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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Cloning the cDNA for horse growth hormone and expression in Escherichia coli. A 514 bp cDNA transcript coding for 78% of horse (Equus caballus.) GH has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence corresponded precisely to that previously obtained by protein sequencing and, in addition, provided new sequence information for the signal peptide. The missing 3' fragment of the cDNA was reconstructed using synthetic oligonucleotides and site-specific directed mutagenesis. The complete cDNA sequence was then inserted into an expression vector (PIN-III-lppp-5) which utilizes a bacterial signal peptide to secrete the expressed product into the periplasmic space o...
[Chlamydia as the cause of abortions in horses]. Between 1982 and 1989 59 equine fetuses were investigated for chlamydiae using animal experiments and embryonated eggs. Chlamydiae were isolated from 16 fetuses (27.1%) originating from 8 studs. The macroscopical lesions of the fetal organs were characterized by extensive haemorrhages. The histological picture shows severe lesions of the blood vessels of different organs. In 6 studs in which chlamydiae had been isolated, blood sera of clinically healthy and pregnant mares were investigated for antibodies during 1989 and 1990. Antibody titres between 1:10++ and 1:40 were detected by using compl...
Pathways of lymph flow from the intestine of the horse. The intestine of horses differs from that of most other domestic animals in having a huge ascending colon and cecum, which together act as a large fermentation vat. The lymph drainage from this intestine occurs through a complex network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes, of which there are several thousand. The pathways taken by lymph through these vessels and nodes were studied by tracing injections of dye, by examining Microfil casts, and with light and transmission electron microscopy. Lymph vessels transporting lymph from the intestinal wall generally terminate on a single node within a gro...
Controlled test evaluation of the benzimidazole anthelmintic VET 220-S alone or with concomitant trichlorfon treatment against naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites in ponies. A controlled test was done in 30 naturally infected ponies to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of the dienbendazole analog VET 220-S given alone or with trichlorfon (TCF) by nasogastric intubation. Six ponies were nontreated; 6 were given VET 220-S (5.0 mg/kg); 6 were given TCF (40 mg/kg); 6 were given VET 220-S (2.5 mg/kg) and TCF (40 mg/kg); and 6 were given VET 220-S (5.0 mg/kg) and TCF (40 mg/kg). All ponies were euthanatized and necropsied 7 or 8 days after treatment. Draschia megastoma, Oxyuris equi, Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, and small strongyles were removed efficaciously by ...
Additional diagnostic procedures. This article reviews recent diagnostic procedures that have arisen over the last 10 years. Videoendoscopy of horses on a high-speed treadmill allows observation of some of the changes that take place in a horse's airway during exercise. Measurements of upper airway airflows and transupper airway pressure, the use of an esophageal balloon and a Ventigraph to measure changes in pleural pressure, and pulmonary function testing are new techniques that aid the researcher in understanding the mechanics and pathologic characteristics of airway diseases and help the practitioner in assessing the sever...
Osteochondrosis and juvenile spavin in equids. Thirty-six of 50 young equids examined at necropsy for gross pathologic and histopathologic evidence of osteochondrosis were determined to have lesions characteristic of this disorder in the distal joints of the tarsus. Abnormalities ranged from retained endochondral cores underlying undisturbed articular cartilage surfaces to clefts, subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions, and cartilage ulceration. Our findings supported the conclusion that osteochondrosis may cause spavin in the juvenile equid.
Clinical examination of the respiratory system. Aspects of a detailed examination of the respiratory system of the horse with suspected respiratory system disease are described. This review includes discussions of the terminology of signs associated with respiratory system disease; radiographic examination of the upper and lower airways and thorax; nuclear scintigraphy; percutaneous and endoscopic tracheal aspiration; bronchoalveolar lavage; electromyography; blood gas analysis; and pleuroscopy and pleural fluid examination.
Determinants of attenuated LH-release associated with the first ovulation of the equine breeding season. An attenuated ovulatory rise in circulating concentrations of LH is characteristically associated with the first seasonal reproductive cycle of horse mares. Unlike ovulations (OV) of subsequent estrous cycles, the first OV of the breeding season (OV1) is not preceded by elevated concentrations of progesterone (PROG). Hence, the ability of pretreatment with PROG to abolish attenuation of LH-secretion associated with OV1 was investigated. Ten nonpregnant anestrous mares were randomly divided into 2 groups; control (C) and treated (T). Per individual, when diameter of the largest follicle was con...
Diagnosis and prevalence of leptospira infection in aborted and stillborn horses. A study was conducted to evaluate a recently available fluorescent antibody test (FAT) conjugate for the detection of leptospires in tissues of aborted and stillborn horses, to determine the leptospira antibody titers and compare serologic test results with FAT results, and to determine the prevalence of leptospira-induced abortions and stillbirths in the equine population of central Kentucky. From July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1989, 15 (2.5%) of 594 submissions (fetuses, stillborn foals, and/or placentas) were diagnosed as leptospirosis by the FAT (14 of 15 tested) and/or microscopic agglutin...
Prognostic features and clinical presentation of acute idiopathic enterocolitis in horses. Clinical and hematological changes observed on presentation of 47 horses referred to the Ontario Veterinary College with acute idiopathic colitis were analyzed for their prognostic features. Cases of acute enterocolitis were characterized by fever, dehydration, abnormalities of serum electrolyte concentrations, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia, and increased serum concentrations of muscle enzymes. Severely dehydrated horses were seven times more likely to die or be euthanized than those that were not dehydrated. Other factors associated with failure to survive included the following: increased hemato...
Reverse-phase ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography of phosphocreatine, creatine and creatinine in equine muscle. A simple, robust and reproducible analytical method for the determination of phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr) and creatinine (Cn) in equine skeletal muscle is presented. The technique used isocratic reverse-phase ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography. Neutralized perchloric acid extracts of equine muscle biopsies were analysed and the values obtained were compared with determinations from an established enzymic procedure. Good resolution of all three metabolites was achieved within a retention time of less than 11 min. Linearity for each metabolite within the concentration ran...
Bacterial pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia in the horse often occurs secondary to viral respiratory infection; however, primary infections can occur. A diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia is made on the basis of history, physical examination, and laboratory and radiographic findings. Treatment consists of appropriate antimicrobial therapy for at least 7 to 10 days; further therapy may be needed in more severe cases. Prevention of bacterial pneumonia includes attempting to prevent viral respiratory infections and appropriate management to prevent stress to the respiratory tract.
Verminous mastitis in a mare caused by a free-living nematode. Verminous mastitis was the reason for euthanasia of a 22-yr-old Paso Fino mare from Miami, Florida. The etiologic agent was a species of Cephalobus (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae), a genus of soil-inhabiting nematodes that were obviously multiplying in the mammary gland. Only females and larvae were detected in the tissues by histologic section or by teasing the tissue to liberate the worms. At least 12,900 individuals were present per gram of tissue. This is the first case of Cephalobus infecting horses and it indicates that not all histiotropic infections of horses by rhabditoid nematodes are by ...
Modulation of equine tracheal smooth muscle contractility by epithelial-derived and cyclooxygenase metabolites. The role of epithelium in the modulation of contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS), acetylcholine (ACh), and KCl were studied in vitro in strips of equine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM). EFS with 0.5 ms pulses of voltage (70 V) resulted in frequency dependent contractions of equine TSM that were sensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and atropine. In TSM without epithelium, preincubation with indomethacin significantly potentiated contractile responses to EFS. The potentiating effect of indomethacin on EFS contractions was abolished by the addition of 3 nM prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). ...
Pregnancy determination in uncaptured feral horses by means of fecal steroid conjugates. This study was carried out to develop an accurate, rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing pregnancy in uncaptured feral horses by analysis of fecal steroid metabolites and to compare the accuracy of this method with diagnosis by urinary estrone conjugates (E(1)C). Paired urine and fecal samples were collected from 40 sexually mature feral mares during August and October. Urine samples were extracted directly from the soil and analyzed by enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for E(1)C. Water extracts of fecal samples were assayed by EIA for E(1)C and nonspecific progesterone metabolites (iPdG). Urinary...
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) toxicosis: a model for equine laminitis. Twelve light horse geldings developed laminitis within 8 to 12 h of being dosed by nasogastric tube with an aqueous extract of black walnut (Juglans nigra). Four of the 12 horses developed the severe signs of grade 3 laminitis (lame at a walk, refused to lift feet). Laminitis was accompanied by mild depression and limb oedema. There was no evidence of shock or colic. The horses developed neutropenia by 4 h after dosing with the extract, which shifted to a relative neutrophilia by 8 to 12 h. Minimal increases in plasma epinephrine and cortisol concentrations were suggested in severely affected ...
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: in vitro susceptibility to 39 antimicrobial agents. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 39 antimicrobial agents for 54 isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in vitro have been determined. The most active agents were penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and rifampicin. Most isolates were resistant to aminoglycosides, nitrofurans, polymyxins, nalidixic acid, and cycloheximide.
[The fully-automatic analytic system Vision in horse practice in comparison with Compur M 2000 CS]. We describe the utilization of the Abbott Vision system in a horse clinic and a comparison with the Compur M 2000 CS (Bayer Diagnostics and Electronics). Discrepancies were found in respect to precision and accuracy of results. Both systems showed good practicability during routine operation but different cost-effectiveness.
Evaluation of age, breed, and gender as risk factors for umbilical hernia in horses of a hospital population. Age, breed, and gender distributions of 168 horses with umbilical hernia treated at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine were analyzed to determine risk factors for this disease. For the 3 breeds that constituted the largest proportion of hospital and case populations, Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and Quarter Horse, the overall ratio of females to males was 1.63. In a hospital population of the same age group, 0 to 48 months, the female to male ratio was 0.93. Compared with males, females were at significantly higher risk for umbilical hernia after adjustment for breed a...
Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 678 Thoroughbred racehorses. The frequency of upper respiratory tract abnormalities was determined in a selected population of racing Thoroughbreds. The prevalence of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia was 34.2%; left laryngeal hemiplegia was 1.8%; and epiglottic entrapment was 0.74%. Excluding pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia and tracheal exudate, 3.7% of the population examined had upper respiratory tract abnormalities.
Immunohistolocalization of the carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II and III in equine salivary glands. The immunolocalization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes in equine salivary glands was investigated for assessment of their biologic functions. In parotid glands, duct segments showed reactivity with CA-I and CA-III. CA-III was selectively located in duct segments, particularly in the basal cells of the interlobular duct. Serous acinar cells were positive for CA-I and CA-II. In submandibular glands, CA-I and CA-II were present in serous demilune and duct segments. CA-II was selectively located in the duct segments, as also noted in the parotid gland. In sublingual glands, CA-I and CA-II were loca...
[Year-round antibody profile of groups of horses of a herd kept in isolation after differently terminating use of an experimental viral combination vaccine]. The commercial vaccine "Resequin F Konz." devised against viral respiratory infections of horses contains the abortigenic Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1). Therefore we had used it in our protection project of the Austrian Lipizzaners+ primarily to prevent abortions. Taking into account the recent perception that for young horses the respiratory-pathogenic EHV-4 type is essential Behringwerke Marburg added this particular virus to their market product to produce a multicomponent experimental vaccine. We examined this vaccine for its antibody induction as well as their persistence against each of i...
Ototoxic potential of gentamicin in ponies. Ototoxicosis was evaluated in 6 healthy ponies given 5 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, q 8 h, IM. Ponies 1, 2, and 3 were dosed for 7 days and ponies 4, 5, and 6 were dosed for 14 days. Serum peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were measured by radioimmunoassay at regular intervals. Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded every 5 days up to 60 days after the first dose to monitor auditory function. Although serum gentamicin concentrations were within or above the accepted clinical therapeutic range, loss of auditory function was not observed at the frequency range (1 to...
Muscle disorders in the horse: a retrospective study. Case records of horses with muscle disorders presenting to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California, Davis, over a nine year period were evaluated. The objectives of the review were to identify the common myogenic muscle problems and their clinical features. Muscle disease of idiopathic aetiology following exercise was by far the most common condition noted. Other causes of myogenic muscle disorders included congenital, infectious, immune-mediated and nutritional factors.
Equine herpesvirus 1 sequence near the left terminus codes for two open reading frames. We have previously reported the sequence of the equine herpesvirus one genomic termini that are homologous to the genomic termini of other herpesviruses. In this paper, we present the nucleotide sequence adjacent to the left terminus sequence (map units 0.0087 to 0.0237). This sequence codes for two open reading frames (ORF) which are homologous to ORF2 and ORF3 of the varicella-zoster virus genome and are located at colinear positions. The L region sequence presented here also contains a segment that is involved in the generation of the genome of EHV-1 DI particles through recombination with ...
