in ponies. The hematologic and pathologic effects of orally administered L-tryptophan and indoleactic acid and of L-tryptophan administered IV were studied in ponies. Sixteen adult Shetland ponies were allotted into 4 experimental groups. Group 1 consisted of 5 ponies (1-5) given 0.6 g of tryptophan/kg of body weight in a water slurry via stomach tube. Group 2 included 4 ponies (6-9) given 0.35 g of tryptophan/kg orally. Group-3 ponies (10-13) were given 0.35 g of indoleacetic acid/kg orally. Group 4 consisted of 3 ponies (14-16) given a single 4-hour IV infusion of 0.1 g of tryptophan/kg. Restlessness, ...
The effect of age and parity on the development of equine chronic endometrial disease. The results of a retrospective analysis of 3,804 endometrial biopsy specimens collected from non-pregnant mares during the course of routine equine stud farm practice demonstrates a significant and practically useful correlation between the severity of chronic degenerative endometrial disease (CDE) diagnosed and age of mare at the time of examination. There were significant correlations between the number of foals born and the mares' barren years prior to biopsy and the severity of CDE, but the differences were not sufficiently large to be useful. Correlations between the severity of chronic i...
The role of endothelial cell infection in the endometrium, placenta and foetus of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortions. One of three mares in the last trimester of pregnancy became paraplegic 7 days after experimental infection with EHV-1 and was killed 10 days after infection (d.p.i.). The other two mares aborted foetuses at 12 and 14 d.p.i. In the first mare, virus was detected by immunofluorescence (IIF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) staining in endothelial cells of the endometrium, placenta and umbilical vein, but not in any other foetal tissues. In the experimentally aborted foetuses, and in two other independent field cases of abortions, endothelial cell infection was also detected in the foetuses, both in ma...
Change in the amount of epsilon-hexosyllysine, UV absorbance, and fluorescence of collagen with age in different animal species. Skin and aorta collagen specimens of Wistar rats, white mice, beagle dogs, cats, horses, and human necropsies of different ages were examined with respect to the content of glycated products. The data presented show that (a) glycation and accumulation of the chromophore(s) are comparable in collagen samples from different species of comparable age; (b) glycation and pigmented accumulation increase markedly during the first 5-10 years of age; (c) the extent of glycation is different in different tissues (in particular, glycation of aortal collagen is about twice that of skin collagen); and (d) ...
Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses. The cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses were studied. Six horses were given each of the following 5 treatments, at 1-week intervals: xylazine, 1.1 mg/kg, IV; xylazine, 2.2 mg/kg, IM; detomidine, 0.01 mg/kg, IV; detomidine, 0.02 mg/kg, IV; and detomidine, 0.04 mg/kg, IM. All treatments resulted in significantly decreased heart rate, increased incidence of atrioventricular block, and decreased cardiac output and cardiac index; cardiac output and cardiac index were lowest following IV administration of 0.02 mg of detomidine/kg. Mean arterial pressure was significantly redu...
Relations among synovial membrane histopathologic findings, synovial fluid cytologic findings, and bacterial culture results in horses with suspected infectious arthritis: 64 cases (1979-1987). A retrospective evaluation of 64 cases of suspected infectious arthritis in horses was undertaken to determine the relations among histopathologic findings in synovial membrane specimens, cytologic findings in synovial fluid samples, and bacterial culture results. Positive cultures were obtained from 55% of the joints, and 18 different bacterial organisms were cultured. Culturing of synovial fluid yielded bacterial growth more often than did culturing of synovial membrane. Histologic evaluation (H&E and Gram stain) of synovial membrane specimens provided little information to help distingu...
Do hares suffer from grass sickness? An autopsy study of one dead and two sick hares from an East Anglian estate on which two mares had died of grass sickness revealed that two of the hares were suffering from a polyganglionopathy and alimentary tract changes, remarkably similar to those seen in grass sickness in horses. No such abnormalities were found in two healthy hares from the same locality.
Renosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 57 cases (1983-1988). During a 5-year period, renosplenic entrapment of the large colon was diagnosed in 57 horses referred to the Texas Veterinary Medical Center. The signalment of and clinical signs of disease in these horses were compared with such variables in 200 horses referred for other types of colic. Findings did not support a male gender predilection for this disease, as was previously reported. The case survival rate was 93% for this group of horses. Fourteen of the horses were treated nonsurgically by rolling them clockwise while they were under general anesthesia. Data supported the safety and efficacy...
Screening and confirmatory analysis of beta-agonists, beta-antagonists and their metabolites in horse urine by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A method for the screening and confirmatory analysis of beta-agonists and -antagonists in equine urine is described. Following initial enzymic hydrolysis, the basic drugs and metabolites are extracted using Clean Screen DAU or Bond Elut Certify cartridges, and analysed as their trimethylsilyl ether or 2-(dimethyl) silamorpholine derivatives by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method proved to be very sensitive and selective for basic drugs. After administration of therapeutic doses of propranolol, metoprolol, timolol, isoxsuprine and clenbuterol to thoroughbred horses, the p...
Diagnosis and prevalence of leptospira infection in aborted and stillborn horses. A study was conducted to evaluate a recently available fluorescent antibody test (FAT) conjugate for the detection of leptospires in tissues of aborted and stillborn horses, to determine the leptospira antibody titers and compare serologic test results with FAT results, and to determine the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions and stillbirths in the equine population of central Kentucky. From July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1989, 15 (2.5%) of 594 submissions (fetuses, stillborn foals, and/or placentas) were diagnosed as leptospirosis by the FAT (14 of 15 tested) and/or microscopic agglutin...
Verminous mastitis in a mare caused by a free-living nematode. Verminous mastitis was the reason for euthanasia of a 22-yr-old Paso Fino mare from Miami, Florida. The etiologic agent was a species of Cephalobus (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae), a genus of soil-inhabiting nematodes that were obviously multiplying in the mammary gland. Only females and larvae were detected in the tissues by histologic section or by teasing the tissue to liberate the worms. At least 12,900 individuals were present per gram of tissue. This is the first case of Cephalobus infecting horses and it indicates that not all histiotropic infections of horses by rhabditoid nematodes are by ...
Spinal cord ischemic necrosis due to fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse. No abstract available
